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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728301 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.834199
This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE proceedings Volume 7283, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and the conference Committee listing.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728302 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828277
A novel technique is developed and implemented for error quantification in a rotary joint of a multi-axis machine tool by
using a calibrated double ball bar (DBB) system as a working standard. This technique greatly simplified the
measurement setup requirement and accelerated the calibration of rotary joints. In addition it is highly economical by
reducing the complex optics and eliminating the usage of various tooling, instrumentation and accessories. This
methodology is capable of measuring the five degree of freedom (DOF) errors out of 6DOF of a rotary joint by using the
calibrated DBB system and a point locating fixture. The methodology is implemented on rotary joints of a five axis CNC
machine tools. Equation solvers and error modeling technique are implemented and validity of the methodology and
authenticity of the results obtained are tested through simulation in UG and Matlab software. The methodology is found
extremely feasible pragmatic, quite simple, efficient and easy to use for error characterization of rotary joints of multi
axis machine tools.
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Hongwei Jing, Shibin Wu, Qiang Chen, Boping Lei, Jibin Jiang, Ke Mei
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728303 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828281
A parallelism tester is developed to measure the parallelism of the visible optical axis and infrared optical axis of visible and infrared compound system.The tester is composed of visible system, infrared system, cassegrain autocollimator, imaging and data processing system and 5D workshop. The visible system generates visible light. The infrared system generates the infrared light. The visible light and infrared light are auto-collimated by the Cassegrain auto-collimator. During measurement the autocollimated light is directed into the optical path of the compound system being tested ,which passes through the compound system being tested and back to the tester. The visible light is used for targetting and infrared light is used for measurement. An 5D workshop is used for adjustment. The imaging and data processing system detects the deviation of infrared light spots and calculate the parallelism of the visible optical axis and infrared optical axis of visible and infrared compound system.The tester can be used to measure the parallelism of visible optical axis and infrared optical axis of visible and infrared compound system. The calibrated accuracy of the tester is 3 arc second.
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Yan-mei Kong, Jing-qiu Liang, Zhong-zhu Liang, Bo Wang, Jun Zhang
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728304 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828282
With the trend of minimization of Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) which is particularly pronounced in many applications, a model of a micro FTS with no moving parts is proposed and analyzed. During analyzng, the gradients which mainly introduce phase error are accounted. Based on these assumptions and the improved Mertz phase correcting method, the spectrum of signal is simulated with real extended light source. The resolution can be up to 3.43nm@800nm, with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) limiting resolving ability 6.8dB. In addition, the fabrication method of components are illuminated and demonstrated, which can not only make it bear some advantages over conventional micro dispersive spectrometers, but also afford some new concepts on the design of spectrometers with improved performance.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728305 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828283
Aspheric design and fabrication have obtained great achievements with the fast developments of modern science and technology, especially computer science, while the test of aspherics has become a chief limitation of aspheric applications. Due to the arbitrary nature of aspherics, test of all aspherics with only one instrument seems impossible. This paper presents a non-null interferometric system that can be applied for general aspheric test. The systematic error of non-null aspheric test system is studied, according to which an error separating and correcting method is proposed then. Computer simulation shows the error correcting method can correct the systematic error of non-null aspheric test system effectively and efficiently. Experiments have been carried out with the proposed interferometric non-null aspheric test system and the results show the system can greatly increase the accuracy of the non-null aspheric test.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728306 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828284
Basing on Fabry-Perot fiber optic strain gauge integrated with DSP and the accomplished hard system, principle of Fabry-Perot fiber optic strain gauge integrated with DSP was discussed. Data collecting and processing method of real outputting signal were deeply discussed. Discrete gap transform (DGT) is presented based on FFT and used to obtain the gap of Fabry-Perot fiber optic sensor.DGT completes the direct transformation of the signal from wavelength domain to cavity length domain. In addition, the experiments based on equal strength beam system were carried out. Experimental result shows that previous data processing method is effective. The result is primarily in accordance with that of real loading processing, and shows the method developed by this paper is feasible and effective.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728307 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828285
Presently electricity utilities make use of a number of inspection tools to survey their transmission lines and electrical distribution equipment. Visible and ultraviolet cameras are the latest visual diagnostic tools available to utilities to identify potential failures on electrical equipment. Based on the DSP and FPGA hardware platform, a system is designed to collect images from both visible and ultraviolet channels. Moreover, it performs image fusion, characteristic enhancement and image analysis as well. For detecting the corona, a ultra-violet quantum detector is used in the form of an image intensifier tube with a Cesium-Telluride photocathode, which is competent for single photon counting. For acquiring visible images, a high-speed industrial CCD is implemented to assure definition of images in terms of 1394 protocol. The real-time images is displayed on a LCD, compressed and saved for further analysis. Finally, several methods of program debugging are introduced. The experimental results in the field show that the designed system has good performance in the detection of corona radiation.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728308 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828286
A novel sol-gel derived LiTa3O8 film sample was prepared on the Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrate using the lithium ethoxide and tantalum ethoxide as starting materials. The 0.2mol/L sol of LiTa3O8 was prepared by reacting lithium ethoxide with tantalum ethoxide in 2-methoxyethanol and acetic acid in argon atmosphere to prevent humidity. The sol of LiTa3O8 was firstly diluted to 0.1mol/L and then covered on the Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrate to form wet film with the condition of the spin-coating speed of 3000~7000 r.p.m. for 30~60 second. Pyrolysis of the prepared wet film was carried out in oxygen atmosphere at temperature of 420~450ºC for 2~5 min to remove the residual organics. Annealing of the prepared film was performed at temperature of 750~900ºC for 2~4 min in the rapid thermal process furnace to crystallize the prepared film layer. More layers of LiTa3O8 film can be added by repeating the spin-coating and pyrolysis steps prior to the final firing. It was found that up to 18 layers of LiTa3O8 film sample can be deposited before the films begin to exhibit signs of cracking. The performance parameters such as orientation, surface morphology, grain size and thickness of the prepared LiTa3O8 film sample were studied by XRD and SEM. The structure of the LiTa3O8 film is similar to orthorhombic, different from LiTaO3 film based on XRD pattern. The SEM micrograph reveals that the prepared LiTa3O8 film sample is uniform, smooth and crack-free on the surface with a thickness of 1 µm after crystallized at 750ºC. The pyroelectric property of the LiTa3O8 film sample was measured by the home-made water-bath heating pyroelectric coefficient measurement system. The measurement result shows that the novel LiTa3O8 film sample has pyroelectric property and its pyroelectric coefficient is 14.07μC/m2K after the sample is subjected to the DC poling of 6V, 15min. The experimental results verify the pyroelectric coefficient of the novel LiTa3O8 film is smaller than that of 122.80μC/m2K of the LiTaO3 film. The pyroelectric coefficient of the LiTa3O8 film will be improved with the development of the prepared process and adopting higher poling voltage.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728309 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828287
When testing the surface figure of large aperture optical components, phase noise of light source used in the phase shifting interferometer will influence the test precision. However, it is not easy to analyze the random phase noise directly. In order to have an understanding of phase noise, an experiment is designed to get beat frequency from two separate lasers. The possibility of obtaining phase noise from beat frequency is discussed. It is a good foundation for the improvement of the large aperture optical test system.
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Bin Xuan, Xiaoping Chen, Peng Wang, Junfeng Li, Shumei Song, Ya Chen, Jingjiang Xie
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830A (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828589
Aspheres are utilized widely thanks to the development of optical design, manufacture and testing. Compensators are
usually necessary when aspheres are under test. The alignment of aspheres and their compensators is a risk because it's
tough to check whether the compensators work in right way. A new method of alignment with four poles is put forward
in this paper. Optical interval error can be tight while it is quite important due to direct influence on central curvature,
conic constant and high order coefficients of aspherical surface. A modified on-axis Foucault apparatus is set up since it
makes the optical axis visible and helps to control the error of off-axis amount. Some small holes are drilled in the
metallic cell of the compensator so that the ends of poles can be stably relied on in order to increase operational
repeatability. The method has been carried out practically and it matches the measurement result given by a set of
theodolites.
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Zhenxiang Shen, Zhanshan Wang, Bin Ma, Li Wang, Yiqin Ji, Huasong Liu
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830B (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828590
There is an increasing necessity to use supersmooth surfaces, and quantitative Characterization of surpersmooth surface
with roughness in the sub-nanometer range plays an important role in the controlling the super-polishing process and
raising the final surface quality. So it is necessary to improve the methods of measuring and specifying the highly
smooth optical surfaces. The estimating system based on the Power Spectral Density (PSD) function is introduced in this
paper, including the basic theory and the physical meaning. Two kinds of supersmooth surface, isotropy and anisotropy,
are measured by optical profiler and the topographies are gotten. Then PSD curves calculated from the discrete profile
data and light scattering properties are discussed in detail. Furthermore, optical profiler and AFM are adopted to test the
same sample with different measurement parameters to investigate the PSD analysis method. Eventually a polynomial is
fitted to the data sets in an extanted spatial frequency domain, 10μm-1~12.8μm-1, including low frequency,
mid-frequency, and high frequency band. Although the frequency response of the instruments and the scanning area can
affect the test results, the results can still be compared with each other directly using the PSD. The research gives a
powerful support to selecting appropriate measurement instrument and parameters in the interested frequency regime
during the surface test, which is useful at controlling and giving feedback on the fabrication of supersmooth surface.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830C (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828594
Most academic teachers are chairborne and often revise the exercises for students for a long time, so they often have
some occupational diseases, such as sciatica, vertebral ache, and so on. Some early diseases are so difficult to be detected
that the patients lose the better curable time. The infrared imaging is a non-touch and harmless method and it is efficient
in prophylactic iatrology. The paper introduces a method to track and detect the occupational diseases for academic
teachers. The infrared pictures of the same position for the same person are collected at the different period. The position
is one of the usually parts of the teacher's occupational diseases, such as the neck, the shoulder, the back, the wrist, and
so on. For each position of a certain person, the infrared pictures are collected and saved at different period. The period
may be 6 month or one year. Infrared pictures are collected by the infrared imaging device, and a database of the infrared
pictures is established. According to the difference of the infrared pictures of the same position at different period, the
latent disease part may be found out and the ailing degree can be detected.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830D (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828595
The stabilization of a multiplexed optical fiber interferometer system for on-line displacement precision measurement
with a simple electric feedback loop is presented. Based on the characteristics of fiber Bragg gratings, a multiplexed
optical fiber interferometer system includes two independent optical fiber Michelson interferometers, of which the
optical path is almost overlapped. One interferometer is used for stabilization while other interferometer is used for
measurement. A feed back signal from the feedback loop drives tube PZT, on which one arm of the fiber interferometer
is wounded. The phase-shift in two arms of the interferometer resulting from the temperature fluctuations and other types
of environmental disturbances is compensated. The bandwidth of the feedback loop is 5kHz. This makes the multiplexed
fiber interferometer system stable enough for on-line precision measurement.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830E (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828596
In this paper, dynamic liquid surface measurements using non-disturbing technique based on interferogram analysis with
moiré method are described. A sequence of dynamic deformed fringe images can be grabbed by a phase-shifting
interferometer (PSI) and saved on disk rapidly. By Fourier transform, filtering, phase-shifting through virtual grating and
unwrapping these phase maps in 3-D phase space, the shape of a vortex at different times is obtained. Compared with
others traditional methods such as Fourier transform profilometry(FTP) and phase measuring profilometry(PMP), the
method proposed has characteristics of no phase shifting error, simplicity, accuracy, automatic, high speed and relativly
low price. The experimental results show that interferogram analysis with moiré method can deal with the dynamic liquid
surface shape measurement efficiently. Furthermore, it can be used widely in fluid dynamics, chemical, metallurgy and
some other fields.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830F (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828598
We present a novel strategies and a prototype for large optical surfaces test with subaperture stitching. The kinematics
model with six degrees of freedom is built to determine the initial configuration of each subaperture, according to the
records of nulling motion. An alignment error model based on wavefront aberrations is established for compensation and
error separation. Subapertures are primarily stitched by homogeneous coordinate transformation, least square method
and Zernike polynomial fitting. Then an error-separation matrix of stitching model is developed to analysis the
characteristics and effects of alignment error on test results. The expressions of the alignment errors for aspheric surface
testing are built based on motion structure and wavefront aberrations theory. So the alignment errors can be separated
and compensated efficiently. Subapertures are then simultaneously stitched by minimizing deviations among the
overlapping region, as well as deviations from the nominal surface. As a result, precise prior knowledge of the nulling
and alignment motion, which is of six degrees of freedom, is no longer required. Simulations and experiments are given
to verify the validity and precision of the proposed algorithm. The result shows that the proposed method with alignment
compensation is quite efficient.
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Dahai Li, Xiaoping Qi, Yiping Cao, Xin Zhou, Qionghua Wang
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830G (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828599
Optical metrology for elements with large dynamic range is very important, especially in aspheric components testing
field. Cyclic radial shearing interferometer(CRSI) with a small radial shearing ratio of the expanded wavefront's radii to
the contracted version's radii can obtain a small magnitude optical path difference(OPD) because the expanded
wavefront and its contracted version nearly have the same shape and magnitude, especially for an optical component to
be tested with rotationally symmetric surface. The number of fringe pattern can be decreased dramatically and recorded
by CCD. This paper demonstrates the feasibility that CRSI could be used to measure an aspheric surface with large
dynamic range and large aperture.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830H (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828601
AGV(Automatic Guided Vehicle) is widely used in manufacturing factories, harbors, docks and logistics fields, because
of its accurate automatic tracking. An AGV tracking method of detecting trace color based on RGB color sensor is
provided here. DR, DG, DB values of trace color are obtained by color sensor, with which hue value denoting trace color
characteristic can be calculated. Combined with graph theory algorithm, hue value can be used as a parameter for
tracking deviation and branch identification to implement shortest path tracking. In addition, considering discreteness
and uncertainty of single sensor in detecting trace information, sensor array is adopted for information fusion to achieve
accurate tracking. Compared to tracking trace by single intensity sensor, AGV tracking based on RGB color sensor array
has much better trace tracking and branch identification performances on complex roads.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830I (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.834194
Annular sub-apertures stitching technology is a feasible method for testing asphere without assistant equipment. The
overlap area of two annular sub-apertures is needed to sample in traditional stitching way. The size of overlap area
influences the accuracy and efficiency of annular sub-apertures stitching, since small area will deduce the error of
calculation, otherwise, more sub-apertures will be needed. Based on the principle of annular sub-apertures interference, a
model is built to calculate the parameters of sub-apertures according to equal thickness interference in this paper firstly;
then two clear-cut interference areas near the center of asphere and annular sub-apertures are figured out by theory and
simulation. A new method is presented to use interference area near the center of asphere as the overlap area to sample.
The results of simulation in the paper reveal that this new method can reduce stitching error relatively and improve
efficiency availably, solving the inconsistency of error and efficiency consequently.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830J (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828602
Multi-sensor optic-electrical system has been the mainstream and widely used. Study on integrated performance test is
very significant. The integrated performance test in this paper is based on CCD, IR imager and laser ranger. The
structure of performance test system is introduced firstly. A complete standard multi-senor performance test system is
based on collimator, software, testing module, UUT stages and optical table. CCD test, IR imager test, laser test and
boresight test are studied secondly. CCD test includes resolution, MTF, FOV. IR imager test includes NETD, MTF,
MRTD, SiTF, MDTD, uniformity, SNR, distortion. Laser test includes energy, pulse characteristics, divergence and
beam profiling, range simulation. Boresight test includes boresight between different sensors. UUT align is required
to run when UUT is mounted on a UUT stage. The permitted energy on the energy meter head, collimator secondary
mirror and CCD are expressed in order to prevent laser damage to the test system. At last future study on the test
system is suggested.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830K (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828603
Squareness plays a vital role for accuracy of multiaxis machine tools. A slight error in squareness exhibits a significant
inaccuracy at end effectors, measuring probe or cutting tool of a multiaxis machine tools. The inaccuracy of machine tool
badly influences the product quality. In this paper authors try to investigate the possible methodologies, techniques and
approaches which are viable for quantification or predication of squareness error in different joints and various topology
of multi-axis machine tools. Besides classical or conventional methodology, up to date modern methodologies are also
considered and their implementation is discussed. A comparison between the methodologies is made and squareness data
is obtained on a multiaxis CNC machine tool by implementing different approaches. The results obtained are treated,
compared and reported for its further utilization.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830L (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828604
As a wavefront sensing (WFS) tool, Baseline algorithm, which is classified as the iterative-transform algorithm of phase
retrieval, estimates the phase distribution at pupil from some known PSFs at defocus planes. By using multiple phase
diversities and appropriate phase unwrapping methods, this algorithm can accomplish reliable unique solution and high
dynamic phase measurement. In the paper, a Baseline algorithm based wavefront sensing experiment with modification
of phase unwrapping has been implemented, and corresponding Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) software has also been
given. The adaptability and repeatability of Baseline algorithm have been validated in experiments. Moreover, referring
to the ZYGO interferometric results, the WFS accuracy of this algorithm has been exactly calibrated.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830M (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828605
An interpolation circuit based upon the looking-up table by hardware is presented. Output data of two A/D convertors are
connected to ROM's address bus. The memory space of ROM is divided. When the address bus is activated by A/D
conversion's output data, the ROM's output data is interpolation data. This circuit has high response speed, and it is easy
to obtain high interpolation multiple. The same kind of hardware circuit can achieve different interpolation multiple by
modifying ROM's data. It is very convenient and flexible. The principle of direction judgment and counting is analyzed;
the implementation speed and maximal interpolation multiple are discussed in this paper. Finally through experiment,
make sure this circuit not only has the characteristic of high response speed and high interpolation multiple, but also
avoids the counting error of micro-computer interpolation.
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Bing Zhao, Zhi-Li Zhang, Qi-Yuan Zhong, Hongliang Tu, Lilong Tan
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830N (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828606
Numbers of temperature signal and both dynamic and static strain signal in different places should be detected in fault
diagnosis of some equipment system. Fiber Bragg Grating sensor was provided usefully as detection instrument for fault
diagnosis of equipment system, but the demodulation technique in existence couldn't satisfy multi-dots and
multi-parameters detection of the system. F-P scan method amalgamated non-balance M-Z method was advanced by
expatiating two kinds of demodulation technique and their merits and defects. By this method, wavelength demarcation
technique used in F-P scan method was combined with M-Z method. Center wavelength of strain sensor was accurately
confirmed in static state, so diversification quantity and currently value of parameter could be demodulated in M-Z
method when came in for vibrancy action. Time-Division multiplexed technique could be used to enhance the sensor
number in M-Z demodulation technique. The design of demodulation circuit and yawp control technique were afforded,
and the system's power loss was analyzed. It was indicated that the method not only realized the detection of multi-dots
of temperature and static strain signal, but also dynamic parameter of real-time detection of equipment system, so the
merits of both FP scan method and non-balance M-Z method it contained. The technique was provided for Fiber Bragg
Grating sensor used in fast detection of equipment system.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830O (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828610
Coherent combination is one of the most promising ways to realize high power laser output. A three- laser-beam coherent
combination system based on adaptive optics (AO) technique has been set up in our laboratory. In this system, three
1064nm laser beams are placed side-by-side and compressed by two reflective mirrors. An active segmented deformable
mirror (DM) is used to compensate the optical path difference (OPD) among three laser beams. The beams are
overlapped onto a 2900Hz CCD camera to form an interference pattern while the peak intensity of the interference
pattern is taken as the cost function to optimize by a stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm. SPGD
algorithm is realized on a RT-Linux dual-core industrial computer. A series of experiments have been accomplished and
experimental results show that both static distorted aberrations in the beams and active distorted aberrations (which are
brought in by a hot iron and the frequency is about 5Hz) can be compensated successfully when the gain coefficients and
the perturbation amplitude of SPGD are chosed appropriately, thereby three beams can be well combined. For controlling
the phase of fiber lasers, the phase characteristics of beams passing through Yb-doped dual-clad fiber amplifier are
measured by means of investigating the interference pattern under different output power through experiments. The
frequency of phase fluctuation is evaluated through analyzing the fluctuation of power within a 90um aperture of
far-field focal spot. Experimental results show that the phase fluctuation frequencies of laser beam transmitted through
fiber amplifier are mainly in the range of 100~1500Hz. As a result, to control the phase fluctuation of beams passing
through fiber amplifier, the bandwidth of any potential phase control scheme must be greater than 1.5 kilohertz.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830P (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828611
The important development trend of laser pulse range finding system is to improve precision and realize miniaturization.
This thesis researches laser pulse range finding system and analyses the key technique on the working principle and the
time measurement accuracy. Based on the analyses and compared with several existent timing methods, the method of
combining traditional counting method with time linear stretching technique is choosen to achieve high precision
measurement of interval. Time linear stretching technique can realize a high measurement precision at low frequency so
as to decrease the difficulty of design and the cost of circuit. On laser shooting aspect, laser diode with a small volume
and a low weight which can meet the requirement for the medium-short distance measurement and the driving chips
with high performance are used to generate good light pulses with steep, steady and narrow bandwidth. Also the light
pulses should have adequate power, or they may be submerged by noise, so the echo pulses can't be received. On the
aspect of signal receiving, the avalanche photodiode which has high respond degree to some special wavelength and low
noise is used as receiving device utilizing a high bandwidth enlarging chip and a high speed comparison to pick-up
useful signals.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830Q (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828612
The characteristic and work principium of Charge Coupled Devices (CCD) is expatiated. Based on CCD
measuring technology, a geometric objects photoelectric comprehensive measuring system is described in the paper,
which is applied to measure the thickness of quartz tube wall non-contacted automatically with a line CCD device. The
system is composed of a semiconductor laser source, a main fine mechanic system and controller, a real-time controlling
system with SCM and data processing system by PC. The optics system, CCD hardware circuit and SCM control system
are mainly discussed in this system. The system work process: optics, machine, electron and computer are organically
combined, the line CCD in this instrument can measure the distance between two laser beams which are reflected from
the outside and inside surfaces of quartz tube wall. Comparisons between the system and traditional measurement
instrument are provided with: high measurement precision and efficiency; celerity and real time. In addition,
applications of the system are viewed in the geometric objects foot-line real-time detection of the tube wall thickness
and plank thickness, and medicine and liquor manufacturing, and the system error is analyzed.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830R (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828614
The surface topography of oxide multilayer mirrors with Ion Beam Sputtering (IBS) technology is experimentally
investigated by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Different film materials, substrates polishing and cleaning methods
are experimented for promoting the mirrors quality, respectively. PSD (Power Spectral Density) characteristic of
different substrates and films has been compared. Surface roughness with different polished methods has been analyzed
too. The result shows that the depositional property of film materials determines the principal characteristic of mirror
surface topography, and the substrate polishing and cleaning quality mostly affects the mirror optical quality.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830S (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828616
The position sensitive detector (PSD) is a kind of photo-electronic sensor which can detect the position of a light spot
incident on its surface. Many types of non-contact dynamic displacement monitoring instruments could be constructed
using PSD. How to overcome the influence of non-linearity action is the most important problem to improve measuring
precision and reliability of the instrument. The causes of non-1inearity of PSD are analyzed in this paper. Conjugate
gradient optimum algorithm for nerve network to correct the non-linearity of PSD is provided according to whose
characteristic, so that the linearity of non-linear area is approximate identical to linear area's .The correction leads to
prominent improvement of measurement precision for non-linear area, and the usable area of PSD is thus extended. The
data reliability is also improved without increasing the complexity of hardware.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830T (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828617
A microwave coherent detection system is presented which can be used to simultaneously measure the temperature and
strain distribution along a fiber with high accuracy based on spontaneous Brillouin scattering. The system measures the
Brillouin scattering and Rayleigh scattering in fiber simultaneously, using the ratio of the Rayleigh and spontaneous
Brillouin backscattered light called Landau-Placzek Ratio (LPR), and scans the Brillouin spectrum to obtain the desired
information. The measurement system setup is showed in this paper, and the system performances such as the spatial
resolution, the spectrum, the measurement accuracy, the dynamic range, and the measurement time are analyzed. The
analysis shows that the system can achieve the spatial resolution of 2m, temperature resolution of 1 and strain
resolution of 20με.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830U (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828618
The influence of a predefined threshold value on high reflectivity measurement in an optical feedback cavity ring-down
technique (OF-CRD) is investigated. The strong optical feedback from the front cavity mirror of a linear ring-down
cavity is re-injected into the oscillator cavity of the diode laser and causes line-width reduction of diode laser. The
narrowed laser line is occasionally in resonance with one or more ring-down cavity modes and large resonant peaks are
observed in the ring-down cavity output signals. The diode laser is switched off at the negative step of the square-wave
modulation signal. If the amplitude at the negative step exceeds the pre-defined threshold value, an exponential decay
signal is recorded to fit the cavity decay time. The reflectivity of the cavity mirror is determined statistically to be
99.9907±0.0002% and 99.9899±0.0004% with threshold values of 350mV and 50mV, respectively. All reflectivities
measured at six cavity lengths with a higher threshold are more precise than that measured with the lower threshold. A
method to determine the threshold value is proposed for accurate high reflectivity measurement.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830V (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828623
In order to study optical thin films interfaces roughness cross correlation properties and light scattering, theoretical
models of optical thin films interfaces roughness light scattering are concisely presented. Furthermore, influence of
interfaces roughness cross-correlation properties to light scattering was analyzed by total backscattering. Moreover, TiO2
single optical films thickness, substrate roughness of K9 glass and ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) technique effect
on interface roughness cross correlation properties were studied by experiments, respectively. The results showed that
theoretical results obtained by integrating vector light scattering were agreed well with experimental results. The
interfaces roughness cross-correlation decrease with the increase of films thickness or with the decrease of substrates
roughness. When ion beam assisted deposition was used, a high degree of cross-correlated can be obtained.
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Hongwei Jing, Wei Yang, Bin Fan, Yongjian Wan, Shibin Wu, Fan Wu, Tianquan Fan
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830W (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828620
One of the oldest techniques for sensing optical abberations is Foucault knife edge test. Qualitative properties of knife
edge test have been utilized over the past 150 years to assess the quality of an optic or optical system. Much work and
analysis have been performed since Foucault,but no satisfactory results have been found.
This paper describes a method that upgrades the knife edge tester from a qualitative tester to a quantitative
tester.Firstly,the traditional knife edge tester is upgraded to an improved one enabling the knife to cut the focus from
horizontal direction and vertical direction.Secondly,the 2 sets of shadows were integrated to form complete mirror
shadows.Finally,a mathematical model is established to quantitatively evaluate the surface error from the shadows.
An experiment has been done using the method. The calculated deviations of the optical surface are compared with the
results measured by ZYGO interferometer. Two measurement results show resemblance.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830X (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828622
A primary mirror is the key component for telescope. For getting high-quality primary mirror the most important work is
to measure and control glass stress distribution. At present small size glass can be accurately measured, but how to
measure large mirrors has not been broken though. For developing measurement technology, a new method by making
use of reflected mirror to extract polarized beam is brought forward to measure large glass. At first, theory analysis has
been done that is about the interaction between polarized beam and reflected mirrors. Then experimental measurement
has been carried out by use of the method. A conclusion which can be drawn out is that by controlling the refractive
index and thickness of reflected coating, polarization state of reflected beam can be kept in the same state to the incident
beam when the polarized beam passes through the reflected mirrors.
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Lihua Wang, Shibin Wu, Xi Hou, Long Kuang, Xuedong Cao
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830Y (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828624
Two-mirror optical system has been widely used for large telescope, infrared and ultraviolet optical systems. Subaperture
stitching interferometry technique has been developed for low cost and effective test of large optical system. The
principle of error averaging subaperture stitching algorithm for testing two-mirror optical system wavefront is introduced
in this paper. A two-mirror optical system is simulated by zemax software, a reasonable mathematical model is
established and computer simulation experiment is carried out. Compared the stitching results with zemax software, the
relative error of PV and RMS is 0.76% and -0.44%respectively. The PV and RMS of wavefront phase distribution
residual are 0.0097λ and 0.0013λ .It is proved that the model and method are accurate and feasible to test optical
system.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72830Z (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828625
A Bubble Tester is developed to do the measurements of bubble classes for optical elements. The tester is composed of
illumination system,refractor slot, imaging system,CCD,computer controller and data processor,3D workshop and
ground base. The light from the illumination system is refracted by the bubbles and inclosures in the optical elements, the
imaging system captured the light and imaged the image to CCD and computer captured the image and did data
processing to get the dimension, quantity and distribution of the bubbles and enclosures. The tester can measure bubbles
with Φ0.05~Φ5mm in diameter and the accuracy is 5%.The tester can measure bubbles and enclosures of optical
elements and welding line of the optics according to GB 7661-87.
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Liang Gao, Lin Yang, De-Sheng Li, Qi-Liang Ni, Jing-Qiu Liang, Bo Chen
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728310 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828627
Extreme Ultraviolet Telescope (EUT) will image solar corona in four EUV narrow bandpasses defined by multilayered
coatings deposited on normal incidence optics. In order to make sure it will get sub-arcsecond angular resolution in the
mission we have to test its resolution performance on ground. The EUT is aligned by Zygo interferometer first and a
global wavefront error of 0.152 λ peak to valley is obtained (λ = 632.8nm ). Because of the difficulty of angular
resolution test for EUT at its operating wavelengths, we test its optical performance at visible and UV band. The method
is to place the resolution test-target on the focal plane of collimator and illuminate the target by visible and UV light
respectively, then the collimated light will go through EUT and image at focal plane on CCD. By analysis of the images
obtained in experiments we conclude that the angular resolution of EUT is 1.22" at visible light (λ = 570nm ) which is
very close to diffraction limit (1.20") and according to these results we estimate that the operational wavelength
resolution is better than 0.32", meets design requirements. While for UV light, the angular resolution is 1.53" that is
different from diffraction limit (0.53"), the error comes mainly from large pixel of EUV camera.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728311 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828628
A portable optical 3D coordinate measuring system based on digital Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP) technology
and binocular stereo vision theory is researched. Three ultra-red LED with high stability is set on a hand-hold target to
provide measuring feature and establish target coordinate system. Ray intersection based field directional calibrating is
done for the intersectant binocular measurement system composed of two cameras by a reference ruler. The hand-hold
target controlled by Bluetooth wireless communication is free moved to implement contact measurement. The position of
ceramic contact ball is pre-calibrated accurately. The coordinates of target feature points are obtained by binocular stereo
vision model from the stereo images pair taken by cameras. Combining radius compensation for contact ball and residual
error correction, object point can be resolved by transfer of axes using target coordinate system as intermediary. This
system is suitable for on-field large-scale measurement because of its excellent portability, high precision, wide
measuring volume, great adaptability and satisfying automatization. It is tested that the measuring precision is near to
±0.1mm/m.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728312 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828629
A large field laser scanning system is designed for PID imaging system. According to different deflectors, scanning
system methods have optical lens scanning system, polygon mirror scanning system, acousto-optic scanning system and
holographic scanning method. To realize large field scanning, a polygon mirror is used as scanner, which has high
scanning speed, high resolution and contrast, good gamma characteristic and F-θ lens system is used as focusing system
in type of scanner before lens. F-θ lens is special lens with linear scanning characteristic. F-θ lens can focus laser beam
and make linear scanning. The scanning performance of F-θ lens is usually decided by its focusing characteristics.
Designed system can scan object in 356mm length and the resolution achieves 35μm. Ball bearing guide screw system is
used to realize scanning in Y direction, the scanning length can be set according to request. Thus, the system can make
two dimensional scanning. By evaluating performance of optical system, the system focusing characteristics had
achieved the diffraction limit in entire field and satisfies the system's requests. Experiment has been carried on to test the
F-θ optical focusing system. The experimental results show that diameters of focusing facular at all view field are
approximately 35μm, which is identical with theoretical parameter and conforms to F-θ characteristic.
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Jian-ping Peng, Li Wang, Xiao-rong Gao, Ze-yong Wang, Quan-ke Zhao
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728313 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828630
A dynamic detection technology for the irregularity state of railway track by means of linear array CCD sensor is
introduced, and the detecting method, the structure of the system are also described in detail. In this paper, a model of
2-meter chord measuring method is established; the digital inverse filter is analyzed and simulated to get the irregularity
state of railway track. The analysis and Summary about how to apply the inverse filter are given. Finally some
experiment result and detection data are given from the depot.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728314 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828632
With the rapid development of shape measurement technique, multi-sensor approach becomes one of valid way to
improve the accuracy, to expend measuring range, to reduce occlusion, to realize multi-resolution measurement, and to
increase measuring speed simultaneously. Sensors in multi-sensor system can have different system parameters, and they
may have different measuring range and different precision. Light sectioning method is one of useful measurement
technique for 3D profile measurement. It is insensitive to the surface optical property of 3D object, has scarcely any
demand on surrounding. A multi-sensor system scheme, which uses light sectioning method and multi-sensor data fusion
techniques, is presented for blade of aviation engine and spiral bevel gear measurement. The system model is developed
to build the relationship between measuring range & precision and system parameters. The system parameters were set
according to system error analysis, measuring range and precision. The result shows that the system is more universal
than it's ancestor, and that the accuracy of the system is about 0.05mm for the 60× 60mm2 measuring range, and that the
system is successful for the aero-dynamical data curve of blade of aviation engine and tooth profile of spiral bevel gear
measurement with 3600 multi-resolution measuring character.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728315 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828633
This study aims at the application of optical sensing technology in a 2D flexible hinge test stage.
Optical fiber sensor which is manufactured taking advantage of the various unique properties of optical fiber, such as
good electric insulation properties, resistance of electromagnetic disturbance, sparkless property and availability in
flammable and explosive environment, has lots of good properties, such as high accuracy and wide dynamic range,
repeatable, etc. and is applied in 2D flexible hinge stage driven by PZT. Several micro-bending structures are designed
utilizing the characteristics of the flexible hinge stage. And through experiments, the optimal micro-bending tooth
structure and the scope of displacement sensor trip under this optimal micro-bending tooth structure are derived. These
experiments demonstrate that the application of optical fiber displacement sensor in 2D flexible hinge stage driven by
PZT substantially broadens the dynamic testing range and improves the sensitivity of this apparatus. Driving accuracy
and positioning stability are enhanced as well. [1,2]
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Zhenheng Lin, Xizhao Lu, Chun Lin, Ruifang Ye, Yuanqing Huang
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728316 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828654
Photoacoustic imaging is a potential medical imaging technique to reconstruct and image the inside structure of tissue.
The principle of pulsed optoacoustic signal generation and the comparison between the traditional piezoelectric detectors
and optical detectors are described. Through analyzing the principle of sensing film, we find that in a rigid-back sensing
film the relation between pressure amplitude (PO) and thickness amplitude (dl0) is P0= E/2ldl0. In order to realize a
whole field, non-touch, high precision and backward-mode photoacoustic detecting, a new kind of sensing film detector
based on Fabry-Perot sensing head is proposed. For the especial configuration of dichroic mirror, the detector not only
enables photoacoustic excitation laser pulses to transmite through the sensor, but also enables the laser speckle formed
on the interface to reflect into the CCD. Bying using this detector we design a photoacoustic imaging system based on
the outside displacement Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry (DSPI) detecting system. To reduce the cost of system a
standard CCD whose exposure time is about tens of milliseconds is adopted as light detector. By interrogating the sensor
with a short laser pulse with about tens ns bandwidth, we resolve the problem of match between the CCD and acoustic
field at MHz frequency. In principle, the reconstruction algorithm based on the decomposition can be applied to
reconstruct a three-dimensional photoacoustic image The technique will offer a method with a whole field,
backward-mode, 3D and all-optical detecting for high-resolution biomedical imaging.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728317 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828657
In this paper a method for measurement and analysis of dynamic deformation based on inverse projected fringe
technique is presented. This technique is also based on fringe projection but uses an active fringe control. The inverse
fringe pattern is projected onto the surface of a vibrating membrane and a high-speed CCD camera is used to record the
deformed fringe patterns on the membrane. On the recording plan, only the fringes at the deformed area will be curved
while fringes in the other areas remains straight and the deformation of the measured object become much obvious. The
shape and movement of the deforming object can be qualitatively analyzed and recognized by Fourier transform, filtering
and inverse Fourier transform. The movement of a vibrating membrane and a deforming lap are calculated and evaluated.
The results demonstrate this method is feasible and accurate to analyze dynamic deformation.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728318 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828655
Recently, in the world some growing-up measurements for Progressive addition lenses and relevant equipments have
been developed. They are single point measurement, moiré deflectometry, Ronchi test techniques. Hartmann test for
Progressive addition lenses is proposed in the article. The measurement principle of Hartmann test for ophthalmic lenses
and the power compensation of off-axis rays are introduced. The experimental setup used to test lenses is put forward.
For experimental test, a spatial filter is used for selecting a clean Gaussian beam; a collimating lens with focal distance f
=300 mm is used to produce collimated beam. The Hartmann plate with a square array of holes separated at 2 mm is
selected. The selection of laser and CCD camera is critical to the accuracy of experiment and the image processing
algorithm. The spot patterns from CCD are obtained from the experimental tests. The power distribution map for lenses
can be obtained by image processing in theory. The results indicate that Hartmann test for Progressive addition lenses is
convenient and feasible; also its structure is simple.
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Xun Yu, Qian Li, Xiao-yan Shang, Liang Nie, Ji-an Wu
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728319 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828656
With the development of science and technology, especially advanced technology, the requirement to observing and
aiming optical system is higher responsibility and accuracy, more intelligence, so wide-field and short-focal-length CCD
camera system is used widely in the observing and aiming optical device, which is the important part of this device. But
accurate calibration of forming-image system distortion is the key, and the distortion quantitative measurement must be
finished. In this paper, firstly the high performance electronic target is established whose advantages are high contrast,
high brightness, excellent uniformity and so on by use of TFT-LCD space optical modulator and visible image display
technology. On basis of this, the distortion measurement system is formed to measure the automatic observing and
aiming optical system based on CCD. Then polynomial model is established by applying the inversion algorithm and the
measured distortion is calibrated by the least squares fit. The calibrated result shows that the measurement precision
using the inversion polynomial algorithm is higher than that using the positive one obviously and the average distortion
after calibration is better than 0.11%.
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Xiaolong Ke, Yinbiao Guo, Zhengzhong Wang, Jianchun Liu
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831A (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828658
Taking high generality and efficiency into account, this paper presents a measurement and control means based on
high-precision measurement platform including high-precision linear motors, contact and non-contact measurement
sensor of 0.1um resolution and a new developed measuring software. This platform aims to achieve high-precision
measurement for all kinds of optical aspheric workpieces for detection accuracy of 2um/200*200mm. In this paper, a
measurement platform which consists of granite gantry framework, 3 axes linear motors, circle grating rotary encoder,
grating linear scales, 4 axes motion control card, linear motion ball guide, contacting and non-contacting measurement
sensor and so on, is designed and implemented. Through finite element stress analysis, it can find that the framework
well fulfills the accuracy demand. And the performance comparison between linear motors and piezoelectric ceramics
motors is then discussed. Further, it also compares the coordinated motion of "circle grating rotary encoder+2 axes linear
motors" with the coordinated motion of "3 axes linear motors" to find out the difference in measurement accuracy by
experiment data. Here, a better scheme for kinematic locus planning is proposed for making sure all axes have better
dynamic characteristics. Aiming at various characteristics of optical workpieces, the different measurement paths are also
provided. Finally, the experiments for this purpose are done to validate the measurement platform accuracy.
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Xianyu Su, Yan Tang, Yuankun Liu, Qican Zhang, Liqun Xiang
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831B (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828659
The aspheric mirror can correct aberrations and improve imaging quality of optical system . M oreover using such mirror
can reduce the num ber of optical elem ents in an optical system and further reduce the weight and size of the system . In
order to improve the accuracy of aspheric mirror fabrication, there are many methods used to m easure aspheric mirror.
Am ong these methods, the most popular one is interferom etry which can m easure the surface with very high accuracy.
However, interferom etry commonly requires com plicated and expensive assistant optics, and its m easurem ent range is
limited. In order to measure aspheric mirror conveniently and effectively, we further evolve the well know n approaches
of 'Phase M easuring Deflectom ety'(PM D) to measure such surface.
In this study, we present a novel m ethod based on fringe reflection to m easure aspheric m irror. In the m easurem ent
process, the screen and the cam era are m oved along the mirror optical axis, respectively. Using the phase information of
the recording fringe patterns, for each cam era pixel, we can calculate the slope and coordinate of its corresponding point
on the surface to be tested. By integrating, the absolute height of the tested surface can be reconstructed. Com pared with
traditional PM D, this m ethod can m easure the absolute height of an aspheric m irror unam biguously and doesn't need
com plex calibration.
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Qiang Dai, Yande Xu, Yijun Liang, Tao Geng, Ronggang Zhu, Wen Li
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831C (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828784
A novel sinusoidal phase modulating optical fiber interferometers is described. The surface profile of an object can be
measured by grating modulating optical fiber interference fringes. The ± first-order beams diffracted by the grating are
coupled in two fibers and in optical fiber output two coherent point light source are generated. The two coherent point
light sources have the same intensity so as to high contrast interference fringes are got. When piezoelectric ceramic
vibrates with the grating, the position of ± first-order beams diffracted by the grating does not change but the phase of
optical fiber output field interference fringes change periodic. By using sinusoidal phase modulating method can detect
the phase variations of interference fringes and the surface profile of an object can be measured. Detail description about
the optical principle, optical path design and phase modulating and demodulation are researched. The experiment shows
that this measurement method can overcome fluctuate of light source intensity and wavelengths at the same time have
the characteristic of high precision and large non-contact measurement range.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831D (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.834195
In high power laser system, continuous phase plate (CPP) is used as a beam smoothing element. Different from
traditional plane or spherical elements, the surface of CPP is more complex. Since the surface information with
mid-spatial-frequency of a CPP cannot be treated as a kind of noise, so it is difficult to test and analyze the surface
quality by ordinary interferometer. The stitching method is used to test CPP. The basic principle and technological
process of the test are introduced. The surface shape of a CPP is recovered successfully by using this method.
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Chunrong Xue, Kui Yi, Chaoyang Wei, Jianda Shao, Zhengxiu Fan
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831E (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828661
Laser applications in semiconductor industry, metrology and medical applications call for improvement and reliable
optical coatings in the short wavelength range. Especially, optical coatings for ArF and F2 laser systems are important for
micromachining and lithography applications. For designing and manufacturing multilayer, a good knowledge of
refractive indices and absorption coefficients of the coating materials is essential. The intrinsic absorption of fluoride
coating materials tends to higher values in the DUV/VUV spectral range, the reliable determination of absorption losses
by photometric techniques has to overcome various obstacles caused by light absorption in air, scattering effects of the
coating, and absorption related to contamination of the employed fluoride material. In this paper, high-refractive-index
materials such as LaF3, NdF3, and GdF3 and low-refractive-index materials such as MgF2, AlF3, and Na3AlF6 single thin
films are deposited by a resistive-heating boat at different deposited rates and specific substrate temperatures on single
crystal MgF2 substrates. Transmittances of all fluoride thin films are measured through business spectrometer in the
ambient atmosphere and measured under vacuum through Synchrotron radiation in the wavelength region from 120nm to
500nm. The optical constants of these materials are determined from Envelope method and iterative algorithm with
transmittance measurements. All this work play an important role in the design and manufacturing of cost-effective,
mechanically and optically stable optical coatings for VUV region.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831F (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828663
In current field of CCD measurement, large area and high resolution CCD is used to obtain big measurement image, so
that, speed and capacity of CCD requires high performance of later storage and process system. The paper discusses
how to use SCSI hard disk to construct storage system and use DSPs and FPGA to realize image compression. As for
storage subsystem, Because CCD is divided into multiplex output, SCSI array is used in RAID0 way. The storage
system is com posed of high speed buffer, DM A controller, control M CU, SCSI protocol controller and SCSI hard disk.
As for compression subsystem, according to requirement of communication and monitor system, the output is fixed
resolution image and analog PA L signal. The compression means is JPEG 2000 standard, in which, 9/7 wavelets in
lifting format is used. 2 DSPs and FPGA are used to com pose parallel compression system. The system is com posed of
FPGA pre-processing module, DSP compression module, video decoder module, data buffer module and
communication module. Firstly, discrete wavelet transform and quantization is realized in FPGA. Secondly, entropy
coding and stream adaption is realized in DSPs. Last, analog PA L signal is output by Video decoder. Data buffer is
realized in synchronous dual-port RAM and state of subsystem is transfer to controller. Through subjective and
objective evaluation, the storage and compression system satisfies the requirement of system.
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De En, Ke-xin Xu, Cai-he Chen, Yu-ming Cui, Jin-wu Wang, Ya-bing Zhao, Qin Si
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831G (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828665
Fiber optic gyroscope is a completely static, pure optical gyroscope, with a high resolution and other advantages. In order
to make the Fiber optic gyroscope be smaller in size, more reliable and sensitive, this paper presents a new type of
interference integrated optical chip, which is X-cut and Y-propagation LiNbO3 substrate with the dimensions of
38mm×6mm× 2mm. We research and design Double-Y branching guide, phase modulator and polarizers of Integrated
Optical Chip in FOG. Double-Y branching waveguide, phase modulator and polarizers were integrated in a chip, on
which sensing element, resource (SLD), electrophotonic detector (PIN) and signal demodulation circuit are
hybrid-Integrated together, then we get an acceleration FOG of high resolution. We test the chip with input light and find
that diffraction image of output light from the double-Y branching waveguide is well symmetric, which indicates that the
double-Y branching waveguide is 3dB beam-splitting, to overcome deficiencies of fiber coupler of splicing type and
dual-melting conical. Exciting signal is coherent with the output signal of the FOG, and the performances of the FOG
meets design requirement.
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Chao Fan, Ying-cai Li, Yi-tao Liang, Ning-ning Sun
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831H (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828667
To measure sub-pixel image motion of sequential images which is captured at high frame rate, the joint transform
correlator (JTC) is used. The relative image motion of two adjacent images can be measured by inputting these images
into JTC. The principle of this method is described, photo-electrical devices are selected, and an experimental platform is
built. Based on which, the measurement performances of JTC are researched, including the influence of scene structure
on measurement accuracy, effect of the size of input image on measurement accuracy, and the measurement range of the
image motion of JTC. After doing these, the over-all properties of JTC is verified by using a sample which containes 50
different random image motions. The results show that, the JTC can measure sub-pixel image motion of two adjacent
images entirely, and the accuracy is not variable with the contents of input images. The measurement error submits to
normal distribution, which means zero and RMS is no more than 0.12 pixels under conspicuous level equal to 0.05.
Lastly, the source of error which deteriorates measurement accuracy is analyzed simply.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831I (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828668
The algorithm of infrared image enhancement directly impacts on the veracity of target recognition. However, traditional
histogram equalization and gray-scale transformation algorithms can't realize the enhancement of the target in the
infrared image effectively. Consequently, an adaptive algorithm for infrared target enhancement has been presented. The
experimental result shows that this algorithm could automatically choose the threshold of histogram segmentation
according to the gray characteristic of the target. It can also increase the contrast and decrease the noise while
suppressing the background. In addition, this algorithm could be used for target enhancement of other infrared images,
and had small computation, especially suitable for real-time processing of infrared images.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831J (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828669
We have designed an intensity-demodulated sensing system based on Fabry-Perot interferometer and fiber Bragg grating
(FBG) for pressure measurement. The structure of the sensor probe is presented. It is an optical fiber extrinsic
Fabry-Perot interferometer(EFPI) composed of silica tube and optical fibers. The variable quantity of cavity length of the
EFPI is equal to that of silica tube, which has direct proportion to external pressure. The sensing system is interrogated
by broadband light. In order to compensate intensity fluctuation, we use an FBG as a narrow band filter to obtain the
sensing signal and reference signal from white-light interference fringe returned from EFPI. The sensing signal is in the
reflected beam from FBG, and the reference signal is contained in reflected beam and transmitted beam of FBG
simultaneously. Then two output light signals are transformed into current signals by two photodiodes. Subsequently two
current signals are processed at the same time. After the signals being treated with circuit, the inherent disadvantage of
intensity-demodulated sensor is removed. It is also to say the sensing system has immunity from the drift of light source
power and fluctuation in fiber attenuation by using only a FBG. Meanwhile, the system has advantages of fast response,
simple circuitry, strong ability of intensity compensation and low cost. Experimental results show that the experimental
data are consistent with theoretical analysis. The dynamic range of sensor is from 0 to 500KPa, and the resolution
reaches to 0.5KPa. The sensing system can be used to measure pressure in inflammable and explosive circumstance such
as oil height of super oil storage tanks.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831K (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828670
A kind of adjustment on the complicated Optoelectronic system with visible, laser, and rotative mechanical axis is
discussed in this paper. This is the adjustment of multispectral spatial rotation optical axis, the characteristics is not only
the parallelism adjustment of optical axis where relative rotaton movement occurs, but also the danger of invisible highenergy
laser, the harmful invisible laser is simulated by the visible light camera aimed at the danger; the principle and
method of the optical axis calibration finely with dual-optical wedge for guaranteeing the high parallelism depth between
laser and visible optical axis in the discretional azimuth is introduced in this paper: the special rotative adjustment
pedestal and the reference light source is designed and processed, the error of the different spatial relative position
between camera axis and visual axis is detected by turning the rotative pedestal; In this work, the mathematical model
aiming at the dual-optical wedge adjustment technique is constructed ,in which the rationality is confirmed by MATLAB
program, and the convenience, the maneuverability and the useful value of the adjustment technique is also illustrated for
the parallel precision of 0.1mrad in between laser and visible light axis.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831L (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828671
In the thin-film thickness wideband monitoring system, an accurate measurement of the spectral intensity signal is
critical to improving precision of coating. Because of electron gun, ion source and baking, vacuum chamber is a complex
environment with background light. Together with the inherent noise of linear CCD and quantization noise of A/D
conversion, which are main factors affecting accurate measurement of spectrum intensity. This paper uses time and
frequency multi-resolution properties of wavelet transform, adaptive threshold adjustment method is designed.
According to the different characteristics of signal and the random noise processed by wavelet transform in different
scales, the fine adjustment factor is added when the threshold is determined, on the hand, which makes the adaptive
threshold of wavelet coefficient with positive Lipschitz index decrease, this is beneficial to preserve real signals of
wavelet coefficient; on the other hand, which makes the one with negative Lipschitz index increase, this is favorable to
filter out noise signal. By this method, both rejecting true probability and false declaration probability are reduced, the
random noise is suppressed effectively, a very good filtering result is achieved, and finally the analysis accuracy of
spectrum signal and the precision of systematic decision pause are improved.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831M (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828672
Sinusoidal phase modulation interference survey technology is an advanced interference measuring technique in
international front. Through introducing the piezoelectric ceramics (PZT) of sinusoidal vibration in Michelson
interferometer reference path of light ,we carry on the modulation to the reference light, which produces modulation item
along with the time sine change of interference signal. The demodulation is carried on based on Fourier analysis method
to obtain the phase of corresponding object to measure the interference signal. This article proposes the algorithm of
Fourier analysis method to carry on the solution to the interference signal, discusses the influence of the algorithm on
measuring accuracy and compares it with traditional method. Experimental result indicates the sinusoidal phase
modulation interference survey technology is an effective interference measuring technique with high accuracy.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831N (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828674
Sinusoidal-phase modulation interferometer is a new type of optical precision measuring instrument with nanometer
accuracy real-time surface profile measurement. This paper based on real-time surface profile measurement of
sinusoidal-phase modulation interferometry, researched filter theory and phase-interference in real-time measurement
systems, its phase error is analyzed, and it discusses the theory of error types and causes of error, error estimation and
derived measurement formula. Experiment proves the correctness of theory and application of research findings in the
works in a certain significance.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831O (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828676
Surface profile of the micro-nanometer-mechanical structure characterized one of the most important. This paper
proposes an anti-vibration interference measurement method, develops an anti-vibration sinusoidal-phase modulation
(SPM) interferometer for surface profile measurement, and elaborates on its principle. It also analyzes the subsystems of
the anti-vibration feedback control principles: the feedback control subsystem signal from interference to retrieve a point
of interfering signals as feedback signals into laser diode (LD) to change the wavelength, which will reduce influence on
the ambient temperature changes, vibration and so on. Measuring impact can be reduced to the minimum to improve the
measurement stability and accuracy. Repeatability in the measurements was about 2.3 nm. Experimental results show
that the measurement method is feasible.
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Yudong Jia, Chunxi Zhang, Pan Ou, Chen Li, Lina Zhao
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831P (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828678
The method using translation invariant discrete wavelet transform arithmetic to improve gyroscope bias stability is
described. On the basis analyzing the noise characteristic of fiber gyroscope signal, the suitable wavelet vector was
selected to extract the noise from signal. The TIDWT, which can avoid the Pseudo-Gibbs phenomena, had be adopted to
construct the denosing arithmetic, then the arithmetic was used to filter the real gyroscope signal, the result indicated that
the bias stability was improved about 0.6% effectively.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831Q (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828679
A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) dispersion measurement method is presented. The measurement system is comprised of a
fiber Michelson interferometer and a numerical sampling and processing system. The FBG under test is spliced into the
test arm of the interferometer, and the reference arm contains an air path so that the total optical path difference of the
interferometer can be varied and scanned. Low-coherence lights are reflected in two arms and combined at the fiber
coupler where the interference occurs. According to Fourier spectrometric theory, the recorded interferogram's fringe
visibility is proportional to the magnitude of the Fourier transform of the product of the light source spectrum and the
complex field reflectance of FBG. The group delay of FBG is obtained by making fast Fourier transformation,
unwrapping phase and numerically differentiating the unwrapped phase with respect to frequency. Experimental results
show that the experimental repeatability is up to picosecond magnitude order.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831R (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828680
The distortion can be formed as the magnifying power of image changes in the field of view in a practical optical system
if the field of view is large enough. Optical distortion can be corrected by aberration correction theory, as well as digital
image processing technology. The theory of distortion correction by digital image processing technology is discussed,
the method of getting reference points by lattice templet is introduced, and the method of generating reference points
automatically is proposed. The algorithm based on BP neural network which can approximate any continuous function is
used to get coordinate transform function between ideal image and distorted image. The method of bilinear gray-level
interpolation is adopted because the calculation of bilinear interpolation is less than others as strict requirements on
calculation in engineering application. Finally, a sample of image correction is given, and the results show that it is very
fast and convenient to pick up reference point, and the precision of results is high with the method of neural network.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831S (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828683
Firstly theory and characteristics of light passing film are analyzed. Then, a new type of photoelectric film detection
system with some components, such as lens, a splitting prism, a filter, a new photoelectric detector, and so on are also
analyzed.The system uses a high-precision bridge comparative method to send optical signals shoot by lamp-house to the
beamsplitter through an optical system composed with lens. The beamsplitter divides signals into two symmetrical ways
respectively passing symmetrical optical systems composed with filters, diaphragms and so on, in which one enters the
test film and the other enters referenced film. The test film and the referenced one make different decays for two signals,
and then optical signals are transformed into electric signals which are amplified by a low temperature drift amplifier
after being compared in high-precision electric bridge. At last the thickness values of film are displayed by displaying
circuit. The system has a symmetrical structure and high test precision. We use this system to measure films practically
and obtain experiment data results. Then we analyze the error and the results and present several important conclusions.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831T (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828684
It's a new method that 3D motion parameters of rocket motor nozzle are measured by vision measuring technology, but
the dynamic mesurement precision of vision measuring system should be evaluated. The calibration platform with nozzle
model can simulate the actual motion of rocket motor nozzle, and supply standard motion parameters for dynamic
calibration to vision measurement system. After analyzing the motion of some type rocket motor nozzle, a new parallel
table for calibration is proposed. The mechanism is made up of a base, a moving table and three links. There are three
degrees of freedom, rotation on X or Y coordinate axis, displacement on Z coordinate axis. The rotation angle is
measured by photoelectric encoder, the displacement is measured by grating scale. The closed loop test system have two
main features. First, the rotation center is fixed because of cross shaft. Second, the position and pose of table can
measured with high precision. Then the normal kinematic solution to position-pose of the table is presented. The virtual
prototype is constructed on Pro/E, and the movement simulation is processed through Adams, thus the correctness of
normal kinematic solutions to position-pose is verified.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831U (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828685
Mineral oil can emit fluorescent when it is initiated by ultraviolet (UV) rays. The mineral oil concentration determination
device is designed based on fiber transducer technology and fluorescence analyzing technology. It adopts a pulsed-xenon
lamp as an excitation light source, uses a sphere fiber-optics probe to detect fluorescence, implemented optoelectronic
conversion of the fluorescence signal and the high speed data acquisition with high-sensitivity array charge-coupled
devices(CCD), designes corresponding weak signal process circuits and applies a computer to store and display the
signal collected by the CCD. The system realizes the detection of fluorescence character of mineral oil. Experiment
indicates that the system has good linear relationship in the range of 0.0-5.1mg/L for the density of mineral oil and a
minimum detecting limit of the density is 0.18mg/L. The linear correlation coefficient r is 0.9981 when an excitation
wavelength is 330nm and an emission wavelength is 512nm. It can realize the detection of fluorescence of mineral oil
effectively.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831V (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828686
Because equivalent of some binoculars adopts spectrophotometer optical path, which leads image energy weak and we
can not measure its equivalent focal length to normal focal length measurement equipment. This paper presents a
measurement method, and carries out error analysis.
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Jin Peng, Li Wang, Xiaorong Gao, Zeyong Wang, Quanke Zhao
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831W (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828687
For using grating projection principle 3D profile measurement, the key is to select the appropriate parameters, assurance
system measurement precision and scope, and to ensure Fourier spectrum completely separated. This paper focuses on the
use of the concept of equivalent wavelength; parameters selection and optimization in Fourier transform profilometry
(FTP). The experiments shows that : Compression angle, raise projection grating spatial frequency can be avoided in the
frequency domain of spectrum aliasing, and to ensure the accuracy of the measurement system. Through the angle and
frequency parameters of selection and optimization, the best results are achieved.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831X (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828688
Lacking effective error compensation method is one important reason that limits the measurement precision of optical
grating. A real-time compensation method for eliminating the interpolation error of moiré fringes signal is proposed. The
interpolation error is caused by zero offset; nonorthogonal phase and unequal amplitude of two signals. The principle is
introduced as follows: first, tracking eight characteristic points on a grating signal period. The zero offset of sine signal is
separated from amplitude of characteristic points, so it can be compensated; then tracking the compensative signal, and
the zero offset of cosine signal can also be separated and compensated. Tracking the compensative signal continually, the
unequal amplitude of two signals and the nonorthogonal phase can be separated and compensated respectively. The three
above errors can be totally compensated in no more than three grating signal periods. Through experiments the effect of
this method is proved.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831Y (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828690
The random-direction partial derivatives in optical deflection equations were transformed into numerical differences in
reference frames for tomography. The nonlinear deflection equations were transformed into linear tomography ones. A
detecting ray will turn its propagating direction when it runs through a heterogeneous refractive index field. Its deflecting
angle a is the function of refractive index n by n's first order partial derivative. So, the optical deflection equation
involves nonlinear first order partial derivative. This kind of detecting ray equations can't be resolved by tomography
algorithm directly. At first, the nonlinear partial derivative should be transformed into numerical difference. Here, a
practical transforming algorithm was put forward. The diagnosed field was divided into tiny foursquare grids. Each grid
and its refractive index were approximated to a correct cone with an irregular bottom. With the approximation, the space
partial increment calculation was much simplified at any grid, in any direction and to any detecting ray. It was assumed
that the refractive index distribution should be coplanar in the area between three grid centers of the three close-adjacent
grids. With the assumption, the refractive index partial increment could be calculated with a numerical difference
function of close-adjacent grid refractive indexes. With the approximation and assumption, the partial derivative was
transformed into numerical difference. As the result, partial derivative related to any detecting ray could be transformed
into numerical difference. Nonlinear deflection equations could be transformed into linear difference ones. So, the
deflected angles can directly be applied to reconstruction as projections.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72831Z (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828691
Laser-induced damage threshold of prepared diamond like carbon films(DLC) and HfO2/SiO2 reflective coatings are
detected respectively by He-Ne laser scattered measurement system and plasma spark test method. He-Ne laser scattered
measurement system is to judge the damage of thin films by measuring energy change of He-Ne scattering light on the
same sample spot. Plasma spark testing method is to judge the damage by observing whether plasma spark occurs or not.
Different damage morphology is observed by 1000 multiple microscope. When the laser energy is lower than its damage
threshold, some slight ablition comes about; when the laser energy is stronger than its damage threshold, the abscin of
thin films and the change in fundus' colour are observed. The results are in accordance with the observation on Zygo GPI
interferometer. The two testing methods are compared based on the analysis of the damage morphology. When the
plasma spark occurs, there is no damage on thin films, which shows that there is no definite relationship between the
plasma spark and the degree of damage on thin films. However the judgement of damage made by using He-Ne laser
scattered measurement system is quantitative. This system can judge laser-induced damage effectively.
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Xianyu Su, Wenchuan Zhao, Qican Zhang, Liqun Xiang
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728320 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828692
In this paper, a simple and practical method is proposed. The fringe patterns are generated on a computer display (for
example, a LCD or TFT monitor) and the images refracted via the tested optical component are recorded by a CCD
camera. The intensity patterns in these images are distorted because of the tested object. Using the well-known
phase-shifting algorithms, the alterant phase caused by the tested object can be precisely obtained. And the aberration of
each refracted ray with the reference sphere can be obtained by use of geometry principle. Then the wave front aberration
is restored with Zernike polynomial fitting algorithm according to the relation between wave aberration and ray
aberration. The technique allows the measurement for high aberrated wave fronts, owing to its ability to measure large
ray slope changes, and the use of a computer display generation leads flexible adjustment of period and direction of
patterns and accurate phase shift. Compared with other techniques, this technique is simpler, cheaper and more flexible.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728321 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828693
In order to measure dynamic interpolation errors of photoelectric encoder of high precision, the dynamic evaluation
system of interpolation errors is introduced. Firstly, the fine Moiré signal of encoder which is collected with the
high-speed data gathering card into the computer is treated to equiangular data with the method of linear interpolation.
Then, the analysis of harmonic wave with the FFT is processed. Compared with the standard signal, the dynamic
interpolation errors of the encoder are calculated. Experimental results show that the precision of the dynamic evaluation
system of interpolation errors is ±0.1 %( pitch). The evaluation system is simple, fast, high precision, and can be used in
the working field of the encoder.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728322 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828694
The infrared radiation character (temperature and efficiency radiation area) of a space object is an important
characteristic, we can judge the state of the object working in orbit by measuring temperature and variety. Due to lower
temperature of the object and far distance between the object and the earth, the infrared radiation signal is faintness,
therefore temperature and the infrared radiation character is difficult to measure. There are several methods to measure
the temperature of the object in theory and each one has its applicability respectively, such as applying Wien Law to
compute temperature, based on Stefan-Bolzmann law to compute temperature and utilizing multi-spectrum detector to
measure temperature As a whole these methods are based on the hypothesis that the object is a Black-body or the
radiance emissivity is constant.
In fact, homochromatic radiance of object is not a constant but a function that changes with wavelength. Since the
problem that an object whose homochromatic radiance is not a constant which results in temperature can not be
computed accurately, we bring forward a method to contrast the luminance of the object at different wavelengths and
deduce the relationship among homochromatic radiance and wavelength and the temperature of Black-body, from which
we can compute real temperature of object.
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Jiqiang Wang, Chunxi Zhang, Di Feng, Pan Ou, Lun Tian
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728323 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828695
The coherent lidar system for speed measurement and the characteristics of the echo signal are discussed. And the
principle and the advantages of the digital quadrature transform are analyzed. A digital quadrature detection scheme
based on polyphase filter for coherent lidar system for speed measurement is presented by using the idea of software
radio. Firstly the amplified analog signal is sampled to digital signal, and then is re-sampled with parity, time-aligned by
delay filtering, finally the signal is divided into in-phase component and quadrature component. The scheme can be used
to decrease the hardware complexity of system to a large extent, to avoid aliasing between the positive and the negative
spectrums, to improve the SNR, and to obtain the signal in the quadrature form so as to fit the follow-up processing.
Simulations and experiments indicate that the scheme is capable of resisting the noise compared with the traditional
methods and is prone to real-time implementation, which, in turn, makes a contribution to greatly improve the
performance of coherent Doppler lidar system for speed measurement and to orient the direction of a moving target.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728324 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828696
The set of axes compensation and measurement between multitudinous photoelectric instruments is represented in this
paper, these photoelectric instrument is installed in the stuffless, proteiform ship, armored car shell, or some
instrumentation and command systems, the set of axes precision between these photoelectric instrument need be insured,
the compensation method dealing with the stochastic shape change is introduced in this paper. The principle is described
as follows: it begins that the deformation amount of each installation site is acquired utilizing inertial measurement unit,
then, the coordinate system of two photoelectric instrument is rotated according to the deformation amount, the
coordinate system of one photoelectric instrument is treated as standard, the other one is formed by rotating the standard
coordinate system twice and three times, finally, the other photoelectric instrument is compensated utilizing matrix
manipulation method, adapting to the deformation environment of dynamic random is the characteristic of the
compensation method, so the measurement system have the ability of real time simulating deformation and measuring
compensation effect, the measurement of simulating the continuous deformation utilizing the three-axis stable platform
and measuring compensation effect utilizing the zenith tube is introduced in this work, the three-dimensional analog
deformation is achieved utilizing coordinate vector method, finally, the compensation method and measuring method is
testified by experiment.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728325 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828698
A novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) vibration sensor is designed based on optical fiber sensing technology. The principle
of vibration detection using optical fiber Bragg grating is analyzed. At the same time, both the theories of matching
grating demodulation technology and optical fiber grating tuning technology based on constant strength cantilever are
adopted. As a result, the sensitivity of sensor and the stability of the detecting signal are all improved by employing
additionally electromagnetic damping. Good results are obtained from vibration detecting experiments using vibrator
standard signal, then Fourier analysis is applied. Frequency detection ability of the vibration sensor is favorable. The
frequency detection precision is ± 0.5 Hz, and frequency measuring scope is up to 200 Hz. In addition, the detecting
signal has high signal to noise ratio. From shock vibration experiment, it can be seen that free vibration frequency of the
sensor is about 250 Hz. Above all, the vibration sensor has extensive application prospects in practical engineering.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728326 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828700
In the extended blackbody radiant system, Chopper plays a very important role.Herein the chopper's working principle is
analyzed in the system of black body radical calibration, and the chopper's closed-loop control motor is simulated. With
SimPowerSystems toolbox of MATLAB, the model of DC motor driving systems is built and its startup, steady state and
speed regulation performance are simulated. Experiment result shows that the output is steady, accurate, reliable and
could drive the chopper evenly which can satisfy technological requirement of the extended black body radiation
calibration system.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728327 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828702
Because of complex reactions in Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) for steelmaking, the main end-point control methods of
steelmaking have insurmountable difficulties. Aiming at these problems, a support vector machine (SVM) method for
forecasting the BOF steelmaking end-point is presented based on flame radiation information. The basis is that the
furnace flame is the performance of the carbon oxygen reaction, because the carbon oxygen reaction is the major reaction
in the steelmaking furnace. The system can acquire spectrum and image data quickly in the steelmaking adverse
environment. The structure of SVM and the multilayer feed-ward neural network are similar, but SVM model could
overcome the inherent defects of the latter. The model is trained and forecasted by using SVM and some appropriate
variables of light and image characteristic information. The model training process follows the structure risk minimum
(SRM) criterion and the design parameter can be adjusted automatically according to the sampled data in the training
process. Experimental results indicate that the prediction precision of the SVM model and the executive time both meet
the requirements of end-point judgment online.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728328 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828703
This paper presents a method to recover dynamic position of photoelectric encoder. While working at dynamic state,
original outputs of the photoelectric encoder are in theory two sine or triangular signals with a phase difference of π/2.
However, there are still deviations of actual output signals. Interpolating on the basis of this deviation signal will result in
interpolation errors. In dynamic state, true original signal data obtained by data acquisition system is a time equation.
Through processing these data by data equiangular and harmonic analysis, the equation will be converted from time
domain to position domain and an original position equation can be formed. Then the interpolation errors also can be
obtained. By this method, the interpolation errors can be checked in dynamic state and it can also provide electric
interpolation basis so that to improve dynamic interpolation precision of the encoder. Software simulation and
experimental analysis all prove the method effective. This method is the basis in theory for precision checking and
calibration in motion.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728329 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828704
Because the effect of atmospheric scattering and atmospheric turbulence on laser signal of atmospheric absorption,laser
spot twinkling, beam drift and spot split-up occur ,when laser signal transmits in the atmospheric channel. The
phenomenon will be seriously affects the stability and the reliability of laser spot receiving system. In order to reduce the
influence of atmospheric turbulence, we adopt optimum control thoughts in the field of artificial intelligence, propose a
novel adaptive optical control technology-- model-free optimized adaptive control technology, analyze low-order pattern
wave-front error theory, in which an -adaptive optical system is employed to adjust errors, and design its adaptive
structure system. Ant colony algorithm is the control core algorithm, which is characteristic of positive feedback,
distributed computing and greedy heuristic search. . The ant colony algorithm optimization of adaptive optical phase
compensation is simulated. Simulation result shows that, the algorithm can effectively control laser energy distribution,
improve laser light beam quality, and enhance signal-to-noise ratio of received signal.
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Xun Yu, Hui Wang, Xiao-yan Shang, Liang Nie, Bao-yuan Liu
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832A (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828705
Because absolute quantity thermal laser energy meter based on conical cavity has some features, for example, wide
wavelength adaptation range, high laser damage threshold value, extensive measuring energy range and so on, it is often
used as the standard of high-energy laser energy meter, and is used extensively in the domain of high energy laser
measurement. But, laser energy will lose because of back scattering of conical absorption cavity. So, only after the loss is
compensated and amended, exact measurement of laser energy can be achieved. Aiming at energy loss compensation
problem of conical cavity high-energy laser energy meter, we firstly, according to speckle statistics optical theory,
analyze the back scattering of the conical absorption cavity in condition of uniform distribution laser incident on diffuse
reflection surface, and secondly, we aim at high power laser's output facula shape: round, based on optical principles of
interaction of the conical cavity inner face and the incident laser and utilize complexfication Simpson numerical method,
the mathematical models of optical power density distribution at open-end of conical cavity and back scattering gross
power are established. On this basis, the measured result is compensated and amended. The back scattering energy loss is
about 0.5% to 2.5%.High-energy laser energy measuring accuracy is improved effectively.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832B (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828706
The beam direction is one of the important items of headlamp detection, but lots of internal detection machines can not
give it an accurate detection. This article analyses the factors which affect the detection result, then gives a new accurate
solution. It uses an automobile position fixing system and data correction algorithm. Firstly, the beam direction angle and
the automobile's laying deviation angle can be got by using computer vision technique and image processing technique.
Secondly, the beam direction angle can be corrected according to the automobile's laying deviation angle. This new
method can efficiently find accurate optical axis direction of low beam and high beam. So it tells people whether the
automobile works in good condition. It solves the detection problems of improper parking distance and improper laying
position, decreases detection error and increases precision. What's more, it solves the internal actuality of inaccurate
detection.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832C (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828707
The performance of camouflage targets recognition using visible and infrared images is limited by the low contrast in
intensity for complex backgrounds. We are developing a polarization imaging technique where, in each image pixel, the
polarization data is used to recognize camouflage targets. In the paper, the rationale of detection equipment is
demonstrated and we analysis, using polarization images will significantly improve the performance of camouflage
targets detection. Images are generated by using polarization degree and polarization angle of scattered light from the
surface of camouflage targets. By using Multispectral CCD Polarization Camera, polarimetric characteristics of
camouflaged targets and clutter background are measured and images of polarization degree and polarization angle are
taken. Results indicate that polarimetric characteristics of scattering light from camouflaged targets are very different
from that of natural backgrounds. Polarimetric imaging can eliminate the influence of backgrounds and enhance the
efficiency of reconnaissance. Compared with reflectance images, polarization images have advantages in camouflage
targets detection.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832D (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828708
A detecting system based on confocal microscopy, which is designed to implement reading the signal of a multilayer disk,
is introduced. The confocal readout signal, which is relevant to the polarization, the angle of incident beam, the
microstructure of the object, as well as the refractive index of the medium of the disk, is analyzed with vector theory, and
the numerical simulation of the analysis is given. In order to test the theoretical results, an experimental device is put up
and a two-layer disk is tested, the readout signals show that the experiments accord to theoretical analysis.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832E (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828709
In the transportation monitor system, motive vehicle detection by adopting digital image is one of key technologies. To
detect motive vehicle accurately, we establish an adaptive background updating model firstly. Noise is suppressed by
using modality filter, and we obtain binary image by using maximum entropy to choose dynamic adaptive threshold.
Based on positive information of shadow and aspect feature of motive vehicle, we adopt HSV colour space and double
threshold to solve the problem of vehicle shadow. According to prediction result of Kalman filtering; we set up the area
of interest (AOI) of the vehicle model and adjust the size of AOI dynamically in order to track vehicle accurately. The
results of experiment show that, the arithmetic proposed in the paper can suppress shadow availably, detect motive
vehicle accurately and satisfy real-time motive vehicle tracking.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832F (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828710
The experimental adjustment method for a positive-branch confocal unstable resonator has been studied and a method
for estimating the alignment for unstable resonators has been suggested. The output beam intensity and phase properties
should be used together to judge whether the unstable resonator is been aligned exactly. Firstly, the optical axis of the
resonator must be aligned and the intensity properties of output beam should be symmetrical distribution for the adjusted
unstable resonator, however, some high-order aberrations such as defocus may be still included in the outcoupled beam.
In this paper, the beam is detected by using Hartmann-Shack (H-S) wavefront sensor and the phase properties can be
further acquired by adopting Zernike mode-reconstruction theory. By such means, the phase PV and RMS values, the
35-order Zernike aberrations, and the distribution of circle energy can all be obtained, and the beam-quality can be
known fully. So the resonator can be adjusted according to the measured Zernike aberrations and also the ideal condition
of alignment can be acquired.
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Yu Zhang, Li Wang, Xiaorong Gao, Quanke Zhao, Zeyong Wang
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832G (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828711
Flange Height and Flange Thickness are vital geometric parameters for train wheels. Usually, they are manually
measured by wheel vernier after the train stops. In this paper a new inspection system is introduced, slit laser is projected
onto tread of wheel while the train is in motion, and CCD cameras record light-section images of wheel profile.
Geometric parameters and profiles of wheel are measured on the basis of image processing. This paper introduces the
measuring principle of this inspection system and arithmetic to draw-out curves of wheel profile, and emphasizes on
improved image processing arithmetic for profile images discontinued by abnormities. Those arithmetic are validated by
images get from CRH EMU Depots.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832H (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828712
A double ball bar (DBB) system is an imperative device for measuring contouring accuracy, error characterization and
interpretation of machine tool performance in volumetric workspace. The advantage that makes it popular and widely
used by machine users is its quick performance checking, easy to use, portability and minimizing the down time of
machine tools. Periodic calibration of this system is vital to ensure its correctness by providing its accuracy information.
An in-situ calibration method is devised by the authors to calibrate DBB for ensuring correct indication and its
metrological characteristics. Direct calibration method is adopted and laser interferometer is engaged for this purpose.
Calibration is carried out under controlled environment and results are reported and compared against its required
accuracy, calibration curve is drawn for its further utilization.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832I (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828715
The optical interferometry for surface profile measurement, with an ability of high-accuracy and non-contact
measurement has a wide application in industrial production and scientific research. In this paper, a sinusoidal phase
modulating(SPM) interferometer to realize real-time surface profile measurement is proposed, and its measurement
principle is analyzed theoretically. In the SPM interferometer, the interference signal is detected by a high speed image
sensor based on a low-speed CCD and discriminated by a signal processing circuit to obtain the phase of each
measurement point on the surface. In experiments, the surface profile of an optical wedge was measured by the
interferometer. For 30x30 measuring points, the measurement time is less than10ms. Repeatability of the measurement is
4.3nm. The usefulness of the interferometer is verified by the experimental results.
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Xiao-kun Wang, Li-gong Zheng, Bin-zhi Zhang, Rui-Gang Li, Di Fan, Wei-jie Deng, Xu Wang, Feng Zhang, Zhong-yu Zhang, et al.
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832J (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828716
A new method combined subaperture stitching with interferometry(SSI) is introduced. It can test large and off-axis
aspheric surfaces without the aid of other null optics. In this paper the basic principle and theory of the technique are
analyzed. The synthetical optimization stitching model and effective stitching algorithm are established based on
homogeneous coordinates transformation and simultaneous least-squares method. The software of SSI is devised and the
prototype for testing of large aspheres by SSI is designed and developed. An off-axis asphere with the aperture of
376mm×188mm is tested by this method. For comparison and validation, the asphere is also tested by null
compensation.The synthesized surface profile is consistent to that ofthe entire surface from null test; and the difference
of PV and RMS error between them is 0.047 λ and 0.006 λ, respectively. So it provides another quantitative
measurement for testing large aspheric surfaces and off-axis aspheres besides null-compensation.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832K (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828717
The kernel of modern interferometry is to obtain necessary surface shape and parameter by processing interferogram
with reasonable algorithm. The paper studies the basic principle of interferometry involving 2-D FFT, proposes a new
method for measuring thin film thickness based on FFT: by CCD receiving and acquired card collecting with the help of
Twyman-Green interferometer, can a fringe interferogram of the measured thin film be obtained. Based on the
interferogram processing knowledge, an algorithm processing software/program can be prepared to realize identification
of the edge films, regional extension, filtering, unwrapping the wrapped phase etc. And in this way can the distribution of
film information-coated surface be obtained and the thickness of thin film samples automatically measured. The findings
indicate the PV value and RMS value of the measured film samples are 0.256 λ and 0.068 λ respectively and prove the
new method has high precision.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832L (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828718
Optical constants of vacuum-deposited Zinc selenide (ZnSe) film from far infrared to near ultraviolet spectral region
(270nm-30μm) have been determined by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. The surface roughness layer and
interface layer between ZnSe film and crystalline silicon have been modeled with Bruggeman effective medium
approximation (BEMA). To evaluate the microstructure of ZnSe film, X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements are also
performed.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832M (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828719
To solve the problem of online measuring large-scale equipments, the paper proposes a stereo vision coordinate
measuring system based on optical bar with the function of measuring and calibration, which overcomes the weakness of
the existing vision measuring systems that instability without restriction during the measuring process and lower
measuring precision. The system adopts the optical bar as the imaging object and obtains the 3D coordinate of the
measured object with the images of the optical feature points on the optical bar got by the two cameras which are
arbitrarily played. During the measuring process, the extrinsic parameters of the stereo vision system are calculated timly
with the measuring data to monitor the measuring system state. Key technologies influencing system precision include
the design of the calibration pattern and calibration arithmetic of the camera intrinsic parameters and the extrinsic
parameters online calibration of stereo vision system, and stereo vision measuring model, etc. We deeply study these
technologies, propose the corresponding schemes, reduce their effect and improve the system precision. The experiment
result shows that the system can expediently satisfy high accuracy online measuring of large-scale equipments, and the
maximum measuring error is 0.11mm.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832N (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828720
In coal industries of our country, gas accident has become the principal contradiction which restricts safety in production
of coal mining. Development of gas surveying system in coal mine has become an important project. In view of the flaws
of the former chemistry examination method, Tunable Diode Laser Technology (TDLAS) can be used to survey gas. It
can use an isolated absorption line of the gas molecular to survey absorption spectrum of gas, and use wavelength
modulation and detect the second-harmonic (2f). The harmonic signal has direct proportion to absorption gas density N;
it will obtain methane density in the gas after standard density methane gas spectral fitting. It can be known from
theoretical analysis and actual survey, using deduction background method to eliminate the interference fringe is very
effective. It may obtain very high selectivity and resolution. It has merits such as high sensitivity, high selectivity and
rapid survey. So it can forecast and alarm gas accident.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832O (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828721
Ronchi grating test has been used widely to test optical surfaces in a qualitative way since it was contrived, while rarely
to test the parabolic surface in a quantitative way. This paper discusses the application of Ronchi grating test to optical
aspheric surfaces in a quantitative way on the base of self-made software which includes Ronchi null grating design,
collection of Ronchi graph, data procession and so on. The whole system has been used to test a concave parabolic
mirror with diameter 140mm and F number 2, and the result is approximately the same as that of the outcome of
interferometer. The analysis software and test method establish a good foundation for the coming of quantitative
measurement of big error of large-aperture aspheric surfaces.
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Yuran Liu, Huizhen Yang, Liyun Su, Yudong Zhang, Xuejun Rao
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832P (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828723
As a rule, according to the characteristics of living retinal images, such as gray and resolution unconsistency, some
differences in detail, etc, it is a fairly difficult problem to carry out images stitching. In this paper, a robust image
registration method based on feature points is proposed. To begin with, use RANSAC method to make rough match for
the corner. Then, Mahalanobis distance is applied in the accurate purification. Finally, execute the image stitching with
the purified corner. Practical experiments and application show that the proposed approach is feasible and effective.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832Q (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828724
Defect in thin film is one of the most important factors influencing laser-induced damage in infrared laser systems, and
always a major concern. The infrared thin film is required for reflecting infrared and visible wavelengths, and the
materials should be low-absorbing in the spectral wavelengths as well. In general, this multilayer coating consists of a
number of high and low reflective index materials with alternate layers. Zinc Sulfide is used as high index material
because it has good visible and IR optical properties. Low index material can be Thorium Fluoride, but ThF4 is
radioactive and toxic, several fluoride coatings are studied in order to select an appropriate material instead of ThF4 in
this paper. Single layer of YbF3, LaF3,YBC(a new combined fluoride) and PrF2 coating are produced by thermal
evaporation, and classifications and derivation of defects in these thin films are introduced firstly. Then, the influence of
depositing method on surface defect density of laser thin film is analyzed. Finally, result shows that YbF3 is an
appropriate fluoride in place of ThF4, and the multilayer thin film deposited by YbF3 and ZnS material can be applied in
infrared laser systems.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832R (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828725
In order to solve the problem of zero displacement momentum of Low-level-light (LLL) sight device, it requitres to
provide regulating structure of LLL sight device reticle. Through force analysis of the adjusting screw thread mechanism
of reticle under load conditions in shoot test, especially through the calculation of the accumulating value of the
circumference torque Tz when the equivalent frictional angle ρ changes, it reveals the zero displacement momentum
mechanism of the LLL sight device under the load functions in the shoot test. Applying CMETS005 computer-controlled
mulit-environment test of LLL sight device detection systems of this study for practical test, error precision is less than
0.05 mil and the measuring range is greater than 40 mil, which presents that the testing data are reliable and provide
theoretical analysis basis for the production of other direct vision sight devices.
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Yang Liu, Xiao-Bing Wang, Hui-Sheng Wang, Shu-Yun Wang, Shang-fang Wei
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832S (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828726
New wavelength fiber laser is one of the most interesting research hotspots of fiber laser science. In this paper, the
850nm band room-temperature up-conversion fluorescence of erbium doped silica optical fiber pumped by two LDs
(with 800nm and 792nm emission wavelength respectively) is firstly reported, which maybe helpful for the research of
850nm fiber lasers (the first telecommunication window). The possible up-conversion mechanisms involved are
discussed in terms of ground and excited-state absorption. The 800nm band absorption spectrum and 850nm wavelength
band up-conversion characters are experimentally studied.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832T (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828713
This paper proposes a new mathematical model to simplify the measurement process in high precision contacting
aspheric surface profile measurement.This model will unwind the requirement to position adjustment of aspheric mirror
while providing high precision measurement results. After a throughout analysis of the possible causes for the
measurement mirror of contacting profile measurement instruments, we suggest a new mathematical model based on
Least square method to correct the errors caused by the inclination in X, Y direction, eccentricity in X, Y, Z direction
that exists in the positioning of aspheric mirror, inaccuracy of curvature radius, and the random micro-excursion between
the circumrotating center and the detecting header of profile measurement instrument. By mathematical simulation, it is
proved that this model could achieve high precision in correcting those errors stated above. For eccentricity less than 1
cm and inclination less than 0.1 degree, this model could completely correct these errors. It is also very effective in
correcting the errors of curvature radius. The results of practical engineering implementation indicate that this model is
reliable and effective.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832U (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828727
In an optical flow field, the background and moving objects present different vector groups with different directions,
velocities and region areas. The idea optical flow field is not easy to obtain for some kinds of reasons; in practical field,
the motion vectors present confusion and uncertainty to some extent. The fuzzy clustering provides an effective way to
process unclear classification. It maps every vector into every group, and the ascription presents a degree a vector
belongs to a group. However, conventional fuzzy clustering method needs to determine the group number, namely the
moving objects number in the view field. Before all samples are processed and the group number is fixed during
iteration. The unsuitable number easily results in inaccurate segmentation. In view of this problem, an enhanced
detection algorithm using fuzzy clustering with elastic grouping logic is proposed. To be called elastic grouping logic, it
means that in the process of optical flow field detection, according to the ascription the vector to each group, together
with the vector's location, direction and magnitude, the group number, namely the moving object number, is selfadaptively
generated, and further to achieve the moving objects segmentation with precision. A stability model of motion
vectors for an object group and the group's partition is also established. The experimental results illustrate the proposed
algorithm is able to satisfy the need of multi-objects detection and locate the moving objects successfully.
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Jin Zhang, Yu Lu, Wanping Wang, Yong Zhang, Qinzhang Wu
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832V (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828728
The modern electro-optical (EO) measurement and tracing system usually has different kind of EO sensors that can get
measurement of the target at the same time. The traditional tracking system of electro-optical measurement device mainly
relies on single sensor that has better precision, and switches to other sensors while tracking is unstable. However, it
brings on unstable tracking performance and dramatic decrease of tracking precision while switching among different
sensors that have different measurement accuracy. To overcome the disadvantage of the conventional tracking method, a
federated Kalman filter algorithm based on multi-sensor fusion of several sensors in EO tracking system is proposed. The
local filters deal with the target track from each sensor, then the synthetic target estimation is made according to the sensor
fusion of local estimation. Then the weight factor is assigned to each local filter using the fuzzy logic technique by
analyzing the covariance of target estimation. The weight factor represents the degree of performance of the local estimation
and shows the relationship between each sensor. The simulations with Monte Carlo methods show that the proposed
algorithm is effective in optoelectronic tracking system especially in the situation of switching among different sensors,
and the precision is also superior to the traditional single sensor tracking algorithm.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832W (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828734
Although there are many dim target detection and tracking algorithms, they have different adaption to tasks' content and
quality. There is almost no a unified algorithm of target detection and tracking. Reliance on Automated Target
Recognition (ATR) technology is essential to future success of system reasoning and development. In labs, these
algorithms and their combination can be properly evaluated and optimized, and outfield tests and cost may be decreased.
How to analyze and evaluate these algorithms becomes an important problem of ATR. A framework of algorithms'
evaluation has been established. The parameterized simulation method of dim targets has also been proposed. This
method synthesizes simulated targets and the simulated or real background, varying the SNR(Signal Noise Ratio) and
TA(Target Area),etc, and produces quantifiable images. To evaluate the dim target detection or image pretreatment
algorithms for a single target and multiple false alarms, an effective approach SROC (Summary Receiver Operator
Characteristic) based on the ROC (Receiver Operator Characteristic) model has been improved and employed. The
dimension of FAR(False Alarm Rate) has been renewedly defined to adapt to the multiple false alarms. The SROC
model develops and quantifies the ROC model, and obtain a single performance evaluation value, which can better
quantitatively evaluate ATR algorithms. Further, the FROC(Free Receiver Operator Characteristic)model is appropriate
when multiple dim detections are possible and the number of false alarms is unconstrained. The FROC model provides a
qualified method for characterizing both the operational environment and the ability of the ATR algorithm to detect
targets. The FROC model also effectively valuates the detection performance in the situation of single dim target -
multiple false alarms. Tests show the methods are applicable and available in optimizing ATR algorithms and their
combination applications.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832X (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828735
The surface of any object can radiate thermal infrared rays, and this is the basis of measuring object's temperature by
thermal infrared imager is. As thermal rays are affected by dielectric absorption and measurement distance change along
radiated path, detection precision of infrared thermograph temperature is not high. If a black body is put beside the
measured object, and its optical path is the same as that of measured object, thus, the black body can be seen as an
infrared reference emitter. Actual temperature of black body can be measured with high precision by Pt thermal
resistance, then, precise reference temperature beside measured object can be obtained. Besides, real time detection of
both measured object and black body temperature can be obtained by thermal infrared device, and these detected
temperatures can be corrected and processed based on the black body temperature obtained by Pt thermal resistance, thus,
detection error and uncertainty created by dielectric absorption and distance of infrared ray path can be eliminated. This
method can measure surface temperature of dynamic object with high precision.
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Naosheng Qiao, Yutang Ye, Yonglin Huang, Lin Liu, Yulin Wang
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832Y (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828736
The cause and method of pre-treatment of PCB optics image in the optics image detection were given at firstly; The
method of circle detection based on traditional Hough transform (THT) was analyzed, and it's shortcomings were given;
To overcome these shortcomings, a method which calls piont Hough transform (PHT) to evaluate the parameters of the
circle was adopted, and it's basic principle was analyzed in detail., It has some advantages such as small amount of data,
high precision and fast speed, but it has some shortcomings also. Accordingly, a method for evaluating the parameters of
the circle based on improved PHT (IPHT) was proposed, which features smaller amount of data and faster speed than the
method of the circle detection of the PHT; At last, the result of experiment for the circle detection of PCB optics image
verified the superiority of the method.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72832Z (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828753
Scientific CCD cameras with high sensitivity have been widely used for low-light-level quantitative fluorescence
microscopy (QFM) in cell biology. These state-of-the-art scientific CCDs offer several advantages over others, but
what's new is not always the best choice for every application, and their specifications don't always tell the whole story.
So, many pivotal technologies are poorly elucidated which would cause serious errors in QFM. The present study
systematically analyzes theoretical reasons and technical sources of discrepancies occurring in QFM. In order to avoid
the errors and achieve the accurate determination, this study proposes solutions and suggests some critical measures in
both theoretical and technical aspects. Therefore, this analysis can be a valuable tool in scrutinizing multifarious
parameters and clarifying proper usages of a scientific CCD camera, especially in low-light-level quantitative
fluorescence imaging measurement.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728330 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828754
Only by solving the problem of accurate measurement of thin film thickness, will it be possible to solve the problem of
thin film preparation. A novel measurement method of thin film thickness based on phase-shift interferometry is
presented in the paper. Taking advantage of Twyman-Green interferometer, the multi-frame interferogram measured the
thin film can be obtained by receiving the interference fringes of thin film by means of CCD and using digital acquisition
card to collect interferogram and with the help of computer control PZT driver and modulation piezoelectric regulator to
promote reference mirror uniformly-spaced movement. After the gained interferogram were disposed of phase
unwrapped, 3D wavefront containing the information of thin film thickness can be obtained. According to the
characteristics between the thin film thickness and the unwrapping phase, taking advantage of the overlapping 4-frame
average algorithm, corresponding relationships between the quantification phase information and thin film thickness of
each point has been established to realize the thin film thickness accurate measurement. The results show that this
method has the advantage of non-contact, the high accuracy, not only has testified the feasibility of film thickness
measurement with phase-shift interferometry, but also has further ensured research and optimization of the thin film
preparation technics. The PV and RMS value of the measured thin film thickness are 0.162μm and 0.043μm respectively.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728331 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828757
The man-made target detection in natural background based on fractal theory has many advantages compared to
traditional detection methods. While using single fractal feature to detect target, particularly extended target, is not robust
in practice. Combing fractal feature with fractal scale invariance, a novel algorithm for extended target detection in
complex background was proposed in this paper. First, through analyzing the self-similarity of fractal surface, the fractal
feature named area measurement was developed to preliminary extract the target and the edges of image. According to
the preliminary extraction result and the characteristic of extended target, potential target regions were detected. Then,
the function of fractal area measurement changing with scale was proposed. Giving adaptive threshold, the backgrounds
in potential target regions were eliminated by fractal scale invariance. Finally, the background conglutination was
removed through mathematical morphology method if required. Experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm can
detect extended target in complex background correctly and reliably, and the shape details of the target is reserved
perfectly.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728332 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828758
A new method to detect laser parameter is proposed in this paper. The improved Michelson Interferometer is used as
experiment system to detect parameter. In the proposed detection method, the interference images in variant atmosphere
visibility by regulating the polarizer in the system simulate the transmissibility of laser. Experimental results show that
the proposed scheme can simulate laser parameter in true atmosphere environment and has good application value.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728333 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828759
Birefringence is an important optical parameter of anisotropic crystal, which is determined by multi factors, such as
component structure growth condition and wavelength. There are many methods to measure birefringence, but they
usually applicable for single wavelength and birefringence is obtained by primary refractive index, precision generally is
10-4 . The accurate method is electro-optic modulation and interference,for which the spectral range is not only visible
region, but also ultraviolet and infrared according to needs. Birefringence precision of 10-5 can obtain without complex
data processing. The construction is simple and technical index is easy to control.
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Kai Yang, Li Wang, Xiaorong Gao, Quanke Zhao, Zeyong Wang, Chaoyong Peng
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728334 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828760
Pantograph sliding plate is the most important electricity-collecting part in locomotive power supply system. Once the
sliding plates are disabled, they will be severe dangerous for safety. The measurement for pantograph of 27.5KV is
especially difficult. The article uses non-contact and online dynamic detection by utilizing CCD technique to solve the
problem. The system will get all images of sliding plates after triggering by space arrangement of CCD cameras
cooperated with flashlights. The precision of demarcate is guaranteed by special methods. It adopts directional edge
search to get sliding plates, and connect the images of different CCDS. It also makes use of conditional Hough
transformation to locate the wire. The wear on sliding plates will be given after complicated processing. The system is
applicable to the detection for all kinds of pantographs by adding different arithmetic amends. At last the precision can
achieve ±0.5mm . At the same time a database is setup which can give the trend curve of wear, it can predict the limit
time of the sliding plates.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728335 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828761
Due to the manufacturing, installation, and other reasons, the camera optical system can not work accurately according to
pinhole imaging principles because of lens distortion. There exist optical distortion errors between the practical images
of object in the camera imaging surface and ideal images of object. The distortion should be eliminated on occasion of
images precise measuring and strict locating. This paper puts forward the basic principle of rectifying the system
geometrical distortion errors using planar grid. Experiment results show that the method of rectifying the radial distortion
and the tangential distortion put forward in this paper has obvious improved results.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728336 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828763
A novel method using one dimension objects for stereo camera extrinsic calibration is proposed. After 3D coordinates are
related to camera reference frame of the points on 1D calibration objects, the distances between each other known are
computed from coordinates of their corresponding image points. The camera extrinsic matrix is estimated based on rigid
body transformation. For higher accuracy, a nonlinear optimization based on Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is then
used to refine the estimate. Experiment proves that the method features high accuracy with less calculating time and
important in practice especially when calibrating multiple cameras mounted apart from each other, where the calibration
objects are required to be visible simultaneously.
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Xiaoling Zhang, Baofeng Zhang, Yuchi Lin, Dongmei Liu, Xiaofei Li
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728337 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828765
The unwrapped phase distribution on reference planes with different heights in grating project profilometry are analyzed
and synthesized. Then a two-parameter second-order rational polynomial to express the uneven phases on every plane is
proposed. A first-order Taylor series expansion is employed to obtain the polynomial coefficients of rational polynomial
based on least-square iterative estimation method. By this method, phases on all the reference planes are retrieved
precisely and extended to the full field. The results of experiences proved that the method not only can retrieve the
phases distribution on the full field from parts reference planes, but geometrical parameter error, real reference plane
profile error and random error are decreased, and coordinate measuring precision is also increased.
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Lu Bai, Zhensen Wu, Shuangqing Tang, Yongqiang Pan
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728338 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828766
In this paper, the correlations properties of silicon solar cells are measured, the nanoscale roughness surface high
fluctuation coordinate function distribution is obtained. Based on the Kirchhoff approximates method, numerical results
of this material are presented. The correlation between coherent and incoherent scattering intesities along the incident or
the scattering angle is also discussed.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728339 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828767
In photon correlation spectroscopy(PCS)particle sizing technique, the measurement accuracy is concerned with total
sampling quantity N. the larger N is, the closer to true value will measured autocorrelation function be. However, large
amount of sampling quantity means long measurement duration, and significant addition of memory cells is desired for
software correlation in batch process mode. The reasonable sampling quantity can be determined through the estimation
of relative error of autocorrelation function. Relative error of autocorrelation for correlator of M channels is approximate
to±(M/N)1/2. For different particle systems and correlator channels, measurement duration ranges from several seconds to
minutes. In practice, noise is another important factor concerned with the choice of sampling quantity. For the same
particle system and the same number of correlator channels, measurement repeatability and deviation varies under
different error level, can be improved through increasing the sampling quantity and adding correlator channels.
Autocorrelation functions of simulated scattered light signal of 50nm, 100nm and 300nm particles were inversed under
noise levels of 0, 0.01 and 0.1 respectively. Results show that, if there's no noise, only with small sampling quantity can
ideal test result be achieved, while under noise level nonzero, to enhance measurement repeatability and minimize
deviation, the desired sampling quantity need to increases with the increase of noise. Increasing sampling quantity will
decrease fitting errors caused by the noises, which make the inverse algorithm produce better results.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833A (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828768
For measuring UV-VIS spectra of a micro-area, an upright triocular UV microscope has to be generally used and
reequipped by the user. This greatly increased the cost of the experimental system and might make the microscope lose
the function of taking a photograph. In this paper, a new micro-spectroscopy system is established for measuring
fluorescence of a micro-area. This system includes in a reflective microscope objective(RMO), a fiber cable, a microlens,
a 3D adjustable fiber-microlens-microscope adaptor(FMMA), a fluorescence meter and a common inverted fluorescence
microscope(IFM). The cheap and common IFM replaced an expensive UV upright microscope and no need to rebuild the
microscope itself. Except for the FMMA, all the other elements are standard products. All elements are easily integrated
into a whole, so the cost of the system is greatly decreased. The space resolution of this system is 2μm. This system can
be used to localize a micro-area, excite it with a monochromatic light, take a photograph of it, collect wake fluorescence
of it and measure its UV-VIS spectra. This system is stable and has a high sensitivity. It is promising to measure the
fluorescence of a mineral grain, the organic matters in a micro-fracture, or a single fluid inclusion. Because it used an
IFM, it can also to be used to the biology samples, such as cell or bio-inclusion. We used this system to measure the UVVIS
spectrum of oils in a single micro-fracture of a mineral slice and the spectra of a single mineral grain in a mineral
slice.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833B (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828769
Photon correlator is kernel component of Photon Correlation Spectroscopy particle sizing instrumentation, which must
calculate autocorrelation function in real time. The correlation processing can be carried out by hardware or software.
Hardware implemented with photon correlator has good real-time processing ability, but the cost for hardware resource is
pretty high. Software correlator is comparably cheap but not competent for real-time processing. Hardware and software
photon correlator architecture is analyzed, and a novel least hardware resource real-time correlator architecture taking
advantage of fast processing speed of FPGA devices and vast memory space of microprocessor is presented in this paper.
In this new architecture, high speed and middle speed correlator channels are implemented in FPGA, within which
counter, shift register and multiplier are built with logic resources. At sample times longer than 100μs, photon pulse
count, the output of 16-bit counter in FPGA, is sent to DSP to finish correlation calculation. The 300Mhz float-point DSP
chip TMS320C6713 is chosen, which can finish 256-channel calculation task in 100μs. The combination of FPGA and
DSP significantly decreases the hardware cost of correlator on the premise of real-time processing, and brings great
flexibility to the designing of correlator.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833C (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828770
Thermal effects of diode pumped solid-state lasers have been discussed briefly. The influence of thermal lens effect on
laser output mode and beam quality, and the compensation method for thermal lens effect are briefly analyzed by means
of transmission matrix optics. The functional relations between the thermal lens focal length and the beam spot size for a
plano-concave stable resonator have been calculated numerically. In this paper, further experiment on the output beam
quality of a laser diode pumped acousto-optic Q-switched laser has been also performed with Hartmann-Shack (H-S)
wavefront sensor and Zernike mode reconstruction theory. In this way, the PV and RMS values of wavefront aberration,
the frontal 35-order zernike aberrations can be acquired, and the point spread function (PSF) of beam and the distribution
of circle energy can also be obtained by calculation, so the output beam quality can be known fully. Experimental results
show that the wavefront aberration of laser is mainly concentrated in the frontal 15 ranks of Zernike aberration, mainly
including the defocus Z3, the low-order astigmatism Z4 and Z5, and the spherical aberration Z10 because of the thermal
effect of gain medium.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833D (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828771
According to the characteristic and the measuring accuracy of roller wear testing course, the principle and the function of
the detecting system have been analyzed. Basing on the principle that the reflected light intensity is proportion to the
distance in some extent, a non-touch on-line optical fiber measurement for roller wears is presented. By testing the
reflected light intensity of the roller's surface precisely the roller wears can be measured in distance, which has linear
relationship with light intensity. It can detect in the atrocious condition on-line and examine roller wear precisely and
real time. .And a simulation-software program is compiled with Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 based on this principle. By
using this simulation-software, the date of I/O signal for this system is gained in good time. And the detecting signal
verse is automatically drawn by this software.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833E (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828772
Gas concentration signal acquisition of electrical modulation Non-dispersed Infrared (NDIR) sensors has advantages of
high measurement accuracy, adapting to wider concentration range, calibrating automatically and so on. Narrow-band
interference filter to some kind of gas detection is fixed on the sensor. Gas concentration can be showed by detecting
infrared ray's strength. Infrared source, gas room and infrared detector are set in one optical axis for better resolution of
gas infrared absorption signal. Some gas concentration detection system can be designed by using NDIR sensor. The
measurement accuracy of system is obviously improved by digital filtering, linear interpolation and temperature
compensation, etc. Through some literature materials researching, we find NDIR sensing and detection linearity is better,
and the detection error is higher, which can be applied in many kinds of gas monitoring instrument.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833F (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828773
The infrared spectrum, granularity distribution and mass concentration of water fog were tested by a FTIR spectrometer,
laser granularity device and other apparatus in a 75.6m3 test room. The transmittance and mass extinction coefficients of
water fog with infrared emission were tested and analyzed within 3~5μm and 8~14μm wave band. The extinction
efficiency factors of water fog with 3~14μm infrared were calculated according to Van der Hulst formula and the curve
was drawn to show the factors varied with the incident wavelength. According to the experimental results, the water fog
has a good extinction performance to infrared emission and the extinction performance is obviously influenced by
incident wavelength. For example, the extinction efficiency factor increases with the incident wavelength within 3~5μm
but has the least at 10.4μm and has the maximum at 13μm. By the analysis, the average mass extinction coefficient of the
water fog between 3μm and 5μm infrared wave band is 0.110m2/g while between 8μm and 14μm is 0.102m2/g. The
experimental result tested by FTIR spectrometer is consistent with theoretic result calculated according to Van der Hulst
formula, so that the method to test the mass extinction coefficient of water fog with infrared emission by FTIR
spectrometer is viable and scientific, while Van der Hulst formula may be applied to calculate the extinction efficiency
factors of particles from water fog.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833G (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828774
In order to further improve the performance of Rayleigh Interferometer (RI) used for measurement of gas/liquid index, a
Dispersed Rayleigh Interferometer (DRI), which uses a broadband source and disperses monochromatic interference
pattern perpendicular to the direction of baseline, is proposed to expand measurement range and to acquire optical path
difference dynamically by only one frame of interference pattern. At the same time, an algorithm used to analyse the
interference pattern automatically is proposed. A DRI which uses a pair of transmissive phase plates used for generating
optical path difference has been built up. The measurement range reaches 200μm, measurement error is less than 20nm
and repeatability is better than 2nm in whole range. Good performance of DRI makes itself to be a suitable approach not
only used in the conventional measurement of gas/quid index, but also in other aspects, for example, co-phasing of
segmented mirrors for large telescopes.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833H (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828775
A new quality weight for phase reconstructing (PhR) in optical fringe measurement is proposed, which is based on the
combination of Log Modulation Amplitude and Phase Derivative Variance (LMAPDV). The LMAPDV quality weight is
successfully used to guide the path-following PhR operation. Moreover, by incorporating with the modulation
information, LMAPDV quality weight shows better performance in measuring the goodness of phase data than
conventional Phase Derivative Variance (PDV) quality weight. In order to deal with phase maps with strong noise and/or
low modulation, we introduce the LMAPDV quality weight into Least-Square (LS) PhR algorithm and compare it with
PDV quality weight. Numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed quality weight has higher
reliability.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833I (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828776
Stereo Vision based 3-D reconstruction is the focus of computer vision research. The essence for 3-D reconstruction is to
use disparity information, which recovers the depth information from 2-D images. This paper mainly discusses 3-D
reconstruction based on binocular stereo vision. Single camera could acquire images from different perspectives. The
intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are calculated accurately using calibration template. On the basis of those parameters,
calibration, matching and 3-D reconstruction is realized in the sense of Euclidean geometry.
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Yuping Chen, Hong Zhao, Zhao Wang, Chunying Deng, Bin Yu
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833J (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828777
Optical coherence tomography (OCT), as a noninvasive imaging technique, has been widely applied in biological and
medical fields. The light sources commonly used in OCT are the partially coherent light sources which usual exhibits
typically the resolution of 15 to 20 μm. In another approach for an extremely broadband light source is a thermal light
source (white light), which may have the potential to supply a compact and low-cost OCT system. In addition, current
the majority of OCT measurements are executed in the time domain systems, which are limited in the image acquisition
rate and sensitivity. However, a spectral domain optical coherence tomography system (SD-OCT) outperforms the
conventional TD-OCT system in imaging acquisition rate and sensitivity. In order to improve both image acquisition rate
and axial resolution economically, a white light source spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system
is constructed, where a tungsten halogen lamp is chosen as the illumination source and a Michelson fiber interferometer
is employed to generate interference pattern of object collected by a spectrometer. The object inner structure is obtained
from the interference pattern by a Fourier transform. It is theoretically stated and experimentally verified that the white
light source SD-OCT system is feasible and enables to realize near real time three dimensional imaging reconstructions
of internal structure of engineering and biological materials.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833K (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828778
At present in opto-electronic targets tracking, traditional accepted algorithms inevitably connect with linear errors. To
improve the degraded performance of general algorithms, the Adaptive Unscented Particle Kalman Filter (AUPF)
algorithm is proposed. The algorithm combines with Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) to incorporate the most current
observation datum and to generate the importance density function. Additionally, the Markov Chain Monte Carlo
(MCMC) steps are adopted to counteract the problem of particles impoverishment caused by re-sampling step and thus
the diversity of the particles is maintained. The AUPF algorithm reduces the nonlinear influence and improves the
tracking accuracy of the opto-electronic targets tracking system. The analytic results of Monte Carlo simulation prove the
AUPF algorithm is right and feasible, and it enhances the stability, the convergence rate and the accuracy of tracking
system. The simulation results and algorithm provide a new approach for precise tracking of opto-electronic targets, they
must have better applicative prospect in various engineering than the traditional tracking algorithms.
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Jianxun Song, Maotao Xiong, Jin Zhang, Qinzhang Wu
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833L (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828779
The photo-electric measurement system is a kind of high-precision measurement system for trajectory parameters and
object identity parameters, and it can acquire the image information of flying objects by CCD camera. Due to subject to
some kinds of reasons, the feature information of image is not integrated and imprecise, and it has uncertainty and fuzzy
in some degree. The Dempster-Shafer evidence theory is an important approach of uncertainty reasoning. With evidences
fused, the uncertainty of the feature information of the object is declined gradually by Dempster combination rule, so it
can achieve the aim of object detection and object recognition. The conception of fuzzy mass is expanded in the way of
the relation of absolute membership on the basis of normal mass conception. The fuzzy theory is very suitable for the
description and processing of uncertainty to evidences in D-S evidence theory, so the Basic Probability Assignment
Function (BPAF) of D-S evidence theory can be acquired according to fuzzy theory, and it resolves crucial problem in
D-S evidence theory. It is shown that data fusion method of fuzzy evidence theory can deal with uncertainty and the
fuzzy of photo-electric measurement system according to the analysis of theory and the result of experimentation, and it
has a bright future in photo-electric measurement systems.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833M (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828780
Infrared lock-in thermography is a novel non-destruction testtechnique (NDT). It allows for defect detection in
subsurface of structures. This technique depends on transmission and reflection of periodic heat flux which is launched
into the inspection structure. Defects can be indicated by comparing phases of surface temperature. Heat conduction
model is utilized to describe the transmitting process of sinusoidal (cosinusoidal) modulated heat flux in metal plates.
Effect of modulation frequency on detection depth and detectivity is investigated. Experiments are carried out to inspect
metal plates with artificial defects in room-temperature. A sinusoidal (cosinusoidal) modulated lamp is used as active
heat source. Image sequences are collected by infrared camera and processed to obtain lock-in phase image by Cedip
Infrared System. In frequency domain, phase images can be used to analyze the effects of modulation frequency on
detecting defects in different size and depth. Experiments indicate that the detectivity will be reduced if the modulation
frequency is lowered in order to detect deeper defects. A method is proposed to achieve deeper detection depth and
higher detectivity, in order to obtain accurate results.
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Tao Geng, Tao Liu, Feng Peng, Qiang Dai, Yuan Yang
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833N (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828781
A novel interference transducer based on the measurement principle of multicore fiber interference for vibration
measurement of a cantilever beam is designed in the paper. Twin-core fiber is special designed fiber, which contains a
pair of parallel fiber core. Two paths integrated in one fiber not only greatly decreases sensor's volume, but also makes
environment temperature effect approximately equal to each. A twin-core fiber which is pasted on the cantilever beam
with epoxy resin is used as the sensing element. The twin-core fiber act as a two-beam in-fiber integrated interferometer
that has a far-field interferometric fringe pattern which shift thereupon with the cantilever beam oscillates. CCD was
used to measure the displacement of interferometer fringes instead of the traditional photodetector. The continuous
capture of interference fringes was realized. The design of low pass filter and image smoothing were finished according
to the characteristics of interference fringes. Orientation error of interference fringe center was removed. Displacement
of fringe center was calculated and the spectrum of the displacement was analyzed with Fourier Transform. The system
uses high-speed CCD camera as the photoelectric transformer. By using the high sensitivity twin-core fiber, the system
realizes high precision measurement of vibration frequency, and ensures real-time performance. The experiment results
show that the vibration measurement method is feasible and possesses potential application prospect in tiny vibration
measure.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833O (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828782
For the test of multi-spectral wide distance optical axis parallelism and structure parallelism for artillery control system,
calibrating the central axis parallelism and discrete axis parallelism with the same standards is a problem. Sometimes, it
can't be resolved by large-aperture autocollimator lonely. At the same time, the cost is increased greatly. The extend
caliber and collimate method is introduced in this paper to receive the centralize axis with appropriate collimator on
multi-spectrum, and the discrete axis which is far from the center are guided to the collimator by the special designed
extend arm, that will not only make the problem easier, but also ensure the precision. It is shown in practice that the
accuracy is higher than 0.01mrad.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833P (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828783
In this paper, a simple experimental setup with an off-axis lenless Fourier arrangement without pre-magnification is built.
Based on common recording conditions of digital hologram, an improved recording condition is proposed, with which
higher resolution of reconstructed image can be obtained. By using a USAF test target as microscopic object, the digital
hologram is recorded by a "SensiCam" CCD sensor, which has an array of 1317×1035 pixels with 6.8μm x 6.8μm pixel
size. Based on Fresnel diffraction formula, the recorded hologram is reconstructed numerically. The lateral resolution of
2.76 μm without any pre-magnification has been demonstrated experimentally. The corresponding theoretical resolution
limitation is 2.39 μm. The result matches the theoretical prediction very well. In order to reconstruct three-dimensional
information, the recording parameters, such as the recording distance and the offset of the reference point source, are
determined accurately by using a synthetic method of an automatic phase correction procedure and a manual adjustment
process. Then, the accurate phase image can be obtained. The axial resolution better than 10nm has been also
demonstrated experimentally.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833Q (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828788
The determination of focused image plane is the key of numerical reconstruction of wavefront. In this paper, three
autofocus algorithms for digital holographic microscopy, including statistical algorithm, histogram-based algorithms and
Fourier spectrum algorithm, are studied based on experimental investigation. For pure amplitude objects, three
autofocusing evaluation functions for digital holographic microscopy are compared and analyzed based on Fresnel and
angular spectrum algorithms, including unimodality, sharpness, veracity, distance range and computing time. The results
demonstrate that Fresnel transform algorithm can be absolutely used to digital holographic autofocusing. When the focus
distance is reached, the value of the focused evaluation function is maximum for pure amplitude object. For real digital
hologram, there are better unimodality near the focused image plane for all three autofocusing evaluation functions, and
the same focused position is obtained by these algorithms. Variance algorithm has better sharpness then others. Fourier
spectrum algorithm is the most time-effective one, which is the optimal one in digital holographic microscopy. Moreover,
the focusing computation time can be decreased dramatically by choosing part of the reconstructed image as the focusing
area.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833R (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828789
Space laser communication system uses laser light as the information carrier to achieve intersatellite communication.
And the terminal of laser communication is the key part. It is necessary to accomplish the test of performance and
function, validation and judgment. The test of dynamic and static performance for terminal is the basic content and
necessary steps on the reliability of space laser communication terminal. So the reach on ground test technology of space
laser communication is more important.
This paper mainly describes the test system of integrated performance for space laser communication terminal. The test
range of system includes two essential parts, i.e, static test and dynamic test. Static test includes the angle of divergence,
the coaxially of axis, communication performance and so on. Dynamic test includes the test of capture ability at dynamic
and disturbance environment, and the test of dynamic track precision.
The test system has achieved accurate test of dynamic track precision and multi-performances test of terminal based on
simulatin at real working environment. The test result could present the anti-disturbance performance, anti-noise
performance, and dynamic communication performance of the terminal.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833S (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828790
Spectral intensity of atmospheric background radiance plays an important part in effects during Earth-sensing and
measuring, for example flood monitoring, resource remote sensing, earthquake forecasting, monitoring of forest fire, etc.
An approximate model for calculating atmospheric radiance was developed with Radiative Transfer theory based on
transmission of energy. In this model, atmospheric radiance is divided into four sections: (1) single scattering radiance
process of solar radiance by atmosphere particulates; (2) multiple scattering radiance of solar radiation by atmosphere
particulates; (3) infrared thermal emission of the path atmosphere; (4) reflected radiance by the Earth's surface.
Computing methods are analyzed deeply, and their analytical expresses are given out, respectively. Particularly, effect of
reflection of the Earth's surface on atmospheric radiance is thoroughly studied and derived.
Finally, atmospheric spectral radiance was calculated for some representatively meteorologic states. The results show
that atmospheric background radiance is mainly composed with scattered radiance of solar radiation by atmospheric
particulates while wavelength is less than 3μm, and with infrared thermal radiance of path atmosphere and effect of the
Earth's surface on atmospheric radiance may be neglectable while wavelength is more than 3 μm.
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R. X. Guo, H. T. Xia, Z. B. Fan, B. C. Yang, J. C. Li, T. C. He
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833T (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828791
Cracks widely exist in material and the interaction among cracks plays an important role in the damage process of
material. It is necessary, therefore, to pay much attention to the strain field of collective crack region. The elastic
field for the region which contains collective cracks is different from that of the region without inclusions due to the
existence of collective cracks. The variation of elastic field demonstrates the interaction among cracks. Different kinds of
cracks are prefabricated on PMMA plates by mechanical fatigue or laser cutting in this paper. In order to measure the
strain field of transparent plate under applied load, a digital real-time holographic measurement system developed by us
is used and the holograms are reconstructed for different kinds of cracks with the help of this system. The shielding effect
and amplification effect can be easily observed with the help of the magnitude and distribution of fringe in holograms. It
can be seen from the hologram that distribution of elastic field is much different for different kinds of crack configures. It
can be concluded from the distribution and the magnitude of interference fringes that the different interaction effect
exists for elliptical holes and cracks at the same equivalent distance. The interference fringes always originate from the
crack tip and spread to the up and down sides of crack with the increase of applied load. That means the originating
position is the highest strain position. It is very helpful for us to determine the interference fringes level and the
dangerous position for a complicate specimen. When the distance among cracks are not very close, the amplification
effect among cracks will mainly lead to high strain field, vary the propagation path of crack and propel the connection
among cracks. There exists gradient strain stripe among the elliptical holes. This will vary the emergence and the
propagation of crack. The measurement results are also compared well with those obtained by numerical computation.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833U (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828792
In order to meet the requirement of inspecting fiber connector end face, a new detection system based on digital
holographic microscopy is designed and the method to reconstruct three- dimensional image of the end face is proposed.
Experimental results show that the technology can inspect the concentricity of fiber connector end face, the ellipticity of
fiber core and the cladding and other parameters. Meanwhile the three-dimensional shape of fiber connector end face can
be obtained.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833V (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828793
According to the deficiencies of static demodulating method of Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) for Fiber Bragg
Grating (FBG) reflecting wave wavelength and the characteristic of central wavelength of tunable AWG shifting with
applied voltage, the dynamic demodulating method based on tunable AWG for FBG's central wavelength wide-range is
presented. The experiment systems are set up with tunable AWG, adjustable voltage source, photomultiplier, data
acquisition card, and computer. Experiment results show that the system can effectively resolve the problems of
measurement wide-range off-centering for the FBG, and computer can real-timely report the results of off-centering of
the FBG central wavelength. AWG with the 2nm channel-spacing is used to demodulate, and the off-centering range of
reflecting wave wavelength of the measured FBG reach 6nm, its measurement error is less than 0.02%.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833W (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828794
The transverse section of optical multifilament is a six-sided cylinder, and the diameters of its circumcircle and excircle
are the basic parameters. It is necessary that these parameters hold consistency. In this paper, the 2-D laser scanning
technology is provided to measure these basic parameters of optical multifilament. To generate scanning beam with even
palstance, DC moment motor is used to drive the eight-sided prism. The generated scanning beam is changed to constant
velocity and parallel scanning beam by fθ lens. The parallel scanning beam passing through the measured optical
multifilament is gathered onto the photoelectric conversion to make two edges of multifilament signal. By calculating the
interval between two edge signals, the projection sizes on two orthogonality directions can be achieved, and then the
diameters of circumcircle and excircle can be calculated. This paper provides the measuring mathematic model, analyzes
the measuring error sources in detail and schedules the compensating tactics.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833X (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828795
Star acquirement and star identification are the key technologies of star sensor, and decide the performance of star
sensor. Current research usually neglects the inner relationship between star acquirement and star identification, so the
research on the parallel processing of both sides is not enough deep for star sensor development, and this situation makes
the bottleneck for improving data ratio of star sensor. Because of star sensor particularity, the hardware technology of
star sensor falls behind current electronic technology. The verification of acquiring and identifying is independent with
star sensor, so the problem about star sensor device is hard to be allocated and the assessment of the performance of star
sensor device is hard to be implemented. In this paper, on the basis of deep analysis of the parallel processing of star
acquiring and star identifying, a new optoelectronics and identification processing system based on single chip is
provided.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833Y (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828796
In this paper, several methods of image analysis such as fast Fourier transform, power spectrum, and t phase angle, have
been used to a pattern formation system to get the features of their own. Complex patterns such as hexagon, quasi-crystal,
and superlattice patterns have been analyzed. The mechanisms of all stationary patterns are attributed to Turing
instability. These patterns have a unique characteristic wave number that equals to Turing mode. It is found that these
complex structures are composed of two simple component hexagonal pattern that are co-rotated by an angle. Both
superlattice pattern and quasi-crystal pattern have been constructed as the angle is varied. Another type of superlattice
pattern named as super-hexagonal pattern is resulted from interactions between Turing mode and its harmonics.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72833Z (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828797
A research on distributed Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulation system is based on tilted Fiber Bragg grating
(TFBG). In order to separate temperature effect with fiber Bragg grating, we use two adjacent FBG (one used for sense,
the another for reference ) which have the same central wavelength but different grating length, by parallel connection to
make a sensing probe; Put the FBG keep close to equal thickness of rigidity cantilever beam of isosceles triangle,
demodulate spectrum signal from sensing probe by using optical properties of main mode and side mode of TFBG and
mechanical properties of cantilever. With the help of a computer to control cantilever beam's cyclic oscillating and
collect transmission spectrum signals of TFBG at the same time, analytical processing data for real time display of await
strain. Experimental results show that it is feasible to demodulate distributed optical Fiber Bragg grating by TFBG
(resolution of micro-strain is 0.009με ), which solves the cross sensitivity of temperature and strain. The system is
stably and reliable, low cost.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728340 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828798
The common used three reconstruction algorithms, angular spectrum, convolution and Fresnel transform algorithms, all
based on the fast-Fourier-transform (FFT) are investigated in digital holography. An off-axis lensless Fourier setup is
built. By using USAF test target as micro-object, the recorded digital hologram is numerical reconstructed with these
three algorithms. The experimental results show that with convolution algorithm and angular spectrum algorithm, there is
an optimal reconstruction distance, with which the whole reconstructed image with the highest resolution can be acquired.
When the reconstruction distance is different from the optimal distance, the resolution of the reconstructed image is
decreased, particularly for the small distance. Moreover, the restriction for the distance applied by the convolution
algorithm is stronger than that by angular spectrum algorithm. The Fresnel transform algorithm is simpler and timeefficiency
than other two algorithms. It is the optimal numerical reconstruction algorithm in digital holographic
microscopy.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728341 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828799
Parameters of infrared cameras play an important role in the application of IR cameras. Most of these parameters' testing
principles are based on the measurement of radiation. In order to make measurement accurately, factors such as distant
from the test camera to the apparatus, optics index of reflection of measurement unit and atmospheric transmission must
be evaluated carefully. By means of the analysis of radiation energy, the concept of "working range" of a
double-blackbody parameters measurement unit and its mathematics model are proposed. The distribution of radiation is
simulated.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728342 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828800
Spectrometer plays an important role, and is already an indispensable analytical instrumentation especially in biomedical,
chemical and other fields. Instrument miniaturization will expand its application areas. And miniaturization design for all
parts of optical path is the key to the whole task. This paper focuses on the research of the luminous source system
design used in broad-band (200nm~1100nm) spectrometer. Considering the source wave band, a combination of
deuterium lamp and tungsten lamp are chosen. According to the structure of the source, the main work concerns a
collecting agglutinate lens and an elliptical reflector which acts as a light coupler. The optical design and the overall
structure's optical path are simulated. On the basis of optical design and the selection as well as manufacture of the key
components, the light source optical system of the project was analyzed experimentally and the results are satisfactory.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728343 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828801
Intensity of atmospheric turbulence may overly affect bit error rate for a ground-based laser wireless communication
system, so it is necessary to measure of atmospheric turbulence intensity and fluctuation of image centroid while laser
beam propagates in turbulent atmosphere. In this paper, an experiment system is set up based on theory of light
transmission in turbulent atmosphere. In the system, a laser named Nd : YAG is used horizontally to emit a laser beam
with wavelength 1.06 μm on a platform at the height of 1.5 m. Three infrared CCD cameras are set at 200 m, 300 m(or
600 m) and 1000 m far from laser, which are applied to receive laser facula images from Lambertian boards,
respectively.
A lot of laser facula images are collected within some serial days under different periods of time every day, and hundreds
of image frames are gathered at a time by making use of this experiment device. Fluctuation of image centroid is
computed with these image frames, and the structure constant of atmospheric refractive index (C 2n) is also derived.
Finally, a comparison is made between aforementioned C2n and those derived by meteorology factors.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728344 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828802
To keep image captured by optical measuring system in focus, pixel-based auto-focusing is a long-standing topic in the
literatures. Sharpness function is the mathematical description of image sharpness. It plays an important role for realizing
robust auto-focusing of optical measuring system. In optical tracking measuring system, the size of moveable object
image always is variational. Under this condition, the existing sharpness functions will not work well for autofocus
system. In this paper, an efficient sharpness function based on the number of variable threshold gradients is proposed.
This auto-focus algorithm calculates the number of gradients bigger than threshold, while threshold is variable according
to image. By using this auto-focus algorithm to optical measuring system, the robust and reliability of autofocus system
are improved. Practical applications illuminate the proposed approach is feasible and effective.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728346 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828804
Automatic focusing (AF) is a key technology of measuring TV capturing the clear objective image in photoelectric
measurement system. It is viable to enhance the performance of measuring TV through focusing effectively and quickly.
In the process of maneuvering target tracking, the background and the feature of targets change from time to time, and
the reliability of AF is highly required. Firstly, conditions for starting AF need to be investigated. The relation between
degree of definition and edge acutance is proved by experiments. Combined with the sharpness value, it decides whether
to begin AF. Secondly, it needs focusing quickly and exactly after starting AF. The accuracy and efficiency of the
sharpness function is another key factor of AF. By comparing some favorable sharpness functions, normalized variance
and square-gradient functions are employed based on focus windows. Thirdly, the optimized mountain-climb searching
algorithm based on the defocusing extents and the adaptive searching step size is proposed. Experiments show the
algorithm proposed improves the speed and reliability of AF.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728347 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828807
To provide a non-contact, simple, high speed and high accuracy measuring technique for industry measurement, the
advanced Moiré fringe method is developed in this paper. Based on virtual grating, fringe doubling, spatial filtering and
phase shifting technique, a three-dimensional topography is measured. The virtual grating, spatial filtering and phase
shifting technique are used to eliminate the phase shifting errors. Four step phase shifting virtual gratings, generated by
computer, are superposited with testing grating and Moiré fringe patterns are formed. Four phase-shifting patterns can be
gained by filtering four Moiré fringe patterns. An experiment equipment is designed and built. With the fo spatial
filtering, phase shifting technique and phase unwrapped of virtual grating, the three-dimensional topography is measured,
and the measuring accuracy is also evaluated. The obtained result shows that the improvement of the phase-shifting
topography measurement methods is suitable for testing industrial product topography featuring non-contact, simplicity,
high speed and high-precision.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728348 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828818
Several wavelet denoising methods based on wavelet transform, such as modulus maximum and threshold denoising,
have been proposed in this paper. In modulus maximum method, we use a new piecewise cubic spline interpolating
(PCSI) algorithm instead of alternate projection (AP) method to reconstruct wavelet coefficients. Middle threshold is
presented based on wavelet shrinkage. It overcomes not only the discontinuous of hard-threshold algorithm but also the
shortcoming that there is an invariable dispersion between the estimated wavelet coefficients and decomposed wavelet
coefficients of soft-threshold algorithm. At the same time, it is more elastic than the soft- threshold and hard-threshold
function.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 728349 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828819
Phase Measuring Deflectometry(PMD), which is aimed at testing specular free-form surfaces, has been developed in
recent years. Normally, two sets of sinusoidal fringe patterns are needed, i.e. horizontal and vertical fringe patterns. So it
will be time-consuming in PMD system while pursing high accuracy. Here we propose a Bi-color PMD system that will
produce one frame fringe consisting of two interlaced RGB format base color fringe patterns, i.e. vertical pattern and
horizontal pattern. The fringe patterns could be captured by color camera and the absolute phase will be got by
phase-shift technique. It could lead to a faster measuring process and make PMD technique more useful.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72834A (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828820
In this paper, the principle, method and model of the instrument for measuring aspheric and freeform surface are
described. This new type of profilometer which possesses differential measurement and polar-coordinate measurement
functions is built on an ultra-precision air bearing stage. When using differential measurement, the radius of the best fit
sphere of the tested aspheric surface is selected as reference to define the theoretical difference between the best fit
sphere and the tested aspheric surface. After comparing the measurement results with the theoretical calculated results,
we will obtain the surface error of the measured aspherical surface. With this method, the dynamic measurement range
can be greatly reduced, which improves the measurement precision consequently. This surface profilometer can also be
used to measure the surface of progressive addition lens (PAL). As an example, measurement of the freeform lens is
given in this paper. The advantages of this device are easy for operation and highly précised.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72834B (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828821
The semiconductor laser (LD) Taimangelin interferometer based on sinusoidal phase modulation is vulnerable to external
vibration, temperature changes, vibration, and other air interference which causes great measurement error. This paper
presents a new semiconductor laser sinusoidal phase modulation shear interference technology and anti-jamming wavelet
transform algorithm which is not sensitive to environment interference. It changes the original optical technology in the
plane mirror to three pyramid-shear, causing a certain amount of displacement of reference light and object light. and
partial use of high resolution wavelet transform algorithm solves the problem in measuring the vibration displacement of
measured object..Vibration shear interferometry expression is launched, and theoretically discusses the measurement
principle. Using MATLAB before and after the improvement of the methods to simulate contrast obtains the impact of
shear volume size on measurement accuracy with experimental test. Experimental results show that it effectively reduces
the impact of outside interference on measurement accuracy.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72834C (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828822
In view of low precision of existing semiconductor laser micro displacement real-time interference measuring instrument
and the difficulty to adjust, this article proposes a normalized technology and demarcation technology, develops one kind
of semiconductor laser vibration real-time interference measuring instrument which has the adjustment function,
analyzes its real-time surveys principle and demarcation method. This interferometer carries on processing using
normalized electric circuit and real-time phase discriminator to process interference signals, and has realized high
accuracy real-time examination of micro displacement. Its measurement result has nothing to do with system parameter
luminous intensity, initial light path difference, electric circuit enlargement factor, modulation depth and Bessell function
value. Demarcation technology has been carried on to the interferometer, which further increases the measuring accuracy
of interferometer. Experimental result confirms the feasibility of this interferometer and its measuring accuracy surpasses
3.89nm.The survey time is smaller than 50μs.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72834D (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828823
The vertex radius of conic (vertex ROC) and conic constant (CC) are important shape parameters for conic surface. An
interferometric method that can determine these two parameters by comparing the sub-surface with a spherical reference
wavefront equal to local sagittal, medial or tangential ROC is introduced in detail. The measured wavefront aberrations,
particularly astigmatism and coma, and local radius difference are used to calculate vertex ROC and CC. The influence
factors on measurement accuracy are analyzed and an effective method for reducing such influences is also presented.
According to the mathematic model, the programs to simulate the test results numerically are compiled by Matlab.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72834E (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828824
This paper introduced the machine vision technology into the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) panel flaw inspection
system, in order to detect flaws accurately and quickly. There are two major kinds of flaws in LCD panel: white dots and
black dots. Image segmentation can be used to inspect flaws, and a general method is applying a threshold to the whole
image. But because of illumination unconformity, the acquired image has varied pixel brightness, and some pixels in the
border even have a lower brightness than the black dots. So gradient thresholding based on local pixels is adopted, but
because the image sensor and the LCD panel both have a array frame, there exists moiré fringes in the image. Thus, a
novel method of gradient thresholding based on moiré fringes is put forward. And noises handling is discussed at end.
Experimental results show that the proposed novel method is effective
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72834F (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828825
Digital camera is a very effective equipment of untouched optical test in large-visual imagines collection. However, it
also has some differences between camera optical system and perspective projection. So it causes different extent of
nonlinearity-optical distortion between theory imagines and actual imagines which projected on imagine plane of camera.
It's necessary to rectify imagine distortion to improve veracity of imagine test and mode matching. Orthographic
projection, weak perspective and paraperspective projection were major researched models in most of former theses. The
former models ignore two important indexes of object and the last model has a theory problem about an angle of
incidence. Comparing with theory imagines, the actual imagines of three models have large distortion. This paper brings
forward a new model which based on orthoperspective model. First, revolving the light axes till it perpendicular to a
plane of centroid. Second, we draw projection curves which based on orthographic projection theory. This model proves
the main factors of orthoperspective distortion are revolving angle and camera foci. This model both takes fully use of
object indexes and has solved problem about incidence angle. By numerical simulation and experiment, in most of
measurement orthoperspective model has least imagine distortion and projection closest to theory imagine. If an object
has average density and some height, taking this model can enhance measure precision.
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Yang Bai, Hong-guang Jia, Li-hong Guo, Rong-hui Zhang
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72834G (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828826
A new correlation tracking algorithm, layered fast correlation tracking algorithm combined with target feature, is
proposed for target tracking in image sequences. Based on traditional correlation tracking algorithm, according to
resolution of real-time image, the proposed algorithm chooses the designated layer image. At the same time the proposed
algorithm uses a new search method combined with the target features to predict matching position, which can improve
the matching precision and reduce computational complexity. In addition, the experimental results indicate that the
proposed algorithm can overcome the influence of gray mutation and satisfy the requirement of real-time.
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Ling-ling Wu, Li Zheng, Guo-jun Wu, Yu-ping Cang, Liang-yi Chen
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72834H (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828827
A method for measuring focal length based on Talbot effect is put forward, which suits determining focal length of
long-focus lens. The variation of Moiré fringes occurs after typical phase object of measuring lens is laid between two
gratings. The images of fringes taken by CCD camera are processed with MATLAB. The focal length of measuring lens
is figured out accurately after calculating the slope of fringes, the separation angle between two grating lines and
measuring the distance between lens and the second grating. Experimental data indicate that, for a system with laser
wavelength of 0.65μm, measuring lens wth focal length of 420mm, the measurement accuracy is 0.10%.So this method
has advantages of simple device, fast processing speed and high precision. It satisfies focal length determination of long
focal-length lens used in SG - III Facility.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72834I (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828828
Machine vision detection technology is an integrated modern inspection technology including optoelectronics, computer
image, information processing and computer vision etc. It regards image as means and carrier of transmitting information,
and extracts useful information from image and acquires all kinds of necessary parameters by dealing with images.
Combining key project in Zhejiang Province Office of Education-research of high accuracy and large size machine
vision automatic detection and separation technology. The paper describes the primary factors of influencing system's
precision, develops an automatic detection system of ceramic substrate. The system gathers the image of ceramic
substrate by CMOS( Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor). The quality of image is improved by optical imaging
and lighting system. The precision of edge detection is improved by image preprocessing and sub-pixel. In image
enhancement part , image filter and geometric distortion correction are used. Edges are obtained through a sub-pixel edge
detection method: determining the probable position of image edge by advanced Sobel operator and then taking
three-order spline interpolation function to interpolate the gray edge image. The mathematical modeling of dimensional
and geometric error of visual inspection system is developed. The parameters of ceramic substrate's length, and width are
acquired. The experiment results show that the presented method in this paper increases the precision of vision detection
system , and measuring results of this system are satisfying.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72834J (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828829
As the key for supplying safe and normal running of whole optical system, it is important to test and evaluate the quality
of optical components. The wavefront power spectral density (PSD) can give spatial frequency distribution of wavefront
aberration and specify optical components. Based on summarizing the existing PSD specification, one dimension radial
PSD is used for specifying the character of the spatial frequency distribution of wavefront aberration about the circular
optical surfaces is advanced. Its calculation of PSD for testing circular optical surface with interferometer test instrument
is explored in the paper.
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Wei Chen, Guang-kuan Zhou, Yan-ying Ju, Bin Fan, Yong-jian Wan
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72834K (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828830
As a rule, Interferometers are used to test the Figure in the polishing phase of optical components. It could provide
advance tutor suggestion for manufacturing. Various spatial points on the testoptical components will be given by
interferogram analysis. Binary image is got from raw data. The edge of optical component is differentiated with a sobel
exactly. A coefficient constraint condition is incorporated into the least squares method for geometric parameters of
circles.The center coordinates and size of radius will be calculated by the method, and then the coordinate of the
interferogram could be erected exactly.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72834L (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828831
This paper presents the principle of a flexibility three-coordinate measurement system and the leap-frog ball coordinate
conversion principle. By means of establishing corresponding mathematical model of the measurement system, the
coordinate value of measured point is obtained, which is directly applied to get diameter dimensions of small-scale
mirrors. For large-scale mirrors bigger than the measurement range of the system, combination leap-frog ball and
measurement system are used to obtain measurement results.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72834M (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828832
Stereo Matching is one of the most important parts of achieving stereo vision system. Different three-dimensional visual
systems have different requirements for matching algorithms, especially real-time stereo vision system having high
performance requirements for time. Many three-dimensional matching algorithms already exist, and algorithms based on
regional matching will be used to obtain a three-dimensional density disparity map. It can be applied to match the higher
accuracy of the occasion, but measure of similarity needs an enormous amount of computation, which will delay the
match time. If physical hardware is used to achieve matching algorithms, it can effectively improve the performance of
real-time system. Regular structure algorithm, which is achieved in hardware circuits with parallel computing function,
can have a higher time performance. Comparing several algorithms in real-time performance is the essential evidence to
develop real-time visual systems.
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Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72834N (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828833
Mesh simplification is an efficient method to reduce the time of computer handling complicated models. It requires the
algorithm with less processing time and space complexity, while the quality of simplification and the consistency of the
simplified triangles are quite well. This paper presents a mesh simplification algorithm of three-dimensional models
defined by triangle-mesh. In this algorithm, the gradient of the curvature of surface is used as the simplification condition,
the manner of simplification is edge collapse and the error metrics is the distance between vertex before simplifying and
the related surface after simplifying. Experiment results indicate that this algorithm can be applied to any topological
mesh and has the advantages of speediness and efficiency.
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Zhi-li Chen, Zong-da Guo, Qian Mi, Zhi-qiang Yang, Run-bing Bai
Proceedings Volume 4th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies: Optical Test and Measurement Technology and Equipment, 72834O (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.833085
The surface shape testing, data analyzing and dealing of aspheric surface lens are important guarantees of the process
reliability and compensation correction. The stylus profilometry is usually used in the testing of aspheric lens. During
testing the aspheric lens, all coefficients of the aspheric equation need be inputted firstly, and then the curve of error and
evaluating parameters are obtained by comparing the actual surface shape curve with the theoretical curve. This article
aims at the unknown coefficients rotational symmetry aspheric lens. Using the data from the Form Talysurf 2, we
obtained the form coefficients and the form errors by the least square method and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The
result shows that, the fitting algorithm is short in the computing time, quick in the convergence, few in the iterative times,
and good in the stability, and it can meet the demand of the ultra precise process and the examination.
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