KEYWORDS: Radar, Space operations, Calibration, Satellites, Aerospace engineering, Communication and information technologies, Observatories, Microwave radiation, Radiometry, Ku band
The Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) installed on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite was developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT). GPM core observatory was successfully launched by H-IIA launch vehicle on Feb 28, 2014. JAXA is continuing DPR trend monitoring, calibration and validation operations to confirm that DPR keeps its function and performance on orbit. The results of DPR trend monitoring, calibration and validation showed that DPR kept its function and performance on orbit during the 3 years and 2 months prime mission period. JAXA confirmed the prime mission results of GPM/DPR total system achieved the success criteria and the performance indicators. GPM/DPR moved to extended mission phase. JAXA conducted two types of scan pattern change test operations, KaPR-HS outer swath scan pattern and KuPR and KaPR wider swath scan. These useful data will help feasibility studies of the proposed KaPR scan pattern for the next DPR product version up and the future spaceborne radar development.
This study investigated the drop size distribution (DSD) observed by the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) onboard the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite, which makes the world’s first dual-frequency preciptation observations by space-borne radar. Four years have passed since the launch of the GPM core satellite, and data have been accumulated. This study focuses on the characteristics of DSD derived from the GPM/DPR measurements. In this study, DSD parameters (especially for a mass-weighted mean diameter, Dm) which are estimated based on dual-frequency information derived from GPM/DPR are analyzed with seasonal variations and precipitation characteristics. Values of Dm are generally larger over land than over the oceans. DSD shows seasonal variation, especially over the mid-latitude ocean; Dm in the winter season over the mid-latitude ocean is larger than that in the summer season in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Focusing on the mid-latitude North Pacific Ocean close to Japan in winter, precipitation top height is lower and stratiform ratio is higher than those in summer. It suggests that differences of Dm are associated with those of precipitation regimes, such as organized precipitation system in summer season and extratropical frontal systems in winter season.
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has addressed the water issues by conducting the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission. GPM core satellite carries Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR). DPR can observe 3-dimensional precipitation with high accuracy, whereas the observation swath is narrow, and observation is not so frequent. To achieve the high frequent precipitation observation, we developed the multi-satellite precipitation product called Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) under the collaboration with international GPM constellation satellite. GSMaP provides hourly global precipitation distribution by 0.1 x 0.1 degrees latitude/longitude, and its utilization is spread especially over the Asian countries and used in various fields. As one of the future precipitation observation missions discussed in JAXA, there is the concept of small precipitation radar constellation. This can improve the quality of GSMaP if realized. In this study, the impact on accuracy of GSMaP caused by the increase of radar observation is evaluated over Japan area. Japan Meteorological Agency provides highaccurate and high-resolution ground precipitation radar data calibrated by rain gauges. This ground observation data is assumed as future precipitation radar data and inserted to the GSMaP processing in some temporal intervals. The sampling errors are taken into consideration. The relationship between temporal interval of insertion (assumed as radar observation frequency) and improvement of accuracy is verified and discussed.
The observation from spaceborne precipitation radar has been contributed to better understanding of earth climate system. Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) provides us 3- dimentional information of precipitation by the scan width of about 250 km, but there has been an argument that to bring systematic impact on the weather forecasting and monitoring, wider swath observation is necessary. Based on those discussions, the scan pattern of GPM/DPR was experimentally changed for 1 day from 13UTC on September 26th. In this experiment, the scan angle was changed to observe from nadir to about +34° assuming future spaceborne precipitation radar with wider swath width, while in the normal observation DPR scans ±17°. The height and strength of the surface echo clutter with larger incident angle were assessed statistically to examine the possibility of the rainfall retrieval with wide swath observation by DPR. For the observation with the Ku band, the result shows that the clutter top height at the larger incident angle over ocean is somehow suppressed at around 4 km while over land it increases almost linearly up to around 5 km. The same tendency is found on the Ka band observation, but it has lower clutter top height of around 2.5 km and 3.5 km, over ocean and land respectively. The results also indicate that relatively intense rainfall can be retrieved while shallow rainfall with weak echo power may not be acceptable for retrieval because it should be masked by the surface clutter.
KEYWORDS: Radar, Satellites, Microwave radiation, Radiometry, Calibration, Space operations, Standards development, Satellite communications, Aerospace engineering, Communication and information technologies
The Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite was
developed by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and National Institute of Information and Communications
Technology (NICT). The objective of the GPM mission is to observe global precipitation more frequently and accurately.
The GPM core satellite is a joint product of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), JAXA and NICT.
NASA developed the satellite bus and the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI), and JAXA and NICT developed the DPR.
The inclination of the GPM core satellite is 65 degrees, and the nominal flight altitude is 407 km. The non-sunsynchronous
circular orbit is necessary for measuring the diurnal change of rainfall. The DPR consists of two radars,
which are Ku-band precipitation radar (KuPR) and Ka-band precipitation radar (KaPR). GPM core observatory was
successfully launched by H2A launch vehicle on Feb. 28, 2014. DPR orbital check out was completed in May 2014.
DPR products were released to the public on Sep. 2, 2014 and Normal Observation Operation period was started. JAXA
is continuing DPR trend monitoring, calibration and validation operations to confirm that DPR keeps its function and
performance on orbit. The results of DPR trend monitoring, calibration and validation show that DPR kept its function
and performance on orbit during the 3 years and 2 months prime mission period. The DPR Prime mission period was
completed in May 2017. The version 5 GPM products were released to the public in 2017. JAXA confirmed that
GPM/DPR total system performance and the GPM version 5 products achieved the success criteria and the performance
indicators that were defined for the JAXA GPM/DPR mission.
KEYWORDS: Radar, Satellites, Microwave radiation, Calibration, Space operations, Aerospace engineering, Communication and information technologies, Satellite imaging, Ku band, Ka band
The Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite was developed by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT). The objective of the GPM mission is to observe global precipitation more frequently and accurately. The GPM core satellite is a joint product of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), JAXA and NICT. NASA developed the satellite bus and the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI), and JAXA and NICT developed the DPR. The inclination of the GPM core satellite is 65 degrees, and the nominal flight altitude is 407 km. The non-sunsynchronous circular orbit is necessary for measuring the diurnal change of rainfall. The DPR consists of two radars, which are Ku-band precipitation radar (KuPR) and Ka-band precipitation radar (KaPR). GPM core observatory was successfully launched by H2A launch vehicle on Feb. 28, 2014. DPR keeps its performances on orbit after launch. DPR products were released to the public on Sep. 2, 2014. JAXA is continuing DPR trend monitoring, calibration and validation operations to confirm that DPR keeps its function and performance on orbit. JAXA have started to provide new version (Version 4) of GPM standard products on March 3, 2016. Various improvements of the DPR algorithm were implemented in the Version 4 product. Moreover, the latent heat product based on the Spectral Latent Heating (SLH) algorithm is available since Version 4 product. Current orbital operation status of the GPM/DPR and highlights of the Version 4 product are reported.
KEYWORDS: Radar, Calibration, Space operations, Satellites, Microwave radiation, Observatories, Radiometry, Antennas, Aerospace engineering, Communication and information technologies
The Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite was developed by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT). The GPM is a follow-on mission of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). The objectives of the GPM mission are to observe global precipitation more frequently and accurately than TRMM. The frequent precipitation measurement about every three hours will be achieved by some constellation satellites with microwave radiometers (MWRs) or microwave sounders (MWSs), which will be developed by various countries. The accurate measurement of precipitation in mid-high latitudes will be achieved by the DPR. The GPM core satellite is a joint product of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), JAXA and NICT. NASA developed the satellite bus and the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI), and JAXA and NICT developed the DPR. JAXA and NICT developed the DPR through procurement. The configuration of precipitation measurement using active radar and a passive radiometer is similar to TRMM. The major difference is that DPR is used in GPM instead of the precipitation radar (PR) in TRMM. The inclination of the core satellite is 65 degrees, and the nominal flight altitude is 407 km. The non-sun-synchronous circular orbit is necessary for measuring the diurnal change of rainfall similarly to TRMM. The DPR consists of two radars, which are Ku-band (13.6 GHz) precipitation radar (KuPR) and Ka-band (35.5 GHz) precipitation radar (KaPR). Both KuPR and KaPR have almost the same design as TRMM PR. The DPR system design and performance were verified through the ground test. GPM core observatory was launched at 18:37:00 (UT) on February 27, 2014 successfully. DPR orbital check out was completed in May 2014. The results of orbital checkout show that DPR meets its specification on orbit. After completion of initial checkout, DPR started Normal Operations and Initial Calibration and Validation period was started. JAXA conducted internal calibrations, external calibrations and phase code changes to mitigate KuPR sidelobe clutter effect. JAXA evaluated these operations results and concluded that DPR data could go public. DPR products were released to the public on Sep. 2, 2014 and Normal Observation Operation period was started. JAXA is continuing DPR trend monitoring, calibration operations to confirm that DPR keeps its function and performance on orbit.
The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is a successor to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
which has opened a new era for precipitation system measurement from space. The scope of GPM is much wider than
that of TRMM. GPM will provide three hourly precipitation observation over the globe, that is, much higher temporal
resolution with wider coverage than TRMM. Current precipitation measurement is far from enough for the water
resources management which requires very high spatial and temporal resolution. The three hourly global precipitation
observation with GPM which will be attained by international collaboration with microwave radiometers will greatly
contribute not only to the precipitation sciences but also to real-world applications. GPM consists of a core satellite and
constellation satellites (Fig. 1). The GPM core satellite will be equipped with a dual-wavelength radar (DPR) and a
microwave radiometer, and will work to provide reference standard for the GPM constellation radiometers. Development
of DPR, the key instrument, has already been completed and delivered to NASA by JAXA. Ground measurements of
precipitation using newly developed Ka-radar system for DPR algorithm development are undergoing. The rain retrieval
algorithms are being developed with close collaboration with NASA.
Wind profile is fundamental in many atmospheric phenomena. Radiosonde, windprofiler, and Doppler lidar, have been
developed for the wind measurement. Radiosonde and windprofiler are used to obtain wind profiles. About 1,300
weather stations launch radiosondes to obtain profiles of pressure, wind, temperature, and humidity. Most of the
weather stations are on land, while the stations on the sea are very sparse. Spaceborne visible and infrared imagers and
microwave scatterometers can obtain wind data only at a specific altitude. Current wind observations are not enough
and their reliability in the global climate model and weather prediction must be improved. Many scientific groups
anticipate the realization of a global observation system for three-dimensional wind measurements. The spaceborne
Doppler lidar is regarded as one of the candidate sensors for the global wind measurements. The working group on
Japanese spaceborne Doppler Lidar has been established to realize for wind measurements from space. In this paper,
we describe the activities and goals of this working group.
Current version of the over-land Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) algorithm for microwave sounder
tends to underestimate rain areas because of missing warm rain due to scattering-based algorithm only applied over land.
Therefore we develop a new rain/no-rain classification (RNC) method using channels such as 89, 150, 186 and 190 GHz
to detect the warm rain. In order to estimate the performance of the revised RNC method, the AMSU-PR matched-up
cases are used. The result shows that the shallow precipitation over land, which is missed by the original RNC method, is
detected by the revised RNC method.
The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is a successor of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
which has opened a new era for precipitation system measurement from space including much better global rain maps.
The scope of GPM is much wider than that of TRMM. GPM will provide three hourly precipitation measurement over
the globe, that is, much higher temporal resolution with wider coverage than TRMM. Current precipitation measurement
is far from enough for the water resources management which requires very high spatial and temporal resolution. The
three hourly global precipitation measurement with GPM will greatly contribute not only to the precipitation sciences but
to real-world applications. The GPM core satellite will be equipped with a dual-wavelength radar (DPR) and a
microwave radiometer, and will work as a reference standard for the GPM constellation radiometers. The development
of the space segment is going well, and the core satellite launch is scheduled in the middle of 2013. DPR is a 14/35 GHz
radar system. The 14 GHz radar is similar to the TRMM precipitation radar but the 35 GHz radar is a new one with
scanning ability. The rain retrieval algorithms using DPR is underway. The basic idea is to use the difference of rain
attenuation at two frequencies in the liquid layer, and the deviation from the Rayleigh scattering in the solid precipitation
layer. Field experiments for the DPR algorithm development are also designed. A dual Ka-band radar system which is
now being developed will be a powerful tool for the field experiments. The dual Ka-radar system can measure both the
specific attenuation and the equivalent radar reflectivity at Ka-band.
KEYWORDS: Algorithm development, Radar, Satellites, Microwave radiation, Meteorology, Calibration, Ka band, Detection and tracking algorithms, Signal attenuation, Standards development
In July 2009, NASA and JAXA signed implementation phase Memorandum of Understanding to be the central body for
creating the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) partnership. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)
started as an international project and a follow-on mission of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) project
to achieve more accurate and frequent precipitation observations than it. A Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on
board the GPM core satellite is being developed steadily by JAXA and NICT, and consists of Ku-band (13.6GHz) and
Ka-band (35.5GHz) precipitation radars to measure light rainfall and snowfall as well as moderate-to-heavy rainfall. The
GPM core observatory scheduled to be launched by Japanese H-IIA rocket in summer of 2013.
In January 2010, JAXA has selected the principal investigators by the 6th Precipitation Measuring Mission (PMM)
Research Announcement, especially focusing on the GPM algorithm development and pre-launch validation. The GPM
standard algorithm will be developed by U.S.-Japan Joint GPM Algorithm Team, and Japanese members will play
central role in developing DPR and DPR/GMI combined algorithms. Pre-launch validation aims to contribute to the
development and improvement of algorithms, through validating parameter errors, which are involved in satellite-based
precipitation retrieval algorithms, such as attenuation by precipitation particles, raindrop size distribution, and drop
velocity and density of snowfall. JAXA will put two new field-portable Ka-band Ground Validation radars in 2009-2010
to achieve this target.
The new science team will be organized in April 2010, and team members expected to make effective interactions
between algorithm development and pre-launch validation activities.
The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) started as an international project and a follow-on and expansion of the
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). The GPM mission consists of two different categories of satellites. One
is a TRMM-like core satellite carrying both active and passive microwave instruments, jointly developed by Japan and
the US. The other is a constellation of satellites carrying passive microwave sensors and provided by partner agencies.
A Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) for the GPM core satellite is being developed by JAXA and NICT, and
consists of Ku- and Ka-band precipitation radars to measure light rainfall and snowfall as well as moderate-to-heavy
rainfall. One major objectives of GPM is to contribute to operational utilization, and frequent and accurate precipitation
products, at less than 3-hour intervals, will be produced by combining multi-satellite microwave radiometers and
geostationary IR information. DPR will provide accurate rainfall database to microwave radiometers, and enhance their
algorithms, which will be used to make frequent rainfall map.
The DPR L1 algorithms are being developed by JAXA. Collaboration activities between Japan and the US have started
to develop L2/3 rainfall algorithms for DPR, and DPR/GMI combined products. Research activities to develop
algorithms for rainfall map products have been underway both in Japan and the US. Validation activities in JAXA will
be focused on contributions to algorithm development before and after the launch, as well as evaluation of the quality of
rainfall products. Pre-launch validation will include ground-based campaigns and utilization of synthetic data produced
by numerical models.
Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) started as an international mission and follow-on and expand mission of the
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) project to obtain more accurate and frequent observations of precipitation
than TRMM. The TRMM satellite achieved ten-year observation in November 2007, and is still operating to measure
tropical/subtropical precipitation. An important goal for the GPM mission is the frequent measurement of global
precipitation using a GPM core satellite and a constellation of multiple satellites. The accurate measurement of
precipitation will be achieved by the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on the GPM core-satellite, which is
being developed by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and National Institute of Information and
Communications Technology (NICT) and consists of two radars, which are Ku-band precipitation radar (KuPR) and Kaband
radar (KaPR). KaPR will detect snow and light rain, and the KuPR will detect heavy rain. In an effective dynamic
range in both KaPR and KuPR, drop size distribution (DSD) information and more accurate rainfall estimates will be
provided by a dual-frequency algorithm. The frequent precipitation measurement every three hours at any place on the
globe will be achieved by several constellation satellites with microwave radiometers (MWRs). JAXA/EORC is
responsible for the GPM/DPR algorithm development for engineering values (Level 1) and physical products (e.g.
precipitation estimation) (Level 2 and 3) and the quality control of the products as the sensor provider. It is also
important for us to produce and deliver frequent global precipitation map in real time in order to make useful for various
research and application areas (i.e., the prediction of the floods).
The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission started as an expanded follow-on mission of the Tropical Rainfall
Measuring Mission (TRMM) project to obtain more accurate and frequent observations of precipitation than TRMM. An
important goal for the GPM mission is the frequent measurement of global precipitation using a GPM core satellite and a
constellation of multiple satellites. The GPM core satellite is developed by the US and Japan as like as TRMM, while the
constellation satellites are developed by various countries. The accurate measurement of precipitation will be achieved
by the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) installed on the GPM core satellite. DPR consists of two radars, which
are Ku-band (13.6 GHz) precipitation radar (KuPR) and Ka-band (35.5 GHz) radar (KaPR). KaPR will detect snow and
light rain, and the KuPR will detect heavy rain. In an effective dynamic range in both KaPR and KuPR, drop size
distribution (DSD) information and more accurate rainfall estimates will be provided by a dual-frequency algorithm. The
frequent precipitation measurement every three hours at any place on the globe will be achieved by several constellation
satellites with microwave radiometers (MWRs). JAXA/EORC is responsible for the GPM/DPR algorithm development
for engineering values (Level 1) and physical products (e.g. precipitation estimation) (Level 2 and 3) and the quality
control of the products as the sensor provider. It is also important for us to produce and deliver 3-hourly global
precipitation map in real time in order to make useful for various research and application areas (i.e., the prediction of
the floods). To secure the quality of estimates, the mission must place emphasis on validation of satellite data and
retrieval algorithms.
The outcomes of the 19th Committee on Earth Observing Satellites (CEOS) Plenary held in London in
November 2005, recognized that the CEOS Implementation Plan for Space-Based Observations for
Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) should:
- identify the supply of space-based observations required to satisfy the requirements expressed by
the 10-year implementation plan for GEOSS; and
- propose an innovative process whereby the many disparate types of Earth observing programs
funded by CEOS Member agencies might contribute to the supply of the required observations.
The CEOS Task Force charged with drafting the CEOS Implementation Plan for Space-Based Observations
for GEOSS focused its early efforts on the creation of a 'new planning process' which would satisfy the
various criteria demanded by member space agencies, and which would hopefully encourage a new phase
of specificity and focus in the multi-lateral co-operation efforts undertaken by space agencies under the
CEOS umbrella - resulting in improved engagement of all CEOS Members and real implementation
results. The CEOS Constellations is the title given to this new process, and four pilot studies have been
initiated in order to pioneer and test the concept. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) were selected as the lead agencies for the
study of the development of a CEOS Precipitation Constellation with the support of other CEOS space
agency and user community participants. The goals, approach, and anticipated outcomes for the study will
be discussed.
The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an expanded follow-on mission of the current Tropical Rainfall
Measuring Mission (TRMM). The concept of GPM is, 1) TRMM-like, non-sun-synchronous core satellite carrying the
Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) to be developed by Japan and a microwave radiometer to be developed by
United States, and 2) constellation of satellites in polar orbit, each carrying a microwave radiometer provided by
international partner. The constellation system of GPM will make it possible every three-hour global precipitation
measurement. Because of its concept on focusing high-accurate and high-frequent global precipitation observation, GPM
has a unique position among future Earth observation missions. GPM international partnerships will embody concept of
GEOSS. Observation data acquired by the GPM mission are expected to be used for both Earth environmental research
and various societal benefit areas. One of most expected application fields is weather prediction. Use of high-frequent
observation in numerical weather prediction models will improve weather forecasting especially for extreme events such
as tropical cyclones and heavy rain. Another example is application to flood monitoring and forecasting. Recent
increasing needs of real-time flood information required from many countries especially in Asia will strongly support
operational application of GPM products in this field.
It is essential to measure global precipitation not only for the research of the climate change but also for the water resources management. In order to satisfy the requirements, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission was proposed jointly by US and Japan. The basic concept of the GPM is to provide three hourly global precipitation maps using eight constellation satellites equipped with microwave radiometers and a core satellite equipped with the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) and a microwave radiometer. The DPR that uses radio waves of 14 and 35 GHz is now being developed in Japan. The DPR will observe three-dimensional precipitation structure and will provide essential data for microwave rain retrieval. GPM is partly a follow-on mission of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), but the GPM will extend the observation to cold regions where solid precipitation frequently exists. Rain retrieval algorithms that use the DPR data are also being developed. Using two wavelength data, two parameters in the raindrop size distribution could be retrieved, which would result in precise rain retrieval. The retrieval of solid precipitation rate is another challenge. Several algorithms including a combination with the microwave radiometer would be applied to the DPR. It is important for the DPR algorithm validation to compare between precipitation rate through the calculation of DPR algorithm and that of the directly observed precipitation rate over the validation site. For this purpose, the most important and difficult issue is to construct the database of the physical parameters for the precipitation retrieval algorithms of DPR from the ground-based data using well-calibrated instruments.
Global precipitation measurement is essential not only for the research of the global change but also for the water resources management. Currently, satellite precipitation measurement is not sufficient for the detailed study of the precipitation and is far from enough for the water resources management which requires very high spatial and temporal resolution. To fill the gap at least partly, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) was proposed jointly by US and Japan. The basic concept of the GPM is to provide three hourly global precipitation maps using eight constellation satellites equipped with microwave radiometers and a core satellite equipped with the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) and a microwave radiometer. The DPR which uses radiowaves of 13 and 35 GHz is now being developed in Japan. The DPR will observe 3D precipitation structure and will provide essential data for microwave rain retrieval. GPM is partly a follow-on mission of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), but the GPM will extend the observation to cold regions where solid precipitation frequently exists. Rain retrieval algorithms that use the DPR data are also being developed. Using two wavelength data, two parameters in the raindrop size distribution could be retrieved, which would result in precise rain retrieval. The retreaval of solid precipitation rate is another challenge. The solid precipitation has another parameter of density which varies significantly. The hydrometeor shape also deviates significantly from a sphere. Several algorithms including a combination with the microwave radiometer would be applied to the DPR.
IPCC third report says that we have still a lot of uncertainties to predict global warming even using latest GCMs. Regarding atmospheric radiation, uncertainty of the radiative forcing is still large, which is mainly caused by aerosols, clouds, and water vapor interacting among them. National Space Development Agency of JAPAN (NASDA) and Communications Research Laboratory (CRL) started Phase-A study with European Space Agency (ESA) in the EarthCARE project. The objectives of EarthCARE project are to observe vertical and horizontal distributions and physical characteristics of aerosols and clouds from a satellite, and also to measure the precise Earth radiation budget simultaneously. Finally we will be able to evaluate physical processes of clouds and aerosols regarding the radiative budget and forcing. The EarthCARE satellite carries 5 sensors, namely Cloud Profiling RADAR (CPR), Atmospheric LIDAR (ATLID), Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI), Broad Band Radiometer (BBR) and Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). The result of the pre-Phase A study shows the synergy observation benefits using some compensative combinations of sensors, such as CPR/ATLID for clouds, ATLID/MSI for aerosols, BBR/FTS for the radiation budget. NASDA and CRL are studying FTS and CPR, respectively. CPR is a 94GHz RADAR using 2.5m diameter reflector with Doppler measurement mode. The sensitivity is -38dBZ. The vertical and horizontal resolution is 100 m, 1 km, respectively. FTS is a Michelson interferometer of which spectral measurement range is from 5.7 μm to 25 μm with 0.5 cm-1 unapodized spectral resolution. FOV is 10 km by 10 km. EarthCARE is planned to be launched in 2008 for 2 years mission. Phase-A study will continue until the end of 2003.
EarthCARE is one of the candidates for the future ESA Earth Explorer Core Missions. The mission major objective is to determine, in a radiatively consistent manner, the global distribution of vertical profiles of cloud and aerosol field characteristics. A major innovation of the EarthCARE mission is to include both active and passive instruments together on a single platform, which allows a complete 3-D spatial and temporal picture to be developed of the radiative flux field at the top of the atmosphere and the Earth's surface. While the active instruments provide vertical cloud profiles, the passive instruments (mainly the multi-spectral imager) provide supplementary horizontal data to allow extrapolation of the 3-D cloud and aerosol characteristics. The EarthCARE payload is composed of five instruments: an Atmospheric Lidar, a Cloud Profiling Radar, a Fourier Transform Spectrometer, a Multi-Spectral Imager and a Broad Band Radiometer. The mission baseline is a sun synchronous orbit with 10.30 descending node crossing time and an altitude around 400 km. EarthCARE is an ESA mission proposed in collaboration with NASDA.
An FTS instrument is proposed for a part of active and passive sensor combination of the EarthCARE mission, jointly proposed to the 2nd ESA earth explorer selection. The FTS will be a compact 4-ports dual pendulum design with 0.5 cm-1 spectral resolution to cover 400-2000 cm-1 region. The IFOV is 10 by 10 km square to coincide with other passive instruments, and the observation is contiguous which is required for the EarthCARE.
The Precipitation Radar (PR0 on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite continues observation. Many ground validation efforts have been made to confirm the accuracy of rain rates estimated by standard PR algorithms from observed radar reflectivity. However, so far there have been no conclusive results giving the absolute difference of PR estimated rain rates from the true rain rates from ground validation efforts. The difficulty of ground validation of rain is due to the large variance of spatial and temporal distributions of rain. However, there is a dense rain gauge and radar observation network operated by Japan Metrological Agency (JMA) that covers Japan. In this paper, TRMM estimated rain rates are compared to Radar- AMeDAS rain analysis data on a monthly averaged basis, and retrieval errors were estimated by assuming that Radar- AMeDAS is truth data. The estimated averaged retrieval error for five degree by 5 degree areas for 12 months was 25%, and PR and Radar-AMeDAS rain amounts were almost the same for a year. However, the estimate exhibits seasonal dependency. Specifically, PR overestimates rain rates in winter and under estimates them in the summer. Sampling errors included in TRMM monthly products were also estimated. The estimated sampling error was 15%. This magnitude of sampling error seems quite reasonable considering the results before TRMM was launched.
We performed a preliminary experiment of assimilating TMI total column precipitable water (TCPW) into the global numerical weather prediction (NWP) system. TCPW was not produced as a TMI standard product. Hence, we retrieved it from the brightness temperature over the ocean using the Meteorological Satellite Center algorithm, which will be the standard TCPW retrieval algorithm for AMSR on board ADEOS- II. The analysis method of the NWP system used in the experiment was 3D optimum interpolation (3D-OI), and TCPW data couldn't be assimilated directly. We therefore introduced a method to modify the water vapor field of an analysis by 3D-OI according to TCPW analysis assimilated TMI TCPW data. Using the analysis system, we performed the TMI TCPW observation system experiment. The results revealed clear positive impacts on forecasted wind fields of 850 and 250 hPa height over the tropics and small positive impacts on same levels and region. Improvements of the one-day forecasted rainfall over the tropical region were also recognized. In addition, we found a strange seasonal variability in the TCPW field of the JMA operational global analysis in 1998. We also found 15-42-day oscillation cycles in the difference between TMI and SSM/I TCPW, which we assume originates from the bias of the TMI brightness temperature and the effect that TRMM flied on a non-sun- synchronous orbit.
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