The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) is a satellite to monitor the carbon dioxide (CO2) and the
methane (CH4) globally from orbit. GOSAT will be placed in a 666 km sun-synchronous orbit of 13:00 local time, with
an inclination angle of 98 deg. Two instruments are accommodated on GOSAT. Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for
carbon Observation Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) detects the Short wave infrared (SWIR) reflected
on the earth's surface as well as the thermal infrared (TIR) radiated from the ground and the atmosphere. TANSO-FTS
is capable of detecting wide spectral coverage, specifically, three narrow bands (0.76, 1.6, and 2 micron) and a wide
band (5.5-14.3 micron) with 0.2 cm-1 spectral resolution. TANSO Cloud and Aerosol Imager (TANSO-CAI)
is a radiometer of ultraviolet (UV), visible, and SWIR to correct cloud and aerosol interference. The paper
presents the instrument design of TANSO-FTS/CAI, and test results using Bread Board Model (BBM) are presented.
Global warming has become a very serious issue for human beings. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the Third Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP3), making it mandatory for developed nations to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by six (6) to eight (8) per cent of their total emissions in 1990, and to meet this goal sometime between 2008 and 2012.
The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) is designed to monitor the global distribution of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the space. GOSAT is a joint project of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Ministry of Environment (MOE), and the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). JAXA is responsible for the satellite and instrument development, MOE is involved in the instrument development, and NIES is responsible for the satellite data retrieval. The satellite is scheduled to be launched in 2008. In order to detect the CO2 variation of boundary layers, both the technique to measure the column density and the retrieval algorithm to remove cloud and aerosol contamination are investigated. Main mission sensor of the GOSAT is a Fourier Transform Spectrometer with high optical throughput, spectral resolution and wide spectral coverage, and a cloud-aerosol detecting imager attached to the satellite. The paper presents the mission sensor system of the GOSAT together with the results of performance demonstration with proto-type instrument aboard an aircraft.
Global warming has become a very serious issue for human beings. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the Third Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP3), making it mandatory for developed nations to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by six (6) to eight (8) per cent of their total emissions in 1990, and to meet this goal sometime between 2008 and 2012.
The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) is design to monitor the global distribution of carbon dioxide (CO2) from orbit. GOSAT is a joint project of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Ministry of Environment (MOE), and the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). JAXA is responsible for the satellite and instrument development, MOE is involved in the instrument development, and NIES is responsible for the satellite data retrieval. The satellite is scheduled to be launched in 2008. In order to detect the CO2 variation of boundary layers, both the technique to measure the column density and the retrieval algorithm to remove cloud and aerosol contamination are investigated. Main mission sensor of the GOSAT is a Fourier Transform Spectrometer with high optical throughput, spectral resolution and wide spectral coverage, and a cloud-aerosol detecting imager attached to the satellite. The paper presents the mission sensor system of the GOSAT together with the results of performance demonstration with proto-type instrument aboard an aircraft.
Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) has fast optics, and it can realize high resolution within the range from visible light to thermal infrared radiation. FTS intrinsically has the problem that it takes long time to obtain spectrum, because it needs mechanical scanning. But we developed spaceborne FTS system which has the ability of high speed scanning and data handling. By high speed scanning, FTS makes it possible to have high altitude resolution in occultation, and imaging in nadir observation.
EarthCARE(Earth Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation Explorer) project is a candidate of the ESA (European Space Agency) Earth Explorer Core Missions. EarthCARE is the joint proposal between ESA, National Space Development Agency of JAPAN (NASDA) and Communications Research Laboratory (CRL). THe Phase-A study is started in NOvember 2001. The EarthCARE satellite has five sensors, CLoud Profiling Radar (CPR), ATmospheric LIDar (ATLID), Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI), Broad Band Radiometer (BBR) and Fourier Transform Spectromter (FTS). Main objective of EarthCARE FTS is to provide spectrally resolved outgoing radiance. Another objecitve of EarthCARE FTS is to retrieve temperature and water vapor profiles in clear air and above the clouds. NASDA is carrying out the Phase A study of EarthCARE. Preliminary Concept Review (PCR) was held at March 2003. We describe the objectives and instrument design concept of EarthCARE FTS in this paper.
EarthCARE (Earth Clouds, Aerosol and Radiation Explorer) project is a candidate of the ESA (European Space Agency) Earth Explorer Core Missions. There are many uncertainties mainly caused by aerosols, clouds and their interaction with radiation in predictions of climate change using numerical models. EarthCARE will provide vertical and horizontal distributions and physical characteristics of clouds and aerosols, and also provide the Earth radiation budget. EarthCARE is the joint proposal between ESA, National Space Development Agency of JAPAN (NASDA) and Communications Research Laboratory (CRL). The Phase-A study is going on. The EarthCARE satellite has five sensors, Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), ATmospheric LIDar (ATLID), Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI), Broad Band Radiometer (BBR) and Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). NASDA is studying FTS design. Main objective of EarthCARE FTS is to provide spectrally resolved outgoing radiance. This spectrum has many useful signatures from the surface/cloud/aerosol/water which can not get from spectrally integrated measurement. Another objective of EarthCARE FTS is a compact Michelson interferometer, which covers from 5.6 µm to 25 µm with 0.5 cm-1 spectral resolution. The FOV (Field Of View) is 10km so that the data can be used in conjunction with BBR.
IPCC third report says that we have still a lot of uncertainties to predict global warming even using latest GCMs. Regarding atmospheric radiation, uncertainty of the radiative forcing is still large, which is mainly caused by aerosols, clouds, and water vapor interacting among them. National Space Development Agency of JAPAN (NASDA) and Communications Research Laboratory (CRL) started Phase-A study with European Space Agency (ESA) in the EarthCARE project. The objectives of EarthCARE project are to observe vertical and horizontal distributions and physical characteristics of aerosols and clouds from a satellite, and also to measure the precise Earth radiation budget simultaneously. Finally we will be able to evaluate physical processes of clouds and aerosols regarding the radiative budget and forcing. The EarthCARE satellite carries 5 sensors, namely Cloud Profiling RADAR (CPR), Atmospheric LIDAR (ATLID), Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI), Broad Band Radiometer (BBR) and Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). The result of the pre-Phase A study shows the synergy observation benefits using some compensative combinations of sensors, such as CPR/ATLID for clouds, ATLID/MSI for aerosols, BBR/FTS for the radiation budget. NASDA and CRL are studying FTS and CPR, respectively. CPR is a 94GHz RADAR using 2.5m diameter reflector with Doppler measurement mode. The sensitivity is -38dBZ. The vertical and horizontal resolution is 100 m, 1 km, respectively. FTS is a Michelson interferometer of which spectral measurement range is from 5.7 μm to 25 μm with 0.5 cm-1 unapodized spectral resolution. FOV is 10 km by 10 km. EarthCARE is planned to be launched in 2008 for 2 years mission. Phase-A study will continue until the end of 2003.
The interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse gases (IMG) measured the high-resolution infrared spectra emitted from Earth from October 1996 to June 1997. It is a Fourier Transform Spectrometer based on the Michelson interferometer achieving 0.05 cm-1 wavenumber resolution and covers between 660 cm-1 and 3030 cm-1 with three infrared detectors. Since detectors are large and are not located in the center of the field of view (FOV), the instrument line shape (ILS) is shifted and widened. In this paper, we describe the ILS theoretical model and evaluate it by comparing the synthesized spectrum with the IMG observed spectrum. We checked the improvement of ILS by the FOV geometry. The retrieval accuracy will be improved by using this ILS model in the retrieval program.
An FTS instrument is proposed for a part of active and passive sensor combination of the EarthCARE mission, jointly proposed to the 2nd ESA earth explorer selection. The FTS will be a compact 4-ports dual pendulum design with 0.5 cm-1 spectral resolution to cover 400-2000 cm-1 region. The IFOV is 10 by 10 km square to coincide with other passive instruments, and the observation is contiguous which is required for the EarthCARE.
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