The core device of inertial confinement fusion is a beam-target coupling instrument. The instrument has four orthographic cameras. And the camera is in a conjugate relationship with the target relative to the mirror. The existence of various errors leads to changes in the orthogonal relationship and conjugate relationship. Thus affecting the efficiency of inertial confinement fusion. In this paper, based on multi-body kinematics and homogeneous coordinate transformation theory, an error transfer model for beam-target coupled instruments is derived. The relationship between various errors and the final position of the camera is established. Build 3D model of beam-target coupling instrument by Creo. Through ANSYS Workbench, statically solve the assembly model of typical working conditions, obtain its deformation cloud image, and obtain the deformation data introduced by gravity. The motion error is measured by a biaxial autocollimator, the error is modeled by least square regression, and the parameters of the error transfer model are determined. The method in this paper effectively reduces the error introduced by gravity from 148 μm to 4 6.04 x 10-4 μm. Another error introduced during movement has been reduced from 25.9 μm to 1.9 μm .The error compensation for the beam-target coupling instrument is realized
Tight control of the output energy is required in high-power laser devices. The main amplifier provides the most dominant energy gain, whose output needs to be predicted accurately. However, due to its complex structure and time-varying performance, the prediction results using traditional physical model-fitting methods are biased. In this paper, we propose a physical knowledge-based neural network, with an analytical model as the backbone and multidimensional influencing factors introduced by neural networks as input, to achieve accurate prediction. The method combines the powerful characterization ability of neural networks and the interpretability of physical models, which significantly improves the accuracy by considering the coupling effects of several factors and measurement errors. The relative deviation of the method's prediction results improves 65.9% compared to the traditional physical model and 57.9% compared to the pure neural network. The model provides a correction approach for similar problems of oversimplified physical models and can be exploited to aid model development of other measurable processes in physical science.
The energy accuracy of laser beams is an essential property of inertial confinement fusion (ICF). However, the energy gain is difficult to be predicted and controlled precisely due to the dramatically-increasing complexity of huge optical systems. Artificial neural network is a numerical algorithm with valuable flexibility that maps inputs to output values, which provides an approach to figure out this issue. In the study, a novel method combining deep neural networks and the Frantz- Nodvik equations is proposed to predict the output energy of the main amplifier in the high-power ICF laser system. To improve the prediction performance, the artificial neural network counts in more related factors that are neglected in traditional configurations. Dynamic state parameters describing amplification capacity are output by neural network and constrained by physical prior knowledge. The experimental results show that the proposed method provides a more accurate prediction of output energy than the conventional fitting approaches, from 6.5% to 4.2% on relative deviation. The study investigates the methodology of combining neural networks with physical models to reproduce a complex energy gain process and to represent a nonlinear unresolvable model, which can be exploited to aid model development of other measurable processes in physical science.
This article designed an embedded smart camera based on the ZYNQ-7000 development board, which has an ARM+FPGA architecture. The system functions are divided into three parts: image acquisit ion, image processing and image display, each of them adopting a modular design. The image acquisition part adopts OV7725 camera. The image processing section uses the VIVADO HLS development kit to design hardware IP-based image processing algorithms. Compared with the traditional HDL-based IP core design method, HLS method that use C/C++ to design IP reduces the development difficulty and shortens the development cycle. Hardware IP implemented through HLS includes image preprocessing, spot-based centroid positioning algorithm, edge detection and corner detection. For complex image processing algorithms, it is still used software to implement, while preprocessing are accomplished through hardware IP. The VDMA channel realizes high-speed data interaction between hardware and software. The image display part is based on the embedded Linux system, OpenCV, and cross -platform C++ graphical user interface development framework QT to implement the GUI interface. The entire embedded smart camera system finally achieves accelerat ion processing based on hardware IP, such as spot location, sobel edge detection, and corner detection.
An automatic classification method based on machine learning is proposed to distinguish between true and false laser-induced damage in large aperture optics. First, far-field light intensity distributions are calculated via numerical calculations based on both the finite-difference time-domain and the Fourier optical angle spectrum theory for Maxwell’s equations. The feature vectors are presented to describe the possible damage sites, which include true and false damage sites. Finally, a kernel-based extreme learning machine is used for automatic recognition of the true sites and false sites. The method studied in this paper achieves good recognition of false damage, which includes a variety of types, especially attachment-type false damage, which has rarely been studied before.
Autocollimators are mainly based on computers or the electronic devices that can be connected to the internet, and its precision, measurement range and resolution are all defective, and external displays are needed to display images in real time. What's more, there is no real-time calibration for autocollimator in the market. In this paper, we propose a biaxial autocollimator based on the ZYNQ embedded platform to solve the above problems. Firstly, the traditional optical system is improved and a light path is added for real-time calibration. Then, in order to improve measurement speed, the embedded platform based on ZYNQ that combines Linux operating system with autocollimator is designed. In this part, image acquisition, image processing, image display and the man-machine interaction interface based on Qt are achieved. Finally, the system realizes two-dimensional small angle measurement. Experimental results showed that the proposed method can improve the angle measurement accuracy. The standard deviation of the close distance (1.5m) is 0.15" in horizontal direction of image and 0.24"in vertical direction, the repeatability of measurement of the long distance (10m) is improved by 0.12 in horizontal direction of image and 0.3 in vertical direction.
Interferometry is one of the most suitable method for microsphere profile inspection, and the eccentricity errors during measurement is always allowed to exit and corrected by Zernike polynomials fitting method for better dynamic response ability and higher efficiency. The common usage of coordinates on CCD instead of these on wave-front in fitting process may lead to factors errors when effective aperture is bigger than 0.25. In order to correct the eccentricity errors during microsphere interferometry precisely, the impact of normalized polar radius approximating on Zernike polynomials fitting is analyzed. An accurate correction method based on coordinates transformation is proposed, and the calibration method of NA is also given, which will be necessary in the transformation. The experiment results indicate that the PV and RMS value of corrected profile data are 0.1628λ and 0.0326λ separately, and is much more similar to the standard data where the microsphere is placed at the zero-fringe position with the PV and RMS value of 0.1636λ and 0.0332λ separately. So, it can be seen that the correction method is feasible and effective.
Single multimode fiber (MMF) digital scanning imaging system is a development tendency of modern endoscope. We concentrate on the calibration method of the imaging system. Calibration method comprises two processes, forming scanning focused spots and calibrating the couple factors varied with positions. Adaptive parallel coordinate algorithm (APC) is adopted to form the focused spots at the multimode fiber (MMF) output. Compare with other algorithm, APC contains many merits, i.e. rapid speed, small amount calculations and no iterations. The ratio of the optics power captured by MMF to the intensity of the focused spots is called couple factor. We setup the calibration experimental system to form the scanning focused spots and calculate the couple factors for different object positions. The experimental result the couple factor is higher in the center than the edge.
Absolute distance measurement systems are of significant interest in the field of metrology, which could improve the manufacturing efficiency and accuracy of large assemblies in fields such as aircraft construction, automotive engineering, and the production of modern windmill blades. Frequency scanning interferometry demonstrates noticeable advantages as an absolute distance measurement system which has a high precision and doesn’t depend on a cooperative target. In this paper , the influence of inevitable vibration in the frequency scanning interferometry based absolute distance measurement system is analyzed. The distance spectrum is broadened as the existence of Doppler effect caused by vibration, which will bring in a measurement error more than 103 times bigger than the changes of optical path difference. In order to decrease the influence of vibration, the changes of the optical path difference are monitored by a frequency stabilized laser, which runs parallel to the frequency scanning interferometry. The experiment has verified the effectiveness of this method.
High resolution and simple device ranging technology has prospects of broad application and attractive. Laser frequency scanning interferometer has capability of high-resolution, low-noise ratio measurement. The tuning nonlinearity is a main factor limited to the ranging resolution which needs to be corrected. When using hardware to correct laser tuning nonlinearity, it would increases the complexity of the instrument structure. For the purpose of making structure of the instrument much simple, we proposed a method that using fiber reference channel to compensate the nonlinearity of measurement path beat frequency, which can achieve high resolution measurement. The method require obtaining the reference and measurement path beat signal simultaneously, then extracting the phase of the reference channel signal which is formed by fiber end face to compensate the nonlinearity of measurement signal. Hilbert transform is used to calculate the phase of signal, and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method is used to reduce the noise of reference signal. The laser frequency scanning interferometer is demonstrated by experiment, we show that this performance enables 132μm for 10nm tuning bandwidth over several meter range. The method does not need to estimate the tuning nonlinearity function, so it could reduce the complexity of algorithm.
The influence of a fiber dispersion calibration interferometer on the measurement results for a large-scale high-resolution broadband frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) measurement system was studied. A model was constructed to simulate the influences of fiber dispersion on the measurements when using a frequency sampling method that corrects the tuning nonlinearity. The results indicated that a broadband external cavity tunable laser, in comparison with a semiconductor laser, causes linear variations in the measurement results because of the effect of the fiber dispersion in the calibration interference path for large-scale high-resolution measurements, and these variations decreased the resolution of the measurements. A method that combines chirp slope calibration and phase compensation to reduce the effects of the fiber dispersion was proposed. A gauge block with a height difference of 200 μm at a distance of 2.43 m was measured during the experiments. Before calibrating the fiber dispersion, the frequency spectrum showed false peaks, and it was difficult to distinguish the peaks of the targets. After compensating for the dispersion, the peaks of the targets could be clearly distinguished, and a height difference of 199.6 μm was measured. Using this model and the method to compensate for the dispersion will provide a reference for large-scale high-resolution broadband FMCW laser measurements.
Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave laser radar is one of the most important ways to measure the large-size targets , combining the advantages of laser with conventional FMCW radar. Dispersion compensation and non-linear calibration are two key aspects in FMCW laser radar measurement. The paper studies the method of frequency-sampling to correct the Nonlinearity and analyzes the importance of dispersion compensation. We set up experimental verification platform, choose 1550nm band continuously tunable external cavity infrared laser as the light source, use all-fiber optical device structures, choose balanced detectors as photoelectric conversion, and finally acquire data with high speed PCI-E data acquisition card, write a measurement software with Labview. We measured the gage block 1 meter away. The experiment results show that the frequency sampling method correct the Nonlinearity well and there is a significant impact on the accuracy because of the fiber dispersion, dispersion must be compensated to obtain high accuracy. The experiment lays the foundation for further research on FMCW Laser radar.
This article uses the external cavity laser to realize FMCW high precision absolute distance measurement, as the external cavity laser owns the advantage of large tuning range of frequency. Firstly, aim at the problem of nonlinear tuning of the external cavity laser, a study of method of frequency-sampling has been shown. Secondly, in this article the mathematical model of the absolute dis tance measurement system has been established, and the sources of the errors of the FMCW absolute distance measurement has been analyzed, and the accuracy model has been established. Finally, a ball which is put at a distance about 3 meters is measured, and the random error is 0.3479μm, the standard uncertainty of measurement system is 0.3479μm+3.141Rppm.
KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Signal processing, Frequency modulation, Modulation, Detection and tracking algorithms, Linear filtering, Spectral resolution, Zoom lenses, Fourier transforms, Ranging
Range accuracy and efficiency are two important indicators for Frequency modulated continuous wave (FM/CW) laser radar, improving the accuracy and efficiency of extracting beat frequency are key factors for them. Multiple Modulation Zoom Spectrum Analysis (ZFFT) and the Chirp-Z Transform (CZT) are two widely used methods for improving frequency estimation. The paper through analyze advantages and disadvantages of these methods, proposes a high accuracy and fast signal processing method which is ZFFT-CZT, it combines advantages that ZFFT can reduce data size, and CZT can zoom in frequency of any interested band. The processing of ZFFT-CZT is following: firstly ZFFT is conducted by conducting Fourier transform on short time signal to calculate amount of frequency shift, and transforming high-frequency signal into low-frequency signal of long time sampling, then CZT is conducted by choosing any interested band to continue subdividing the spectral peaks, which can reduce picket fence effect. By simulate experiment based on ZFFT-CZT method, two closed targets at distance of 50m and 50.001m are measured, and the measurement errors are 40μm and 34μm respectively. It proved that ZFFT-CZT has a small amount of calculation, which can meet the requirement of high precision frequency extraction.
Large aperture optical have high risk of damage when woke on high flux laser. For avoid lethal damages breakdown the expensive large aperture optical, replace the optical that damaged before damage site increase to can’t repaired, we need precision measurement of optical surface damage sites size. The size of the optics which be detected is 400μm ×400μm, and the size of CCD array pixel is 4K×4K which we selected, so pixel resolution only 100μm of the Optical Damage Online Inspection system, it hard to measurement damage sites which size less than 100μm. This paper describes a method of radiometric calibration to measure online optical damage site that greater than 50μm by Optical Damage Online Inspection system. Numerical statement gray on CCD of different size damage sites by select a fixed variable of illumination intensity, shutter and numerical aperture of image-forming system. Fitting a curve with suitable function of gray and actual size, precision measure optical damage sites that greater than 50μm by the curve. Test results indicate that, the deviation less than 20% which measure size and actual size .This method settle problems of micro size damage site hard to measure online under the condition of long working distance and low optical resolution. At present, this method have used on Optical Damage Online Inspection system of high flux laser installation, it important significance for observation damage site size grown and accurately appraise the optical damage.
In order to get the precise whole surface feature of micro-ball efficiently without missing points, a laser interfering measurement system and method is developed. Based on the principle of phase-shifting diffraction interference with short- coherence light source, a wave-separation interfering light path is designed, which contains single mode fiber for filtration and pin-hole reflector for diffraction. An accessory system is also projected to complete the whole micro-ball surface scanning, including negative pressure adsorption stage-group with five degree of freedom moving for micro-ball support, overturning stages, and vision monitoring mechanism. A technological process for whole surface measurement is also given. The experiment result shows that, in the case of testing light focusing on the centre of sphere, surface topographic characteristics of micro-ball can be shown clearly and directly by the distribution of interference pattern.
In the laser inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiment, the high accuracy target field coordinate system should be found to monitor the target by all kinds of physics diagnose instrument. Before the testing target is shot, the coordinate system should be transferred to the testing target, and recurrent the coordinate system before each shooting. In order to solve this problem, two set microscope optics vision instruments are designed which has autocollimating and target position monitoring functions, and its working distance is 3.8 meters,and its optic resolution is 8 micron. Firstly, the optical coordinate axis of the two instruments is adjusted orthogonally by each other, then the ICF range coordinate is transferred to a testing target by a sensor, and ensure testing target located at the center of ICF range coordinate. The instrument has already been used in Shen Guang III device, and also can be used for object monitoring and tracing in a kind of field.
This paper persents an laser and target alignment sensor (LTAS) used to automaticlly position for the ICF experimental target. LTAS which is based on optical conjugate principle can locate the targets online with its four imaging measurement systems. For the requirement of automatic positioning, presents a new method which is called offline test and online match method. With the help of target offline test device, the reference image features are provided, online images and reference images are matched in real time based on images point features, SIFT descriptors are used for extracting target feature from image which is invariant features to image scale and rotation. According to image feature, we modify the original feature vectors with 128 dimensions to a feature vectors with 32 dimensions. A fast nearest neighbor algorithm is used for feature match, and the Best-Bin-First (BBF) algorithm is used to search nearest neighbors of points, and then RANSAC algorithm is used to remove the mismatch points, A least-squares solution is used to calculate parameters between the reference image and the online image, according to the matching parameters, the target is automatic adjusted to proper attitude. By matching experiment, the position matching accuracy is within 1 μm, the angle matching accuracy is within 0.1 degree, matching time cost is less than 1 second, and meets the real-time matching requirements.
Laser Target Alignment Sensor (LTAS) focus high energy laser beams on the sub-centimeter size fusion targets at the
precise location and adjusts the final focus lenses to set the spots size in Initial Control Fusion (ICF) experiment. The
operational requirements of the ICF system place tight constraints upon the precision of the LTAS. Therefore, a
calibration system which can adjust conjugation distance of the LTAS, compensate the location of the beam spots, and
calculate the axis and magnification of the objectives is designed. The system is composed of a long focal-length
telemicroscope, a high resolution CCD, a NC dividing head, an X-Y linear stage, a multidimensional target positioner
and two simulated laser beam generators. Feedbacks based on the LTAS images of the target and laser points are used to
null offsets of the LTAS on conjugation distance. The methods of objective and CCD parameter calibration are presented.
Experiments for the positioning accuracy test show that after calibration, the repeatability error of the LTAS for the
target center location is better than ±0.7&mgr;m. The system can realize accurate calibration of the LTAS before putting it
into target chamber, which will improve the precision of ICF experiments effectively.
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