KEYWORDS: Remote sensing, Calibration, Radiometry, Spatial resolution, Space operations, Near infrared, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Systems modeling, Floods
The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer (VNIR) is the remote sensing equipment which has 3 spectral bands and one along-track stereoscopic band radiometer. ASTER VNIR’s planned long life design (more than 5 years) is successfully achieved. ASTER VNIR has been imaging the World-wide Earth surface multiband images and the Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM). VNIR data create detailed world-wide maps and change-detection of the earth surface as utilization transitions and topographical changes. ASTER VNIR’s geometric resolution is 15 meters; it is the highest spatial resolution instrument on NASA’s Terra spacecraft. Then, ASTER VNIR was planned for the geometrical basis map makers in Terra instruments. After 15-years VNIR growth to the standard map-maker for space remote-sensing. This paper presents VNIR’s feature items during 15-year operation as change-detection images , DEM and calibration result. VNIR observed the World-wide Earth images for biological, climatological, geological, and hydrological study, those successful work shows a way on space remote sensing instruments. Still more, VNIR 15 years observation data trend and onboard calibration trend data show several guide or support to follow-on instruments.
KEYWORDS: Short wave infrared radiation, Radiometry, Thermography, Signal processing, Infrared radiation, Calibration, Sensors, Space operations, Visible radiation, Near infrared
ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) System is operating more than 15 years since launched on board of NASA’s Terra spacecraft in December 1999. ASTER System is composed of 3 radiometers (VNIR (Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer), SWIR (Short-Wave Infrared Radiometer), and TIR (Thermal Infrared Radiometer)), CSP (Common Signal Processor) and MSP (Master Power Supply). This paper describes the ASTER System operating history and the achievement of ASTER System long term operation since the initial checkout operation, the normal operation, and the continuous operation. Through the 15 years operation, ASTER system had totally checked the all subsystems (MPS, VNIR, TIR, SWIR, and CSP) health and safety check using telemetry data trend evaluation, and executed the necessary action. The watch items are monitored as the life control items. The pointing mechanics for VNIR, SWIR and TIR, and the cooler for SWIR and TIR are all operating with any problem for over 15 years. In 2003, ASTER was successfully operated for the lunar calibration. As the future plan, ASTER team is proposing the 2nd lunar calibration before the end of mission.
The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is a high-resolution optical sensor system that can observe in a wide region from the visible and near-infrared, the short wavelength infrared to the thermal infrared with 14 spectral bands on board of NASA’s Terra spacecraft for Earth Observing System (EOS) “A mission to planet earth." ASTER achieved 5 years mission success on orbit operation normally which is the specified target after launched on December, 1999. And after through 10 years continuous orbit operation, ASTER has still operating the long life observation of extra success to be 15 years in total on December, 2014. As for ASTER instrument that is composed of 3 radiometers; the Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer (VNIR) with 3 bands, the Short Wavelength Infrared Radiometer (SWIR) with 6 bands, the Thermal Infrared Radiometer (TIR) with 5 bands, overall ASTER long life data taken by 15 years onboard operation has been reviewed from the point of view of the health and safety check by Telemetry (TLM) data trend, the function and performance evaluation by observation data trend, the onboard calibration and verification by periodic Calibration(CAL) data trend. As a result, the radiometric degradation of VNIR and TIR and the temperature rise of SWIR detector were identified as significant challenges. The countermeasure plan towards the end of mission was clarified and also the novel lessons learned was verified.
The ASTER Instrument is one of the five sensors on the NASA’s Terra satellite on orbit since December 1999. After 14 years on orbit, ASTER VNIR and TIR are still taking Earth images of good quality. The TIR radiometer has five bands from 8 to 12 μm with spatial resolution of 90 m. Each band has ten detectors. The detectors are cooled at 80 K precisely by using a Stirling cooler within 0.1 K. TIR is radiometrically calibrated by a single onboard blackbody. In the normal operation mode the blackbody is kept at 270 K, and once in 49 days the blackbody is heated up to 340 K for the gain calibration. The degradation at band 12 is largest and 48% and that at band 10 is smallest and 18%. One of the possible causes of the degradation is the contamination accretion by outgas of silicone SE9188 RTV used for TIR followed by the ultraviolet radiation. The absorption spectra of outgas of this silicon was measured at JAXA and the absorption spectra showed similar to the TIR degradation in the early days on orbit. ASTER science team is proposing the second lunar calibration at the end of terra mission for the estimation of the TIR optical characteristics. ASTER experienced first lunar calibration in April 2003 and many of the TIR bands were saturated. Due to the responsivity degradation the TIR dynamic range has extended to higher temperature. At least TIR four bands will not saturate in the next lunar calibration.
In this paper, we present a feasibility study for the potential of a high spatial resolution and wide swath thermal infrared (TIR) imaging radiometer for a small satellite using a large format uncooled infrared focal plane array (IR-FPA). The preliminary TIR imaging radiometer designs were performed. One is a panchromatic (mono-band) imaging radiometer (8-12μm) with a large format 2000 x 1000 pixels uncooled IR-FPA with a pixel pitch of 15 μm. The other is a multiband imaging radiometer (8.8μm, 10.8μm, 11.4μm). This radiometer is employed separate optics and detectors for each wave band. It is based on the use of a 640 x 480 pixels uncooled IR-FPA with a pixel pitch of 25 μm. The thermal time constant of an uncooled IR-FPA is approximately 10-16ms, and introduces a constraint to the satellite operation to achieve better signal-to-noise ratio, MTF and linearity performances. The study addressed both on-ground time-delayintegration binning and staring imaging solutions, although a staring imaging was preferred after trade-off. The staring imaging requires that the line of sight of the TIR imaging radiometer gazes at a target area during the acquisition time of the image, which can be obtained by rotating the satellite or a steering mirror around the pitch axis. The single band radiometer has been designed to yield a 30m ground sample distance over a 30km swath width from a satellite altitude of 500km. The radiometric performance, enhanced with staring imaging, is expected to yield a NETD less than 0.5K for a 300K ground scene. The multi-band radiometer has three spectral bands with spatial resolution of 50m and swath width of 24km. The radiometric performance is expected to yield a NETD less than 0.85K. We also showed some preliminary simulation results on volcano, desert/urban scenes, and wildfire.
The SWIR(Short Wave-length Infrared Radiometer) is one of the optical sensors in ASTER(Advanced Space-borne
Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer). ASTER is installed in the EOS(Earth Observing System) TERRA
spacecraft of NASA. TERRA was launched on December18, 1999, and is employed still on the orbit for 14 years in
January, 2014, The detector of SWIR is cooled at temperature 77K by cryocooler with the optimum sensitivity. SWIR
had continued to take the numerous image data for more than five years of the mission period on orbit, and the
cryocooler is still operating normally. However, a gradual rise in temperature of the detector has been seen after launch.
Silicone compound have been used in order to achieve heat transfer between the detector and the cryocooler. On
investigation, we have found that thermal conductivity of the silicone compound has been gradually reduced. We
evaluated the low temperature properties (such as thermal conductivity, strength etc.) of the silicone compound. In
addition, we analyzed the temperature conditions and the thermal stress values of cryostat in the orbit. As a result, the
silicone compound solidified at low temperature shows a behavior similar to adhesive. Depending on the thermal stress
generated at a low temperature, there is a possibility that destruction such as peeling occurs.
The Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is one of the five sensors on the
NASA’s Terra satellite on orbit since December 1999. ASTER consists of three radiometers, the Visible and Near
InfraRed (VNIR), the Short-Wave InfraRed (SWIR) and Thermal InfraRed (TIR) whose spatial resolutions are 15 m, 30
m and 90 m, respectively. Unfortunately the SWIR image data are saturated since April 2008 due to the offset rise
caused by the cooler temperature rise, but the VNIR and the TIR are taking Earth images of good quality. The VNIR and
the TIR experienced responsivity degradation while the SWIR showed little change. From the lamp calibration, Band 1
decreased the most among three VNIR bands and 31% in thirteen years. The VNIR has the electrical calibration mode to
check the healthiness of the electrical circuits through the charge coupled device (CCD). Four voltage levels from Line 1
to Line 4, which are from 2.78 V to 3.10 V, are input to the CCD in the onboard calibration sequence and the output
digital numbers (DNs) are detected in the images. These input voltages are monitored as telemetry data and have been
stable up to now. From the electrical calibration we can check stabilities of the offset, gain ratio and gain stability of the
electric circuit. The output level of the Line1 input is close to the offset level which is measured while observing the
earth at night. The trend of the Line 1 output is compared to the offset level. They are similar but are not exactly the
same. The trend of the even pixel and odd pixel is the same so the saturated offset levels of the odd pixel is corrected by
using the even pixel trend. The gain ratio trend shows that the ratio is stable. But the ratio values are different from those
measured before launch. The difference comes up to 10% for the Band 2. The correct gain ratio should be applied to the
vicarious calibration result because the onboard calibration is measured with the Normal gain whereas the vicarious
calibration often measures with the High gain. The cause of the VNIR responsivity degradation is not known but one of
the causes might be the change of the electric circuit. The band 3 gain shows 16 % decrease whereas the gain changes of
the band 1 and band 2 are 5% to 8%. The responsivity decrease after 1000 days since launch might be controlled by the
electric circuit change.
The ASTER is a high-resolution optical sensor for observing the Earth on the Terra satellite launched in December1999.
The ASTER consists of three radiometers. The VNIR has three bands in the visible and near-infrared region, the SWIR
has six bands in the shortwave infrared region, and the TIR has five bands in the thermal infrared region. The onboard
calibration devices of the VNIR and SWIR were halogen lamps and photodiode monitors. In orbit three bands of the
VNIR showed a rapid decrease in the output signal. The band 1, the shortest wavelength, decreased most to 70% in
twelve years. The temperature of the onboard blackbody of the TIR is varied from 270 K to 340 K in the long term calibration for the offset and gain calibration. The long term calibration of the TIR showed a decrease in response after
launch. The decrease was most remarkable at band 12 decreasing to 60% in eleven years. The degradation spectra of the TIR shows that the possible causes of the degradation might be silicone and hydrazine. ASTER onboard calibration is normally carried out once in 49 days but additional onboard calibrations were added just before and after the inclination adjustment maneuver (IAM) to check the effect on the RCC. This experiment was carried out three times for each IAM in the fiscal year 2011. The result showed that the change in the RCC was small for both VNIR and TIR.
The ASTER Instrument is one of the five sensors on the NASA’s Terra satellite on orbit since December 1999. ASTER
consists of three radiometers, VNIR, SWIR and TIR whose spatial resolutions are 15 m, 30 m and 90 m, respectively.
Unfortunately SWIR stopped taking images since May 2008 due to the offset rise caused by the detector temperature rise,
but VNIR and TIR are taking Earth images of good quality. VNIR and TIR experienced responsivity degradation while
SWIR showed little change. Band 1 (0.56 μm) decreased most among three VNIR bands and 30 % in twelve years. Band
12 (9.1 μm) decreased 40 % and most among five TIR bands. There are some discussions of the causes of the
responsivity degradation of VNIR and TIR. Possible causes are contamination accretion by silicone outgas, thruster
plume and plasma interaction. We marked hydrazine which comes out unburned in the thruster plume during the
inclination adjust maneuver (IAM). Hydrazine has the absorption spectra corresponding to the TIR responsivity
degradation in the infrared region. We studied the IAM effect on the ASTER by allocating the additional onboard
calibration activities just before and after the IAM while the normal onboard calibration activity is operated once in 49
days. This experiment was carried out three times in fiscal year 2011.
The ASTER is a high-resolution optical sensor for observing the Earth on the Terra satellite launched in December1999.
The ASTER consists of three radiometers. The VNIR has three bands in the visible and near-infrared region, the SWIR
has six bands in the shortwave infrared region, and the TIR has five bands in the thermal infrared region. The onboard
calibration devices of the VNIR and SWIR were halogen lamps and photodiode monitors. In orbit three bands of the
VNIR showed a rapid decrease in the output signal. The band 1, the shortest wavelength, decreased most to 70% in
eleven years. The VNIR spectra of the responsivity degradation were compared to other sensors, the JERS-1 OPS, the
OCTS, the Hyperion, the MODIS, the MISR and the SPOT. The temperature of the onboard blackbody of the TIR is
varied from 270 K to 340 K in the long term calibration for the offset and gain calibration. The long term calibration of
the TIR showed a decrease in response after launch. The decrease was most remarkable at band 12 decreasing to 60% in
eleven years. The degradation spectra of the TIR shows that the possible causes of the degradation might be silicone and
hydrazine.
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