KEYWORDS: Remote sensing, Calibration, Radiometry, Spatial resolution, Space operations, Near infrared, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Systems modeling, Floods
The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer (VNIR) is the remote sensing equipment which has 3 spectral bands and one along-track stereoscopic band radiometer. ASTER VNIR’s planned long life design (more than 5 years) is successfully achieved. ASTER VNIR has been imaging the World-wide Earth surface multiband images and the Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM). VNIR data create detailed world-wide maps and change-detection of the earth surface as utilization transitions and topographical changes. ASTER VNIR’s geometric resolution is 15 meters; it is the highest spatial resolution instrument on NASA’s Terra spacecraft. Then, ASTER VNIR was planned for the geometrical basis map makers in Terra instruments. After 15-years VNIR growth to the standard map-maker for space remote-sensing. This paper presents VNIR’s feature items during 15-year operation as change-detection images , DEM and calibration result. VNIR observed the World-wide Earth images for biological, climatological, geological, and hydrological study, those successful work shows a way on space remote sensing instruments. Still more, VNIR 15 years observation data trend and onboard calibration trend data show several guide or support to follow-on instruments.
KEYWORDS: Short wave infrared radiation, Radiometry, Thermography, Signal processing, Infrared radiation, Calibration, Sensors, Space operations, Visible radiation, Near infrared
ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) System is operating more than 15 years since launched on board of NASA’s Terra spacecraft in December 1999. ASTER System is composed of 3 radiometers (VNIR (Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer), SWIR (Short-Wave Infrared Radiometer), and TIR (Thermal Infrared Radiometer)), CSP (Common Signal Processor) and MSP (Master Power Supply). This paper describes the ASTER System operating history and the achievement of ASTER System long term operation since the initial checkout operation, the normal operation, and the continuous operation. Through the 15 years operation, ASTER system had totally checked the all subsystems (MPS, VNIR, TIR, SWIR, and CSP) health and safety check using telemetry data trend evaluation, and executed the necessary action. The watch items are monitored as the life control items. The pointing mechanics for VNIR, SWIR and TIR, and the cooler for SWIR and TIR are all operating with any problem for over 15 years. In 2003, ASTER was successfully operated for the lunar calibration. As the future plan, ASTER team is proposing the 2nd lunar calibration before the end of mission.
The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is a high-resolution optical sensor system that can observe in a wide region from the visible and near-infrared, the short wavelength infrared to the thermal infrared with 14 spectral bands on board of NASA’s Terra spacecraft for Earth Observing System (EOS) “A mission to planet earth." ASTER achieved 5 years mission success on orbit operation normally which is the specified target after launched on December, 1999. And after through 10 years continuous orbit operation, ASTER has still operating the long life observation of extra success to be 15 years in total on December, 2014. As for ASTER instrument that is composed of 3 radiometers; the Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer (VNIR) with 3 bands, the Short Wavelength Infrared Radiometer (SWIR) with 6 bands, the Thermal Infrared Radiometer (TIR) with 5 bands, overall ASTER long life data taken by 15 years onboard operation has been reviewed from the point of view of the health and safety check by Telemetry (TLM) data trend, the function and performance evaluation by observation data trend, the onboard calibration and verification by periodic Calibration(CAL) data trend. As a result, the radiometric degradation of VNIR and TIR and the temperature rise of SWIR detector were identified as significant challenges. The countermeasure plan towards the end of mission was clarified and also the novel lessons learned was verified.
The Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is one of the five sensors on the
NASA’s Terra satellite on orbit since December 1999. ASTER consists of three radiometers, the Visible and Near
InfraRed (VNIR), the Short-Wave InfraRed (SWIR) and Thermal InfraRed (TIR) whose spatial resolutions are 15 m, 30
m and 90 m, respectively. Unfortunately the SWIR image data are saturated since April 2008 due to the offset rise
caused by the cooler temperature rise, but the VNIR and the TIR are taking Earth images of good quality. The VNIR and
the TIR experienced responsivity degradation while the SWIR showed little change. From the lamp calibration, Band 1
decreased the most among three VNIR bands and 31% in thirteen years. The VNIR has the electrical calibration mode to
check the healthiness of the electrical circuits through the charge coupled device (CCD). Four voltage levels from Line 1
to Line 4, which are from 2.78 V to 3.10 V, are input to the CCD in the onboard calibration sequence and the output
digital numbers (DNs) are detected in the images. These input voltages are monitored as telemetry data and have been
stable up to now. From the electrical calibration we can check stabilities of the offset, gain ratio and gain stability of the
electric circuit. The output level of the Line1 input is close to the offset level which is measured while observing the
earth at night. The trend of the Line 1 output is compared to the offset level. They are similar but are not exactly the
same. The trend of the even pixel and odd pixel is the same so the saturated offset levels of the odd pixel is corrected by
using the even pixel trend. The gain ratio trend shows that the ratio is stable. But the ratio values are different from those
measured before launch. The difference comes up to 10% for the Band 2. The correct gain ratio should be applied to the
vicarious calibration result because the onboard calibration is measured with the Normal gain whereas the vicarious
calibration often measures with the High gain. The cause of the VNIR responsivity degradation is not known but one of
the causes might be the change of the electric circuit. The band 3 gain shows 16 % decrease whereas the gain changes of
the band 1 and band 2 are 5% to 8%. The responsivity decrease after 1000 days since launch might be controlled by the
electric circuit change.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Short wave infrared radiation, Signal to noise ratio, Calibration, Absorption, Optical filters, Filtering (signal processing), Linear filtering, Temperature metrology, Spectral calibration
HISUI (Hyperspectral Imager SUIte) is the next Japanese earth observation sensor, which consists of hyperspectral and
multispectral sensors. The hyperspectral sensor is an imaging spectrometer with the VNIR (400-970nm) and the SWIR
(900-2500nm) spectral channels. Spatial resolution is 30 m with swath width of 30km. The spectral resolution will be
better than 10nm in the VNIR and 12.5nm in the SWIR. The multispectral sensor has four VNIR spectral bands with
spatial resolution of 5m and swath width of 90km. HISUI will be installed in ALOS-3 that is an earth observing satellite
by JAXA. It will be launched in FY 2015. This paper is concerned with the effect of temperature on onboard calibration
reference material (NIST SRM2065) for spectral response functions (SRFs) retrieval of the hyperspectral sensor. Since
the location and intensity of absorption features are sensitive to material temperature, the estimated center wavelength and bandwidth of the SRFs may include the uncertainty. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the deviation of the wavelength and the bandwidth broadening of the SRFs when the material temperature changes. In this paper we describe the evaluation of uncertainty of the SRF’s parameters retrieval and show some simulation’s results.
The ASTER is a high-resolution optical sensor for observing the Earth on the Terra satellite launched in December1999.
The ASTER consists of three radiometers. The VNIR has three bands in the visible and near-infrared region, the SWIR
has six bands in the shortwave infrared region, and the TIR has five bands in the thermal infrared region. The onboard
calibration devices of the VNIR and SWIR were halogen lamps and photodiode monitors. In orbit three bands of the
VNIR showed a rapid decrease in the output signal. The band 1, the shortest wavelength, decreased most to 70% in
twelve years. The temperature of the onboard blackbody of the TIR is varied from 270 K to 340 K in the long term calibration for the offset and gain calibration. The long term calibration of the TIR showed a decrease in response after
launch. The decrease was most remarkable at band 12 decreasing to 60% in eleven years. The degradation spectra of the TIR shows that the possible causes of the degradation might be silicone and hydrazine. ASTER onboard calibration is normally carried out once in 49 days but additional onboard calibrations were added just before and after the inclination adjustment maneuver (IAM) to check the effect on the RCC. This experiment was carried out three times for each IAM in the fiscal year 2011. The result showed that the change in the RCC was small for both VNIR and TIR.
KEYWORDS: Short wave infrared radiation, Sensors, Radiometry, Signal to noise ratio, Spectral calibration, Signal processing, Performance modeling, Spectrographs, Calibration, Signal detection
The hyper-multi spectral mission named HISUI (Hyper-spectral Imager SUIte) is the next Japanese earth observation
project. This project is the follow up mission of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and reflection Radiometer
(ASTER) and Advanced Land Imager (ALDS). HISUI is composed of hyperspectral radiometer with higher spectral
resolution and multi-spectral radiometer with higher spatial resolution. The development of functional evaluation model
was carried out to confirm the spectral and radiometric performance prior to the flight model manufacture phase. This
model contains the VNIR and SWIR spectrograph, the VNIR and SWIR detector assemblies with a mechanical cooler
for SWIR, signal processing circuit and on-board calibration source.
The ASTER Instrument is one of the five sensors on the NASA’s Terra satellite on orbit since December 1999. ASTER
consists of three radiometers, VNIR, SWIR and TIR whose spatial resolutions are 15 m, 30 m and 90 m, respectively.
Unfortunately SWIR stopped taking images since May 2008 due to the offset rise caused by the detector temperature rise,
but VNIR and TIR are taking Earth images of good quality. VNIR and TIR experienced responsivity degradation while
SWIR showed little change. Band 1 (0.56 μm) decreased most among three VNIR bands and 30 % in twelve years. Band
12 (9.1 μm) decreased 40 % and most among five TIR bands. There are some discussions of the causes of the
responsivity degradation of VNIR and TIR. Possible causes are contamination accretion by silicone outgas, thruster
plume and plasma interaction. We marked hydrazine which comes out unburned in the thruster plume during the
inclination adjust maneuver (IAM). Hydrazine has the absorption spectra corresponding to the TIR responsivity
degradation in the infrared region. We studied the IAM effect on the ASTER by allocating the additional onboard
calibration activities just before and after the IAM while the normal onboard calibration activity is operated once in 49
days. This experiment was carried out three times in fiscal year 2011.
Fast and small-footprint lossless compressors for multi and hyper-spectral sensors have been developed. The compressors are employed for HISUI (Hyper-spectral Imager SUIte: the next Japanese earth observation project that will be on board ALOS-3).
By using spectral correlations, the compressor achieved the throughput of 30Mpel/sec for hyper-spectral images and 34Mpel/sec for multi-spectral images, which covers the data acquisition throughput of HISUI, on a radiation tolerant FPGA (field-programmable-gated-array). We also implemented the compressor on the evaluation model device of HISUI, and confirmed its feasibility and compression performance of actual hyper-spectral sensor data.
HISUI (Hyper-spectral Imager SUIte), which is the next Japanese earth observation project, has been developed under
the contract with Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry(METI) and New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization(NEDO). HISUI is composed of hyper-spectral sensor and multi-spectral sensor. The hyperspectral
sensor is an imaging spectrometer with two separate spectral channels: one for the VNIR range from 400 to 970
nm and the other for the SWIR range from 900 to 2500 nm. Ground sampling distance is 30 m with spatial swath width
of 30 km. The spectral sampling will be better than 10 nm in the VNIR and 12.5 nm in the SWIR. The multi-spectral
sensor has four VNIR spectral bands with spatial resolution of 5m and swath width of 90 km. HISUI will be installed in
ALOS-3 that is an earth observing satellite in the project formation phase by JAXA in FY 2015. This paper is concerned
with the retrieval of spectral response functions (SRF) for the hyper-spectral sensor. The center wavelength and
bandwidth of spectral response functions of hyper-spectral sensor may shift and broaden due to the distortion in the
spectrometer, the optics and the detector assembly. Therefore it is necessary to measure or estimate the deviation of the
wavelength and the bandwidth broadening of the SRFs. In this paper, we describe the methods of retrieval of the SRF's
parameters (Gaussian functions assumed) by means of onboard calibration sources and we show some simulation's
results and the usefulness of this method.
The ASTER is a high-resolution optical sensor for observing the Earth on the Terra satellite launched in December1999.
The ASTER consists of three radiometers. The VNIR has three bands in the visible and near-infrared region, the SWIR
has six bands in the shortwave infrared region, and the TIR has five bands in the thermal infrared region. The onboard
calibration devices of the VNIR and SWIR were halogen lamps and photodiode monitors. In orbit three bands of the
VNIR showed a rapid decrease in the output signal. The band 1, the shortest wavelength, decreased most to 70% in
eleven years. The VNIR spectra of the responsivity degradation were compared to other sensors, the JERS-1 OPS, the
OCTS, the Hyperion, the MODIS, the MISR and the SPOT. The temperature of the onboard blackbody of the TIR is
varied from 270 K to 340 K in the long term calibration for the offset and gain calibration. The long term calibration of
the TIR showed a decrease in response after launch. The decrease was most remarkable at band 12 decreasing to 60% in
eleven years. The degradation spectra of the TIR shows that the possible causes of the degradation might be silicone and
hydrazine.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Short wave infrared radiation, Spectrographs, Signal to noise ratio, Radiometry, Signal processing, Spectral calibration, Signal detection, Telescopes, Spectral resolution
The hyper-multi spectral mission named HISUI (Hyper-spectral Imager SUIte) is the next Japanese earth observation
project that will be on board ALOS-3 satellite. This project is the follow up mission of the Advanced Spaceborne
Thermal Emission and reflection Radiometer (ASTER). HISUI is composed of hyperspectral radiometer with higher
spectral resolution and multi-spectral radiometer with higher spatial resolution. The functional evaluation model is under
development to confirm the spectral and radiometric performance prior to the flight model manufacture phase. This
model contains the VNIR and SWIR spectrograph, the VNIR and SWIR detector assemblies with a mechanical cooler
for SWIR, signal processing circuit and on-board calibration source.
The Japanese hyper-spectral sensor provides data products covering continuous spectral bands in the wavelength range
from 400 nm to 2500 nm. It is characterized by a SNR of > 450 in the VNIR and>300 in the SWIR range at a ground
resolution of 30 m x30 m. This report is concerned with the onboard wavelength calibration methods for the Japanese
hyper-spectral sensor. As a result of trade study, the combination of a transmission type glass filter containing rare earth
oxides, a Mylar polyester film and a quartz tungsten-halogen-lamp was selected. This method covers the wavelength
range from 400 nm to 2450 nm. For the purpose of wavelength shift estimation, the method employing the mean square
deviation as merit-function was found to be stable and precise. The accuracy of the absorption peak wavelength
determination will be expected less than 2% (=0.2 nm) for the VNIR spectral resolution and 5% (=0.625 nm) for the
SWIR spectral resolution.
The ASTER is a high-resolution optical sensor for observing the Earth on the Terra satellite launched in 1999. The
ASTER consists of three radiometers, the VNIR in the visible and near-infrared region, the SWIR in the shortwave
infrared region, and the TIR in the thermal infrared region. The on-board calibration devices of the VNIR and the SWIR
were two halogen lamps and photodiode monitors. In orbit three bands of the VNIR showed a rapid decrease in the
output signal while all SWIR bands remained stable. The temperature of TIR on-board blackbody remains at 270 K in
the short-term calibration for the offset calibration, and is varied from 270 K to 340 K in the long term calibration for
the offset and gain calibration. The long term calibration showed a decrease of the TIR response in orbit. The
radiometric calibration coefficients of the VNIR and the TIR were fit to smooth functions. The temperature of the SWIR
detector increased from 77 K to more than 93 K in May 2008 so that the SWIR data saturated thereafter.
The ASTER is a high-resolution optical sensor for observing the Earth on the Terra satellite launched in 1999. The ASTER consists of three radiometers, the VNIR in the visible and near-infrared region, the SWIR in the shortwave infrared region, and the TIR in the thermal infrared region. The on-board calibration devices of the VNIR and the SWIR were two halogen lamps and photodiode monitors. In orbit three bands of the VNIR showed a rapid decrease in the output signal while all SWIR bands remained stable. The TIR has one on-board blackbody and is unable to see the dark space. Therefore the temperature of the on-board blackbody of the TIR remains at 270 K in the short-term calibration for the offset calibration, and is varied from 270 K to 340 K in the long term calibration for the offset and gain calibration. The long term calibration showed a decrease of the TIR response in orbit. The radiometric calibration coefficients of the VNIR and the TIR were fit to smooth functions.
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