Bragg crystals are widely used in free electron lasers to diffract and isolate an extremely narrow spectral range from the initial self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) signal. By rotating the crystal along one of its axes, multiple reflections can be generated as per Bragg’s law. A measurement model based on Bragg’s law was established at the SASE2 beamline of the European XFEL after extensive hours of hard x-ray self-seeding (HXRSS) operation. This model characterizes the crystal’s range of motion and reflections. In this work, two computer vision techniques, the Hough transform and template matching, are implemented to identify the absolute photon energy from photon diagnostic images. By comparing the spectrometer correlation scans with the model, the actual operational energy can be determined from the measured data using these techniques, enabling accurate calibration as well as the ability to freely scan the photon energy with a self-seeded beam over a wide energy range.
Fundamental electron dynamics at the attosecond frontier and their direct coupling to structural dynamics of matter yield novel insights into the energy-distribution and protection mechanisms of Nature. The angular-streaking technique has exclusively demonstrated its capability of obtaining the full time-energy structure of XFEL pulses with attosecond resolution directly in the time-domain, thus enabling XFELs to study electron dynamics from element-specific vistas and their importance as onset of subsequent structural dynamics. We will present latest advances of this technique together with first results from the 2022 EuXFEL atto-campaign and the complementary prospects of the FLASH 2020+ innovation project at DESY.
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