This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 12924, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee information.

Caffeine is present in a variety of functional beverages, soft drinks, and teas, as well as coffee. At various ages, the body experiences varied advantages and downsides from caffeine use. In this research, a study of caffeine intake in three age groups found that: in adolescence, caffeine primarily affects brain development and sleep in children, and excessive caffeine intake can slow down brain development and thus affect cognitive behavior in adulthood, which is weaker than normal; in adulthood, caffeine intake can maintain energy at work and reduce the perception of fatigue, but the study also found that in adolescence, caffeine primarily affects brain development and sleep in children, and excessive caffeine intake can slow down However, studies have also shown that excessive caffeine consumption in adulthood can impair human function in old age; in old age, many studies have shown that continuous caffeine consumption can help prevent certain cognitive behavioral disorders and delay the onset of Parkinson’s disease and type 2 diabetes.

Pain that serves as a survival mechanism is a warning signal to the organism from tissue damage that has occurred or is about to occur. When this damage occurs in the nerve system, it causes neuropathic pain, which affects 7% to 8% of the general population and accounts for 20% to 25% of chronic pain sufferers. The pathogenesis of neuropathic pain is mainly related to the generation of ectopic electrical activity following nerve injury, also accompanied by the involvement of a range of inflammatory factors. Although neuropathic pain is often treated with a mix of pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological treatments (often including physical therapy and psychotherapy), a radical cure is not achievable due to the pathogenesis’s complexity and uncertainty. In this research, the processes of quantitative and morphological changes that occur in microglia in neuropathic pain and how such changes evoke the pain hypersensitivity response are discussed from a non-neural perspective. Simultaneously, glutamate communication routes between neurons and glial cells under normal settings and disruption of the glutamatergic system in various forms of neuropathic pain are explored. On the basis of the preceding, it is recommended to investigate the pathophysiology and treatment methods of neuropathic pain from a non-neurological perspective.

A particularly inflammatory kind of programmed cell death is called pyroptosis. Inflammasomes, caspases, and GSDMs predominantly mediate its pathways. These molecules make up different signal pathways for pyroptosis and respond to specific triggers, which allow them to play a role in various diseases. In different types and stages of cancers, pyroptosis may have opposite effects. As the tumorigenesis progressed, the role of pyroptosis might change from promoting to inhibiting, and vice versa. The key regulatory factor of pyroptosis is inconsistent in different tumors. Gynecologic cancer affects the reproductive system of women. Pyroptosis has been implicated in the growth and spread of various malignancies. Among gynecologic cancers, ovarian cancer causes the most death. There is no effective early screening test for ovarian cancer and patients usually have poor prognosis. Pyroptosis-related genes that are expressed differently in cancer cells and normal cells are being studied to be used as signatures for better prediction of prognosis. Endometrial cancer is related to the periodic hormone changes that cause chronic inflammation, which is closely related to pyroptosis. Cervical cancer is mostly caused by HPV infection. HPV can inhibit pyroptosis pathways to help escape cell death. Pyroptosis provides a new target for cancer treatment. Its specific mechanisms in different tissue and possible side effects still need further studies.

The development and treatment of tumors are complex and multifaceted, with genetics, environment, and metabolism emerging as new areas of focus. Among these, the relationship between fat and tumors has become an important research direction, with significant implications in the field of nutrition. No matter the amounts of extracellular lipids, the importance of fatty acid production for cancer cell proliferation and survival has now been established by multiple research. In addition, tumors and their precursor lesions unexpectedly produce more endogenous fatty acids than healthy tissue. Also the diverse functions of lipid biosynthesis in the context of oncogenesis. The functions of fatty acids have been investigated in tumorigenesis, extending beyond their conventional roles as constituents of cellular membranes or sources of energy production. As tumor-associated fatty acid synthase, by providing benefits for growth and survival rather than acting as an anabolic energy-storage route. Comprehending the etiology and mechanisms underlying lipid homeostasis in cancer cells may uncover metabolic vulnerabilities that can be leveraged for therapeutic interventions. Aggressive malignancies are commonly associated with lipid metabolic abnormalities. This review provides an overview of the current evidence regarding changes in fatty acid metabolism in cancer, as well as recent advances in related research. And emphasizing researches which are being carried out to examine the modulation of lipid metabolism and the role played by the tumor microenvironment in providing lipids. Furthermore, various methodologies are presented in relation to dietary fat interventions that could potentially impede lipid supply to tumors, thereby establishing the groundwork for subsequent investigations.

In 2020, colorectal cancer has become the third worldwide most prevalent cancer and second deadliest cancer and its prevalence rate is still on the rise. IL-6 cytokine superfamily includes a group of cytokines that are crucial factors in the development of tumors. Leukemia inhibitory factor belongs to this superfamily, showing its activity in regulating different kinds of signal transduction pathways and helping inhibit differentiation and regeneration of stem cells, involved in immune procession and inflammation. LIF also exercises an influence over a variety of cancers. Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) is a complex that is composed of LIFR-β (or LIFR) subunit and glycoprotein 130. LIFR binds with LIF with high affinity, as a result of which various intracellular signaling pathways are activated. This article reviews the state and function of LIF and LIFR in the occurrence and metastasis of colorectal cancer, and its potential in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is also anticipated.

Alzheimer’s disease is known as a rather complex neurodegenerative disease caused by a combination of multiple factors.Numerous theories have been put out as potential causes of Alzheimer’s illness development, including cholinergic insufficiency, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, amyloid beta toxicity, synaptic dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Microglia play a crucial role in the immune system and are considered to be the culprits of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. With the emergence of single-cell and imaging technologies, the ontogeny, heterogeneity, and function of microglia in health and disease have been clarified, and the question of how to preserve homeostatic microglial function for the medical treatment of neurodegenerative illness has emerged.It is common to characterize microglial activation in terms of two broad polarization states, but the interaction between these two subtypes of activated glial cells can be extremely intricate, and the distribution of phenotypes can alter as neurodegenerative disorders develop. To achieve the purpose of creating efficient treatments, a deeper comprehension of the functions of microglia in neurodegenerative disorders is necessary.This review seeks to summarize the research progress on the pathological mechanisms of microglia and reported therapeutic implications currently under clinical evaluation.The improvements of treatments of neurodegenerative diseases through "modulation of microglia activationprotection neurons" related pathways will be highlighted.Understanding microglial growth and aging may, ideally, present a possibility for elucidating the mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease and creating cutting-edge treatments, opening up new avenues and opportunities for the creation of drugs.

Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental illness that has significant public health implications. According to data from the World Health Organization, 0.32 percent of the world population, about 24 million people are affected by schizophrenia. In 1966, the Dopamine Hypothesis was first proposed by Jacques van Rossum. He linked the overexpression of dopamine receptors with the symptoms of schizophrenia. Among the five dopamine receptors, the dopamine D2 receptor is the mainly targeted one using antipsychotics. This paper aims to discuss the role of dopamine in the Pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. In this review, current hypotheses of schizophrenia and the relationship between dopamine and available treatments are covered. The effects of antipsychotics on dopamine receptors are also reviewed. The patients all show a significant decrease in the activation of dopamine receptors. Typical mental therapy, including talk and art therapy, also shows a decrease in dopamine receptors expression. The expression of dopamine receptor was found to reduce patient symptoms in both drug and mental therapies.

With the advancement of synthetic biology, cells can be modified and engineered through gene recombination, gene editing and protein engineering. Given that many elements in gene expression are environmental-sensitive, synthetic biosensor based on cells has been proposed and many studies have validated this concept. Synthetic biosensors can facilitate research on the revelation of biomolecular activity in living systems. And it has the advantages of easy operation, energy economy, and adaptability. This review introduces three types of synthetic biosensors including transcriptional biosensors, translational biosensors, and post-translational biosensors. Then the topic will focus on approaches that help discovery of biosensing elements in cells, which is vital but still challenging for the development of synthetic biosensors. Cell-free assays, directed revolution, high through-put screening and computational methods are discussed in this review. Subsequently, the application of synthetic biosensors is summarized, presenting utility and advantages of them. At last, the future direction is discussed, hoping to provide prospects or advice for research in this field.

The increase of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is likely to exceed people's common awareness, and it poses a huge confusion for clinical medication timing. Accurate identification and timely reporting of antibiotic-resistant bacteria will reduce infections and deaths. While the developed identification methods of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are helpful to decrease possible danger, there is a dearth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria biosensors capable of dealing with public health emergencies and precisely distinguishing particular antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the field. This paper analyzes the challenges of building specific and immediate biosensors for antibiotic-resistant bacteria from both the recognition elements and sensing methods, and accordingly proposes the most promising solutions to these challenges. It has been found that the specificity and availability of targeting molecules and targets for antibiotic-resistant bacteria are major limits to develop antibiotic-resistant bacteria biosensors. The lack of on-site reporting capabilities further hinders the popularization of existing antibiotic-resistant bacteria biosensors. Through comparison among different recognition elements, aptamer may be the most promising targeting molecules for future antibiotic-resistant bacteria biosensors design. In addition, optically paper-based or membrane-based biosensors are recommended because of their simplicity and potential of rapid translation into field applications.

SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 3 (SHANK3), a multidomain protein, has been identified as one of the few proteins that directly impact synaptic activities from multiple perspectives, especially during early developmental stages. Protein interactions between SHANK3 and other postsynaptic proteins have made SHANK3 critical in the process of dendrite and spine formation, vesicle release, synaptic transmission, and synaptic plasticity. A number of SHANK3 variants have been identified in neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly in Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The mutation or deletion of SHANK3 results in different forms of synaptic dysfunctions and can even lead to altered spine morphologies, a decline in GABA-mediated synaptic transmission, and impaired long-term potentiation (LTP). As a result, these abnormalities are associated with representative autism-like behaviors. In this review, we focus on the role of normal SHANK3 in synaptic functions and the role of its mutations in ASD conditions. SHANK3 could provide new insights for the research focuses in ASD treatments, and contribute greatly to the future clinical field.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have immense potential for regenerative medicine, particularly as a main source of adoptive immune cells. However, due to the variation of genetic and epigenetic factors on the differentiation of iPSCs cells, the final desired outcome is often impure. Therefore, fully harnessing the capabilities of iPSCs requires precise control over their fate commitment, ensuring the generation of desired cell lineages with functional properties. In recent years, the integration of single-cell genomics has emerged as a powerful approach for guiding iPSCs fate commitment with unparalleled resolution and specificity. In this paper, we aim to discuss the methodologies and technologies utilized in single-cell genomics, specifically focusing on single-cell RNA sequencing, T cell receptor sequencing, and advanced computational analysis methods. We further explore how these techniques have been applied to uncover the genetic and epigenetic changes involved in iPSCs fate commitment, identify important regulators, and track lineage trajectories at the single-cell level. Additionally, we also provide a concise pipeline to guide iPSCs differentiation by integrating single-cell genomic approaches.

The development of oocytes is a vital process in living organisms, playing a crucial role in both human and animal health. This review aims to provide an in-depth exploration of oocyte morphogenesis, growth phases, maturation, and factors influencing oocyte quality and fertilization capacity. At the same time, this research introduces IVM technology, and focuses on the influencing factors and solutions in the application process. Additionally, this paper delves into key regulatory factors, signaling pathways, as well as the latest research techniques and methodologies concerning female cell development. It not only provides solutions for female diseases such as infertility, but also provides advanced technical means for animal reproduction and breeding.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common mental health in people of different background, which can be caused when someone experience or witness trauma incidents. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical surgery whose basic element is electrode into the brain to stimulate a specific area. DBS has been used to treat various nerve and mental illness, including Parkinson's disease, obsessive -compulsive disorder and depression. In recent years, people have become more interested in using DBS for PTSD treatment. In this review, the latest application of PTSD treatment based on DBS will be introduced. Generally, the processing of PTSD with DBS is always concentrated on the almond core of the brain, so the effect can be ideal. Relying on pre -clinical research and clinical research, in the treatment of refractory PTSD patients, the effect of DBS is essential. PTSD's DBS is in the rapid development stage, and it may help patients with medical refractory PTSD under the results of random control.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a globally prevalent mental illness that negatively impacts both personal and public health outcomes. The extant academic research on BD has achieved significant advancements. The symptoms of BD are characterized by alternating episodes of extreme mood states of mania and depression, and the causes of this psychiatric disorder can be attributed to biological factors, psychological factors and environment-gene interactions. The available treatments to this disorder including medication, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), psychotherapy, social support, and life change. This literature focuses on the main symptoms, causes and conventional therapies for BD, intending to contribute to advances in clinical research on BD. Based on well-regarded publications in psychiatry, the paper found many limitations in the extant study of BD, and future research is thus needed to fill the research gaps.

In tumor diseases, the tumor microenvironment and tumor cells jointly determine the malignant phenotype of tumors. In turn, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely related to tumorigenesis, growth and metastasis, including not only the structure, function and metabolism of tumor tissues, but also the intrinsic environment of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the tumor cells themselves. Exosomes are membrane vesicles secreted by most cell types and have been shown to be involved in various cellular communications in the TME, such as those with tumor fibroblasts, tumor stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and immune cells in the TME. This finding has helped researchers to better understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and metastasis. Because exosomes are able to be used to deliver nucleic acids, proteins and small molecules with an easily modified appearance, and able to even cross the perivascular brain and overcome the peripheral mononuclear phagocytic system, exosome-based oncology drugs may be a promising alternative to nanoparticle-mediated drugs. This review presents recent results on the involvement of exosomes in the communication of different cells in TME and discusses feasible options for cutting their upstream pathways to inhibit tumor theory, and finally discusses their potential as drug delivery carriers in tumor therapy, illustrating some of the dilemmas faced by exosome-based oncology drugs.

A new and fatal virus called Hanta is currently present in Rwanda. Even in small amounts, the virus can be fatal to humans, and because it remains dormant in cells, it is challenging for the immune system to create an effective defense. The World Health Organization also informed people that although the virus can be slowed down by the injection of antibiotics, the patient's life will not be protected by the use of antibiotics once the virus has been slowed down to the maximum extent by the antibiotic injection. In this paper, the continuous process of virus replication in patients who are not receiving antibiotic injection therapy and the crucial rescue period of antibiotic injection are discussed. A mathematical model is established based on the idea of an ordinary differential equation (ODE) for the process of virus replication in different stages and situations in the human body. As a result, if the number of virus replication reaches 1 billion, the virus cannot be stopped. Patients cannot rely solely on their own immune systems to recover and they must seek medical attention as soon as possible. If a patient had not received antibiotic treatment for 47.4412 hours from the beginning of infection with the first virus, the virus in the patient's body will reach 100000000000 copies, leading to death. After exceeding the critical rescue time, injecting antibiotics can extend the patient's life to a certain extent.

Breast cancer, takes a large proportion in tumor-associated female death at present. It mainly causes the death of patients through four aspects: cancer cells shedding, spreading, metastasis, forming implanted tumors or breast cancer recurrence. Related studies have shown that about most primary breast cancer have the amplification of Her2 gene or overexpression of the protein. Her2 is a common receptor in cell membrane as monomers but dimerize on ligand binding. The dinner shows as the active form. The activation involves in cell growth. The overexpression of Her2 cause the continuous activation of Her2 downstream pathways, which further induce tumor proliferation and metastasis. The patients with the amplification of Her2 always relate to poor prognosis. In this paper, we focus on the structure, biological future and cellular cascade of Her2. Also, the relationship between Her2 and breast cancer and related targeted therapeutic agents are briefly discussed, to further provide potential clinical application and improve human health.

Myxobacteria is a kind of gram-negative bacteria. As higher prokaryotes, myxobacteria is widely distributed, and it can glide and prey on other bacteria. Myxobacteria have many species and can live in various extreme environments. Due to its special predation characteristics and abundant secondary metabolites, more and more researchers have paid attention to it in recent years. According to these characteristics, myxobacteria have been widely used in agricultural disease prevention and control, medical disease research, food safety and preservation, environmental management and protection, etc. However, because the current technical means are not enough to excavate all kinds of myxobacteria species, the research on their separation and classification is still slow. This thesis summarizes the methods and status quo of myxobacteria isolation and identification in recent years, research progress on predation and secondary metabolites of myxobacteria in different disciplines and fields. On this basis, the bottleneck of myxobacteria research and its future prospects are put forward.

The accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is of great importance in clinical treatment and research. In this paper, the effect sizes of different biomarkers in the ALZBIOMARKER database were mapped and analyzed based on the MATLAB platform. The results found that CSF biomarkers (tau protein, Aβ42, NFL) and plasma (or serum) biomarkers (tau-181, NFL, GFAP) were strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease; among them, the core biomarkers (tau protein, Aβ42) were strongly associated with mild cognitive impairment. The emerging CSF biomarkers NSE, VLP-1, HFABP and YKL- 40 were moderately associated with Alzheimer's disease. T-tau, P-tau, Aβ42 and NFL in CSF were found to be useful for clinical practice and research through analysis.

In recent years, with the change of lifestyle, cancer has increasingly become the number one killer of human health. In the US, cancer is the second most common cause of death. based on data from an American Cancer Society study. 19.3 million new cases of cancer and approximately 10 million cancer-related deaths are predicted to occur globally by 2020. Lung cancer remained the primary cause of death among these, but female breast cancer had surpassed it as the most prevalent malignancy at 11.7%. The traditional treatment of cancer includes three major modalities: surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Although these methods have achieved certain efficacy, their side effects cannot be ignored. Compared with traditional treatment modalities, immunotherapy has higher specificity and safety profile since it induces the immune response targets specifically against tumor cells reduces unnecessary harm to normal cells and aims to. Thus it is gaining interest as an emerging treatment for oncological diseases and there is already a lot of researches into the development of specific cancer vaccines to stimulate the body's immune system. Despite much progress has been made in current research on cancer vaccines, there is still much room in the development of more efficient, specific and safe vaccines. The review introduces the composition, mechanism of action, advantages and limitations of the various types of vaccines and presents clinical trials to illustrate their pre-application potential.

Metabolic syndrome is common in the population. It is not a single disorder, but a series of disorders caused by various factors (e.g. genetics, environment, lifestyle habits), among others, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose regulation, this undoubtedly increases the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease. More than one third of adults in China are suffering from this condition. Vitamin D was previously widely accepted to promote healthy bone growth. And now it is thought that vitamin deficiency also increases the likelihood of developing metabolic syndrome. The aim of this review is to review previous trials and data to find an association between vitamin D and the three most common metabolic syndromes.

Based on recent studies, astrocytes can be considered to have a variety of functions, including supporting, regenerating, protecting, and repairing neurons, etc. Sleep also has its own unique properties and is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythm, the homeostasis system, and the autonomic nervous system. Now, more and more evidence suggests that astrocytes play an important role in the central nervous system and are closely related to sleep. This review briefly introduces the basic function of AS and the basic mechanism of sleep, and reviews the relationship between AS and sleep regulation. AS regulates the sleep-wake cycle through Ca2+ activity, adenosine, Fabp7, and some inflammatory factors, and regulates energy metabolism through ATP and liver glycogen to bring the body to sleep.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disease that weakens memory and other critical mental abilities. And AD is the leading cause of dementia among elderly people. More people are suffering from AD, which is a increasing problem because aging population is becoming more and more serious worldwide. AD and other dementia diseases will cost the nation $345 billion and, following this trend, will cost 1 trillion dollars or so by 2050. Current treatments only provide relief of symptoms and are unable to fully cure the diseases. However, the neuroregulatory techniques may offer some hope in managing the symptoms and slowing down the progression of the disease. Neuromodulation technologies and brain-computer interfaces (BCI) bring the potential solution for AD by modulating the nervous system activities. We present the different types of neuromodulations and BCI techniques and discuss their advantages and limitations. Such as, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), electroencephalography (EEG), deep brain stimulation (DBS), et. al. We summarize the mechanisms and findings of these technologies in AD and discuss emerging technologies under research and development. Finally, we discuss the future development and possible challenging aspects of neuromodulation technologies and brain-computer interfaces in AD. These technologies are promising in improving the everyday activities and cognitive health of Alzheimer's patients, but further clinical studies and testing are needed.

This article begins with the origination of the Engram theory. With reference to the Engram evaluation criteria suggested by Morris, the existence of Engram theory is proved by loss-of-function studies and gain-of-function studies. Five kinds of mechanisms of Engram theory are described then, including memory record, memory backup and memory loss, making it easier to understand how the Engram system works in detail. In the end, the existing problems and limitations of Engram’s theory are summarized, and probable developments are predicted.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an extremely aggressive brain cancer that accounts for almost 50% of all primary malignant brain tumors. Despite extensive efforts, challenges such as intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity continue to impact the prognosis and survival rate. To address this, single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of 2 tumor data sets was used to precisely determine the gene expression of GBM cell populations. Results revealed the striking molecular heterogeneity present in individual tumor specimens and the complexity of tumor-infiltrating cells, confirming the diversity of genes present in GBM tumors. There have been a number of previous studies that each analyzed GBM tumor heterogeneity for individual application purposes, but there has not yet been an analysis of multiple samples using the same set of markers. Therefore, my results across multiple tumor data sets provide helpful information for GBM tumor heterogeneity, which can be applied to patient classification, and highlight potential therapeutical gene targets to advance current therapies and treatments.

Exendin-4 is an analogue of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and has a good efficacy in the treatment of type II diabetes. Recently, some researchers have found that Exendin-4 can promote cell osteogenesis and angiogenesis, but the specific mechanism of its promotion of bone regeneration is not yet clear. This review focuses on the specific mechanisms by which Exendin-4 promotes osteogenesis in bone cells and stem cells, as well as its ability to induce endothelial cell migration, budding, and neovascularization, and promote angiogenesis. In addition, this article discusses some in vivo experiments using Exendin-4 alone or in combination with other materials. However, since its specific mechanism is not yet clear, and there is no clinical data to support it, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism by which Exendin-4 promotes bone regeneration is of significant value for treatment of bone tissue damage in diabetic patients. This review also provides a certain direction and basis for the subsequent practical application of Exendin-4.

The genetic condition neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) shows several different clinical presentations. The cause of the disease is the deletion and mutation of the NF1 tumor suppressor gene, which codes for mutated neurofibromin. The mutation of neurofibromin leads to a decrease in its activity of GAP, thereby promoting the activation of several downstream pathways. The two important downstream pathways of mutant NF1 are RAS/MAPK and Akt/mTOR, which play a critical role in cell growth and survival. The activation of these cellular cascades promotes cell proliferation and migration, further leading to neurofibromatosis type 1. Here we focus on the clinical features of neurofibromatosis type 1 and its mechanism of it. Further, we discuss the function and dysfunction of neurofibromin which shows a critical role in the progression of NF-1. Also, we display the downstream pathway of mutant neurofibromin. Importantly, we focus on the clinical application of neurofibromin as the potential therapeutic target of NF-1.

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), leading to symptoms including paralysis, and motor and sensory dysfunction, is a complex field to research. There exists no current cure for SCI repair. However, many kinds of therapies for SCI have shown potential, especially cellular therapies. Among them, the use of neural stem cells (NSCs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is considered promising. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) are multi-potent cells that can self-renew, and differentiate into neural cells. With suitable property, NSPC has become a long-standing focus of research. This review discusses the latest advances in NSPC transplantation in the treatment of SCI and related technical details and serves as a reference for further exploration of neuroprosthetic techniques related to NSPCs.

A crucial protein that regulates the spindle checkpoint, BUB1 catalyze phosphorylation on serine/threonine residues of target protein, then transduce the downstream cascade. During the cell cycle, BUB1 participates in the control of SAC to maintain proper chromosomal alignment and ensure correct sister chromatid separation. Chromosome instability and aneuploidy in somatic cells can result from the aberrant expression of BUB1, which can also cause functional abnormalities in SAC. Additionally, BUB1 participates in the incidence and progression of malignant tumors through influencing tumor cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and tumor stem cell activities, according to research conducted in recent years. Here, we focus on the structure and biological function of BUB1. Also, this review describes the role of BUB1 in tumorigenesis which associating with the basic molecular structure and its canonical biological function which display the relationship with SAC. Further, we discuss the potential clinical application of BUB1 for providing a new basis for targeted therapy of tumors.

The gluteus maximus is the largest and strongest muscle in the body. As a stabilizing and dynamic muscle, he is involved in almost every movement related to the lower extremities. Its continuity with the other muscles in the fascia system and the mechanical closure provided in the sacroiliac joint ensure the stability of the lower limb joints during movement. As a mobilizer, gluteal contraction transmit force along the spiral line, lateral body line, and back functional line, helping the body generate or control movement. While the gluteus muscles have important functions, they are also prone to inhibition. This involves blockage innervation, reciprocal inhibition, synergistic dominance, as well as inflammation and pain. Gluteal muscle dysfunction is a cause and result of many lower limb injuries, such as ppfs, iliotibial band syndrome and sprain ankle. Restoring and maintaining normal gluteal muscle function is the basis of normal lower limb movement. Gluteal muscle function should be considered early in the rehabilitation process of lower limb injury. The main goal of this paper is to analyses the function of gluteus maximus in myofascial systems of low body and delve into the mechanisms behind the inhibition of gluteus maximus as well as resultant low body injuries.

Glaucoma is a group of ocular disorders that will affect 111.8 million people globally by 2040 and can lead to permanent vision loss and blindness. However, current treatments are insufficient to modify the progression of the disease. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is known as the leading risk factor of glaucoma, while some cases also occur without elevation in IOP. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the molecular similarity and differences between IOP-dependent and IOP-independent glaucoma, which is a largely understudied topic. Using disease-associated genomic and transcriptomic sequencing datasets, this study aims to characterize the gene expression pattern and cellular composition in different pathogenic factors related to glaucoma. To achieve this research goal, I utilized multiple machine learning based bioinformatic tools to analyze genome wide association study (GWAS) data and a cross-species single-cell RNAsequencing (transcriptomics) dataset. The findings of this study revealed specific cell types and gene targets in different pathways in humans. Furthermore, new drug targets were identified based on the identified culprit disease-associated genes. The results of this study provided us a better understanding of the global and cell type specific mechanisms for different types of glaucoma. It can also facilitate future research and therapeutic options with a novel framework of sequencing data-based drug mining.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), as a neural modulation technique, has been widely used during the treatment of depression. The aim of this review is exploring the role of DBS in depression treatment and focuses on the combination of DBS and Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) applications. Firstly, we review the pathophysiological features of depression and the limitations of traditional treatment methods. Subsequently, we introduce the principles of DBS and its application in patients with depression. DBS modulates neural circuit activity by electrically stimulating specific brain regions such as the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and Subgenual Cingulate Cortex (SGC), leading to an improvement in depressive symptoms. Next, we discuss the development and application of BCI technology in the field of neural modulation. BCI, as a technology that directly translates brain signals into control of external devices, offers new possibilities for DBS treatment. By combining BCI with DBS, individualized monitoring of brain electrical activity and closed-loop modulation can be achieved, enhancing the precision and effectiveness of treatment. While current research is still in its early stages, promising results have been obtained, providing guidance for future clinical applications. Lastly, we discuss the prospects of combining DBS and BCI for the treatment of depression and propose further research directions and challenges. The development of this integrated treatment approach holds promise for providing more effective and personalized treatment options for patients with depression.

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase is an atypical alpha kinase that plays a key role in protein synthesis by down-regulating the extension step. It achieves this by phosphorylating eukaryotic elongation factor 2 or undergoing self-phosphorylation at multiple sites to inhibit its function in translational elongation. In a few different types of malignancies, studies have found that eEF2K is highly activated or over-expressed. eEF2K inhibits the apoptotic process in cancer possibly by modulating the expression of some apoptotic proteins such as XIAP, PI3KCI and p70S6K. In various forms of cancer, recent research has revealed that eEF2K is significantly activated or over-expressed. By identifying the specific mechanisms through which eEF2K operates to promote tumor growth and survival, it will be able to develop more effective treatments that target this pathway directly. Furthermore, it is possible that eEF2K plays a critical role in the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy in cancer. In addition to these exciting findings, there are several conceptual strategies being explored to further refine and enhance the efficacy of these inhibitors. Repurposed drugs, which are already approved for other indications, offer an attractive avenue for expedited clinical translation. Double-targeted drugs that simultaneously target eEF2K and another key signaling pathway could also provide synergistic effects against cancer cells. Furthermore, drug combinations that incorporate multiple eEF2K inhibitors or combine them with other targeted therapies may represent a powerful approach to overcome resistance mechanisms and improve treatment outcomes in various types of cancers. However, there are still significant challenges in designing an ideal targeted drug. This paper discusses some potential inhibitors targeting eEF2K with mechanism of apoptosis and therapeutic potential in the cancer setting. These inspiring discoveries provide some promising methods for inhibiting eEF2K with micro-molecule agents, which may further enhance potential anticancer treatment and its therapeutic level. Overall, these innovative approaches offer new hope for patients battling cancer and highlight the importance of continued research efforts in this field.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the source of most proteins secreted into extracellular space which plays a dual function by promoting the mechanisms of both autophagy induction and inhibition of autophagy. ER stress is associated with different types of neurodegenerations and cancer, etc. It is increasingly receiving attention as a target for elucidating pathogenic mechanisms and developing therapeutics. Unfolded protein response (UPR), an intracellular signaling pathway that can mediate a series of transcriptional processes that reestablish ER homeostasis. The UPR activates three pathways at the molecular level: ER transmembrane proteins, translation and transcription factor 6 (ATF6), or endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 (ERN1, aka IRE1). These pathways are responsible for many cellular events for example, autophagy, inflammation, and cell progression. Under normal condition, the heat shock protein keep all three UPR pathways inactivated. In this review, we will have a look at the pathways of ER stress and the mechanisms it affects our organism and contributes to diseases.

Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway (UPP) is a process which attaches ubiquitin to target proteins, marks target proteins for degradation by the proteasome, and subsequently degrades the tagged proteins into smaller peptides. Disruption of UPP would negatively affect protein degradation. This may cause accumulation of misfolded or damaged proteins, which can form intracellular aggregates and lead to various neurodegenerative conditions. In this paper, we present the role UPP plays in four diseases: Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and heart disease. An introduction of each disease and its mechanism is presented, and the relationship between UPP and the disease is discussed.

Autophagy is a catabolic cellular process that degrades and recycles cellular proteins and damaged organelles. Constitutive autophagy at a basal level is crucial to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and metabolism. It modulates the quality control of proteins and organelles and degrades aggregated proteins alongside the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway. Cancer develops from uncontrolled proliferation of genetically mutated cells and no definite cure has been devised to this day. In recent years, the complex and multifaceted nature of autophagy has drawn attention to its relationship with cancer. While autophagy is often considered a protective mechanism against tumourigenesis due to its regulation of homeostasis, emerging evidence suggests that autophagy can also promote cancer progression. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the intricate interplay between autophagy and cancer, evaluating the tumor-suppressive and tumor-promotive roles of autophagy during tumourigenesis and cancer progression. The molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of autophagy on cancer will be examined as well as the challenges and opportunities in autophagy-focused therapeutic strategies. Dissecting the relationship between autophagy and cancer offers great opportunities for the advancement of therapeutic approaches.

With the acknowledgement that the human genome is almost identical to each other, we may raise the question: what makes each individual distinct. Specifically, how that genetic information will be changed in the process of aging to shape the diverse disease susceptibility for different human populations? With the advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies, scientists can utilize them to trace the somatic variants and investigate their functional relationships with our body. Recent studies have suggested a link between brain mosaicism and neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. Brain mosaicism describes the phenomenon where different populations of cells within the same brain have distinct genetic compositions. As a result, different cells within the same individual can have slightly different genetic makeups, which may contribute to individual differences in brain function and disease susceptibility. However, the underlying mechanism of how the mosaic pattern of the somatic variants are contributing the AD disease is still unveiled. This review will explore recent research on brain mosaicism, its potential role in aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and the technologies enabling these discoveries.

G-proteins and G-proteins receptors play an extremely important role in the physiological functions of the human body and various cells. They are closely related to tumors and cancers, in addition to neurological diseases, endocrine, metabolic, and developmental disorders and other diseases. In this review, we focus on their role in human disease, and the G-proteins receptors to research the methods of treating diseases. Among them, this review mainly describes the main influencing factors of G-proteins and G-proteins receptors in Atherosclerosis, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart diseases, cancer and tumor, and related treatment methods.

The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is a crucial player in cellular processes, including cell proliferation, survival, and migration; it is an important factor in the understanding of breast cancer. This paper delves into the molecular pharmacology of GPER in breast cancer, with particular emphasis on its potential as a therapeutic target. Existing research focused on GPER activation showed that its overexpression or overactivity might contribute to breast cancer progression and therapy resistance significantly. Promisingly, GPER modulators, such as G-1 (agonists), G15, and G36 (antagonists), emerge as potential therapeutic agents for breast cancer treatment. This paper extensively examines the effects of GPER modulation and its therapeutic implications in breast cancer treatment.

The material basis of using Saussurea involucrata in the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was studied through bioinformatics, network pharmacology, and molecular docking. The ESCC data chip GSE167488 was obtained from the GEO database. The GEO2R tool was used to identify significantly differentially expressed genes in ESCC. TCMSP was employed to screen for active ingredients and targets of Saussurea involucrata. Human genes related to ESCC were retrieved from the NCBI Gene database. The genes were intersected to obtain 28 common genes, corresponding to 7 effective components of Saussurea involucrata. PPI network and component-target network were constructed. GO biological enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis were performed on the targets in the DAVID database to obtain cancerrelated signal transduction, immune regulation, and other disease pathways. The GEPIA database was used to analyze the survival of 20 targets, and 4 significantly different genes with different expressions in ESCC survival rate were screened. Molecular docking was performed and it was found that homoplantaginin, isoimperatorin, kaempferol, luteolin, rosarylline, and quercetin had a good combination with target MMP1, PTGS2, SERPINE1, and VCAM1.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common degenerative disease of the central nervous system, with an increasing death rate but no effective treatment strategy. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is becoming an attractive alternative approach for the understanding and cleaning of amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation in AD. Polygonum multiflorum Thunb (Heshouwu) has been widely reported to be effective for AD via meta-analysis and network pharmacology. Rhein in Polygonum multiflorum Thunb was isolated as the most promising chemical compound with the highest potential in producing anti-oxidative results. Microglia cell lines were utilized in trials to assess mitochondrial availability. To explore the effect and mechanism of Rhein on AD treatment, Aβ1-42 oligomer-burdened microglia cell line model was constructed. Rhein was found effective in reducing the inflammatory activation of microglia caused by Aβ1-42 oligomer incubation and alleviating microglial mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from Aβ1-42 oligomer incubation. Our study is the first to demonstrate Rhein’s therapeutic effects on neuroinflammation caused by microglia. This finding further supports the feasibility of Polygonum Multiflorum Thunb, a TCM, as a potential drug for AD treatment. These results broaden our knowledge of improving mitochondrial function as an approach for relieving microglia oxidative and overactivation stress in AD.

Melanin, a biological pigment produced by melanocytes through complex processes, exists widely in organisms and plays many positive roles. For example, ultraviolet radiation and harm from various external pollutants are prevented by melanin, which absorbs light to protect skin cells in human skin. With the increasing market demand for melanin inhibitors, a variety of small molecular compounds with different structures have been found to have the activity of inhibiting melanin synthesis. However, excessive synthesis of melanin can lead to serious skin diseases, of which the most widespread and representative is skin pigmentation. In this work, we analyzed the mechanism of melanin formation and found that tyrosinase plays a decisive role in melanin production, so tyrosinase inhibitors can effectively improve this kind of skin disease. At the same time, as flavonoids and dihydrochalcone derivatives were found to be representative tyrosinase inhibitors, the structure and structure-activity relationship of these compounds were summarized and analyzed. to explore the possible optimal conformation for the development of potential therapies for melanin-related dermatoses.

Nucleic acid vaccines represent a type of vaccine that can activate both cellular and humoral immunity in an effective manner. These vaccines work by delivering DNA or mRNA sequences into cells, which are then translated into proteins, thus inducing an immune response. Given their ease of preparation and strong adaptability, nucleic acid vaccines have demonstrated excellent immune effects and hold significant development potential in the fight against various diseases, including the recent Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Ongoing research in this area is a testament to its importance. While mRNA vaccines have already been widely used, DNA vaccines require further experimentation. Nonetheless, the challenges of low DNA delivery efficiency and unstable mRNA in nucleic acid vaccines cannot be overlooked. To address these issues and improve the function and immunogenicity of nucleic acid vaccines, many studies are currently exploring the use of nanoparticle delivery carriers. The outstanding loading and delivery capacity, protective effect, and fine-tunable physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles suggest that they hold the potential to bring about breakthrough development in nucleic acid vaccines. This review aims to outline the mechanism of nucleic acid vaccines and briefly introduce relevant nanoparticle delivery systems.

In the rapidly expanding domain of plant science research, epigenetics has gained significant attention due to its crucial role in understanding genomic and transcriptomic variations. A key aspect of this research is the study of chromatin accessibility and its open regions. Among various biotechnologies, the ATAC-seq technique, developed in 2013, stands out with its distinct advantages in investigating chromatin accessibility. However, the complexities inherent in plant cells and the limitations of the ATAC-seq data analysis process often result in overlooked or inaccurately identified signal peaks. As a consequence, the effectiveness of this technology in plant science research has been suboptimal compared to its application in animal research. This paper introduces a novel peak detection algorithm that overcomes these challenges by identifying peak differences in ATAC-seq signals without any preconditions. The algorithm's performance is evaluated using simulated data, demonstrating its ability to detect even minute signal differences. By enhancing the efficiency of ATAC-seq data analysis, our algorithm optimizes the analysis of plant chromatin accessibility and gene activity. Ultimately, this advancement can greatly contribute to upstream plant breeding and pathological research in transcription.

In recent years, despite the remarkable achievements in tumor research, malignant tumor, as the second leading cause of death in the world, still threatens human health.The main methods of cancer treatment include surgical therapy, chemotherapy, general radiation therapy, stereotactic radiation therapy, immunotherapy, endocrine therapy, guided therapy, cryotherapy and warming therapy, and gene therapy. As a potential treatment method, mRNA tumor vaccines, that use mRNA molecules to deliver instructions to cells in the body to make specific proteins that trigger an immune response, have become a hot research field currently. By optimizing and improving the mRNA preparation strategy and mRNA vaccine delivery system, the key technology of mRNA tumor vaccine research and development has achieved rapid development and has accelerated the research process and clinical application of mRNA therapy, as well as has greatly overcome bottleneck problems such as the poor stability, low rate and delivery of mRNA vaccines in the past.These progresses will make the technology of mrna tumor vaccine more and more mature, and the possibility of cancer cure will be further improved. This review systematically introduces optimization of mRNA preparation strategies, mRNA vaccine delivery systems, specific applications of mRNA tumour vaccines, and discusses challenges and opportunities for future development.

Diseases caused by genetic disorder are in major concern of the world and the situation is even more severe as aging. Scientists are seeking for approaches to prevent and treat various genetic diseases. For therapeutic purposes, gene therapy is used as a gene editing technology to "modify" cell genes, and recent advances in understanding of gene therapy offer some solutions. CRISPR/Cas system, compared to the previous two generations of gene-editing technologies, provides a straightforward, efficient and adaptable platform. At the same time, novel CRISPR/Cas technologies, including Cas13 effectors, base editors, and prime editors, have been developed to counteract the negative effects of double-stranded DNA breaks. Currently, CRISPR/Cas system and its derivatives are widely employed in the synthesis of animal models, drug target searching, and gene function investigation, and they also offer various potential applications in gene therapy. Although efficiency and specificity with which the CRISPR/Cas system is develivered into target sequences need to be improved, it offers a strong tool for gene editing and therefore treatment of genetic disease. In this review, not only the classification, molecular mechanisms involved in different CRISPR/Cas systems were systematically introduced, but also the the application of the system in various genetic diseases was discussed.

Due to its remarkable effectiveness, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 is also highlighted in gene editing with the widespread use of the technique. In order to explore a gene's low temperature tolerance or other consequences on the plant, this paper explains the research being done using the CRISPR/CAS9 system on plant genes. The article also discusses the benefits of straightforward operation, extensive target coverage, and simultaneous gene editing as well as the drawbacks of off-target consequences and the stringent laws and restrictions that apply in each nation when employing CRISPR/Cas9 for plant editing. Specifically introducing gene editing methods in plant applications can show the unique advantages of technology in gene editing. In this review article, the steps of CRISPR/Cas9 are discussed, and the problems that can be solved in plants hope can provide reference and advice for plant studies that need to be bred or growing going forward.

A serious threat to world health is posed by infectious illnesses. Increased resistance to antimicrobial drugs by microorganisms and others, chronic infections that cannot be cured, and the growing need for expeditious diagnosis have prompted academics to try innovative approaches. The inherent adaptive immune systems of bacteria, CRISPR-Cas, have been created as techniques for genome modification in any genome of interest, including human and microbial. Determining how the technology may be used to infectious illnesses to enhance detection, reduce anti-microbial resistance, and treat chronic infections has therefore been the subject of several research. And technology has already shown great potential in the treatment of illness. In this review, this technology will be discussed in broad circumstances, including its application in infectious disease research, and the development of its research and applications in antibacterial therapy and antiviral therapy are highlighted. The review investigates the difficulties caused by such technology and the improvements needed in the clinical application of the platform for patients.

Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPRs), a recently identified interference route, are present in the majority of archaea and many bacteria. The resistance of CRISPR system to gram-negative (GN) and gram-positive (GP) bacteria has been developed. In this paper, the application of CRISPR technology in the prevention and control of bacterial drug resistance has been introduced. Replacement of toxin genes in SaPIs with antimicrobial drugs to produce antimicrobial drones (ABDs). Targeting infected bacteria in animal hosts to give lethal doses of Staphylococcus aureus to save mice. It is also used for Streptomyces to construct an edited plasmid for Streptomyces gene editing (GE) using pCRISPomyces-2 as the prototype plasmid. pCRISPomyees-2 can be used in Streptomyces to efficiently perform Streptomyces GE. Future research in molecular biology will benefit from the use of the CRISPR/Cas system to manage the horizontal transfer of drug resistance genes in bacteria. The use of CRISPR technology to modify pathogenic microorganisms and inhibit viral infection is of great significance to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

This research explored the principles, applications, challenges, and potential advancements of two crucial energy transfer mechanisms, through-bond energy transfer (TBET) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). FRET, with its unique capability to detect protein interactions and facilitate real-time in vivo imaging, is rapidly expanding its utility across various disciplines, especially in the burgeoning field of nanomedicine. It demonstrates significant potential in monitoring the transportation and detection mechanisms of anticancer drugs and enhancing the safety and efficacy of phototherapeutic nanomedicines. On the other hand, TBET, due to its superior flexibility and absence of numerous prerequisite constraints, is becoming an attractive alternative or supplement to FRET. TBET's potential is particularly evident in the development of advanced fluorescent probes, which enhance the necessary single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) photostability, and enhance molecular sensor design and detection techniques. Despite their unique challenges, such as FRET's spectral overlap requirements and TBET's complex molecular design needs, the outlook for these mechanisms is promising. The widespread applicability of these energy transfer mechanisms forecasts a future wherein FRET and TBET could be instrumental in achieving significant breakthroughs in diverse scientific domains, ranging from nanotechnology and bioimaging to drug development and delivery.

One major health issue in the world is diabetes mellitus. Glucose monitoring is critical in diabetes management. Since Clark and Lyons’s proposal of glucose enzyme electrodes in 1962, glucose biosensor technology has advanced, enabling diabetic people to monitor and control their blood sugar levels, ultimately saving lives. Their great economic prospects and attract the increasing interest in sensor design and basic principles for glucose biosensing. One major focus has been on the amperometric glucose biosensors based on enzymes, especially glucose oxidase (GOx). Such biosensors are the most common to use but also have many disadvantages to encounter. Therefore, the other focus has been on realizing direct oxidation of glucose on the electrode surface by using nano fabricating technology. This paper reviews the history and basic mechanisms of electrochemical glucose biosensors, focusing on the different generations of enzyme-based and enzyme-free biosensors. Significant restrictions are also mentioned in this paper and needed to be solved to develop more reliable, sensitive, economical and selective glucose biosensors.

R-loops, which are hybrid structures consisting of RNA and DNA, typically form during transcription. These structures play crucial roles in single and double-stranded DNA repair, transcription termination, and telomere repair promotion. Dysregulated R-loop has been linked to DNA damage, excessive recombination, transcription elongation irregularities, and genomic instability, ultimately leading to the onset of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. To maintain genomic stability, cells have developed diverse strategies aimed at inhibiting the abnormal accumulation of R-loops. Among all the regulatory proteins, RNase H plays a vital role in R-loop resolution. Herein, the current knowledge of R-loops, including techniques for R-loop identification, R-loop functions in cells. Besides, the mechanisms of R-loop resolution, particularly the roles of RNase H1 and RNase H2 in the process and their distinct regulation were also discussed. This research provides a foundation for future studies of R-loops, and could lead to the development of new diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) constitutes the majority of pancreatic cancer which is one of the most lethal cancers all over the world. Due to the malignancy of PDAC with concealed property, the treatment choices were limited. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) were applied to treat PDAC in clinical and preclinical trials to offer more opportunities. The burdens of CAR-T for PDAC such as tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment and off-tumor toxicity are being strived to address. Novel targets of CAR-T cells with multiple targeting, new designs of CAR and combination therapies give the treatment more options and possibility, which may contribute to improvement of CAR-T therapy for PDAC.

Phage-based biocontrol is emerging as a promising alternative to chemical pesticides for managing bacterial pathogens in agriculture. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms through which bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, exert biocontrol effects, with a particular emphasis on their lytic cycle and the complex interplay of phagehost interactions. Target bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas spp., and Ralstonia solanacearum, which pose significant threats to crop health and yields, are identified. The review further elaborates on the strategies for the selection and characterization of phages, including isolation methods, host range determination, and the assessment of efficacy and stability. Insights from field trials and case studies that evaluate the real-world effectiveness of phage-based biocontrol are discussed, encompassing disease control efficacy, crop yield improvements, and economic considerations. Despite the promise, challenges such as phage stability, narrow host range, bacterial resistance, and regulatory hurdles are acknowledged. The review concludes with an overview of future perspectives, highlighting the potential of engineered phages, development of phage cocktails, and integration with other sustainable agricultural practices. Through multidisciplinary research and innovation, phage-based biocontrol holds the potential to revolutionize crop protection, contributing to more sustainable agriculture and enhanced global food security.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the hardest to treat and the most aggressive form of breast cancer. Surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic chemotherapy are currently available, but deficiencies exist, including drug resistance and high frequency of recurrence. The absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 makes conventional targeted therapies unsuitable for TNBC. The immunogenicity of TNBC emphasizes the urgency of introducing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. The success of CAR-T therapy in the management of blood cancers suggests its feasibility. CAR-T therapy is achieved by editing the patient's autologous T cells to attack malignant cells. Currently, more and more CAR-T therapies targeting TNBC are being proposed and researched. In particular, different types of potentially tumor-associated antigens (TAA) offer promising directions. However, many obstacles require overcoming, especially physical or chemical ones in solid tumors. This paper reviews the TAAs currently under study, including their rationale and problems. In addition, the advantages of CAR-T therapies over other TNBC therapies and the current impediments and solutions are discussed to provide an overall view of the latest advances and to stimulate other ideas.

A biosensor is a device that converts the concentration of a compound into signals that can be easily detected, such as electrical and fluorescent signals. Biosensors are composed of signal recognition components and signal output components, which can achieve accurate and high-throughput detection of specific compounds. Among all kinds of newly developed analytical methods, electrochemical biosensors have been widely concerned in the field of medical diagnosis and treatment for their advantages of low cost, simple operation, rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of biomolecules. This paper will study the application of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in different biosensors. In this paper, the research focus is on electrochemical biosensors. Au NPs can be applied in chemical biosensors, enzyme biosensors, and many other types of biosensors. The addition of Au NPs can optimize the performance of biosensors and make their application range wider. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress of Au NPs-based biosensors.

Myxobacteria is a kind of gram-negative bacteria. As higher prokaryotes, myxobacteria is widely distributed, and it can glide and prey on other bacteria. Myxobacteria have many species and can live in various extreme environments. Due to its special predation characteristics and abundant secondary metabolites, more and more researchers have paid attention to it in recent years. According to these characteristics, myxobacteria have been widely used in agricultural disease prevention and control, medical disease research, food safety and preservation, environmental management and protection, etc. However, because the current technical means are not enough to excavate all kinds of myxobacteria species, the research on their separation and classification is still slow. This thesis summarizes the methods and status quo of myxobacteria isolation and identification in recent years, research progress on predation and secondary metabolites of myxobacteria in different disciplines and fields. On this basis, the bottleneck of myxobacteria research and its future prospects are put forward.

The cGAS-STING signaling pathway, which is one of human innate immune signaling pathways, is responsible for the response to viral invasion or cellular damage, and abnormal and sustained activation of the signaling pathway may lead to the development of autoimmune diseases such as Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), thus demonstrating the importance of studying pathway inhibitors. In this study, the small molecule drugs were studied using computer-aided rigid docking simulation for some drugs with similar binding sites. Specifically, their affinity energy was compared according to Autodock's docking score and evaluated based on the simulation algorithm. The cGASSTING signaling pathway is a hot research topic, and this study is expected to contribute to the study of the structure of drug molecules in the future. PF-06928215 and Suramin, respectively, have better binding energy scores than U.521, G150, and X6, Compound S3 as ligand, and lower RMSD scores. However, there are still some problems with the current computer-aided drug design algorithms, and research needs to be continuously advanced to fit the real rules of the real world.

Stroke is a high-incidence and high-disability disease, and the resulting motor dysfunction imposes a heavy burden on families and society. Therefore, effective methods of motor rehabilitation have become a hot research topic. The continuous development of brain-machine interface technology provides a new rehabilitation approach for the study of motor rehabilitation methods. In this study, we systematically overviewed the development status of brain-machine interface rehabilitation technology, compared and studied the rehabilitation effects of brain-machine interface rehabilitation methods with other traditional rehabilitation methods. The results showed that brain-machine interface rehabilitation has highly effective therapeutic outcomes for motor disabilities. After the mature application of brain-machine interface technology in the field of motor rehabilitation, it will also bring amazing rehabilitation effects.

Cancer is a disease that is difficult to cure completely at this stage, and how to treat it has been a research direction for many biomedical scientists. The use of exosomes to treat cancer is one of the key research areas at this stage. Based on chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which have a lot of side effects, exosomes can play an important role in drug delivery, conferring a tumor microenvironment, inhibiting tumor cells in a more targeted manner and minimizing the damage to normal human cells. This paper focuses on two existing experiments using exosomes to treat cancer - exosome delivery of paclitaxel for prostate cancer and exosome delivery of drugs for pancreatic cancer in mice - to investigate this current drug delivery route. A discussion of the tumor targeting of exosomes, their characteristics, exogenous loading and how they are induced to produce exosomes reveals that because they can be produced by the organism itself, they are more biocompatible and stable than conventional drug carriers and cause less immune system rejection. As a drug delivery route and drug carrier, exosomes are valuable for research in cancer therapy, but challenges remain in their clinical use.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting elderly individuals. It is the most common form of dementia, characterized by cognitive decline, memory loss, and behavioral changes. Despite extensive research, a cure for the AD is yet to be discovered. Current treatments for AD are primarily symptomatic and targeted at delaying AD development. A comprehensive summary of two leading and promising treatments in various options available for AD will be presented in this research, including stem cell therapy and the ketogenic diet therapy. And this research will discuss these treatments' underlying mechanisms, effectiveness, and potential adverse effects. Finally, this research will highlight the challenges and future directions in developing effective treatments for the AD. This research intends to provide the latest summary of the AD treatment's current status and the progress toward finding a cure for this devastating disease.

Glioma is the most common primary craniocerebral malignant tumour arising from the cancerous transformation of glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. It is characterized by high morbidity, high recurrence rate, high mortality rate, and low cure rate. Due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), it is difficult for many therapeutic drugs to reach the brain tumour tissues, making traditional surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy ineffective. Therefore, the invention of modern nanocarriers has led to new developments in the treatment of gliomas. In this paper, the mechanism of nanomedicine penetrating the blood-brain barrier is outlined. And then, the two major categories of organic and inorganic nanomedicine carriers are introduced. Meanwhile, the specific targeting of nanomedicine and gene carriers for glioma is described. Finally, the current status of nanomedicine carriers is summarised and the future development direction of nanomedicine carriers is proposed. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of nanodrug delivery systems applied in targeted glioma therapy.

Less than ten years after the discovery of the key chemical components of the system, the invention of a technique for genome editing based on CRISPR-Cas9 technology was recognized with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020. In this paper, the working mechanism and historical development of CRISPR are briefly described, the CRISPR/Cas system is a type of microbial adaptive immune system that gives resistance to plasmids and other non-native genetic materials. This review provides a brief history of the pioneering contributions and the researchers who advanced this topic after its first discovery. Next, how CRISPR regulates gene expression and realizes gene editing in organisms is described in detail, and its application achievements in various fields are also listed. Finally, the development foreground of the system as a high-precision method to edit genome is discussed, and the safety and ethical issues that may be caused by the application of prediction are considered. The differences, merits, and drawbacks of CRISPR and other gene editing techniques are reviewed after a brief description of the working mechanism and history of CRISPR. Then, a detailed explanation of how CRISPR controls gene expression and enables gene editing in organisms is given, along with a list of the many areas in which it has been successfully used. Last but not least, the prospective study for the CRISPR to become a high-precision gene editing technique is discussed, and potential risks and ethical issues associated with the use of prediction are considered.

The newly developed CAR-T cell therapy has got huge breakthrough in hematological malignancies. However, this method still need to be improved in the treatment of solid tumors. Ovarian cancer is one of the gynecological cancers in clinical practice, and most patients are diagnosed in the late stage, and until now there is no targeted method to cure it. Therefore, it is important to apply the therapy that discussed in the treatment of OC to decrease the death rate. However, this therapy has certain limitations and its clinical application is not positive. Thus, the scientists combine the therapies with other therapies like PD-1 and PD-Ll axis or the immune checkpoint inhibitors. Finding appropriate targets like TAG-72 and CD47 is another approach to improve the therapy. Moreover, currently there are some limitations to strict the wide spread of the therapy, for instance, the high toxicity, the low infiltration and the lack of experimental data.

Existing viruses such as bird flu, Zika virus, Ebola virus, SARS virus and the newly popular virus SARS-CoV-2 in recent years have caused great threats and death to humans. Rapid nucleic acid tests play an important role in clinical diagnosis. Bacteria are the genetic material of the adaptive immune defense system used to resist foreign invasion, and the RNAguided adaptive immune system is composed of CRISPR and Cas proteins, which are present in many kinds of bacteria and most bacteria. The CRISPR-Cas system can edit almost any DNA or RNA precisely. Kellner and colleagues developed a diagnostic tool that utilizes CRISPR-Cas enzymes and nucleic acid pre-amplification to detect specific RNA or DNA sequences. The SHERLOCK platform is a highly precise tool for recognizing specific nucleic acid sequences. Developed by Chen and colleagues, this innovative approach employs endonuclease-targeted CRISPR trans-reporter (DETECTR) technology that combines Cas12a ssDNase activation with isothermal amplification, enabling homosensitivity in DNA detection. Through the utilization of this advanced method, highly accurate detection of nucleic acid targets can be achieved. Qiao Wang and co-authors have introduced a novel approach for identifying and characterizing target DNA using the Cas9 nuclease, which they termed ctPCR (Cas9-sgRNA- or CRISPR typing PCR). This method enables accurate detection and typing of specific DNA sequences by leveraging the precise targeting capabilities of Cas9 and sgRNA. The technology allows easy, rapid, specific and sensitive detection and typing of target DNA. In this article, we review these three techniques and describe their rationale, comparisons, and applications.

CRISPR/Cas9 is an emerging technology developed in recent years. Because of its strength, specificity, and efficiency, the CRISPR-Cas gene editing method can swiftly and correctly screen the whole genome, which is convenient for gene therapy for particular illnesses. As a result, the technology has been greatly developed and applied in basic science and applied science such as gene editing. This study examined how CaMKIIδ genes could be modified using CRISPR-cas9 to remove oxidation-sensitive methionine residues and so reduce ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. Then the heart sections of mice before IR were used as control and whether the post-IR editing was performed or not was compared. It was found that the post-IR mice were protected from fibrosis after editing by CRISPR-cas9, which was the same as the control group. This successful case proves that CRISPR-cas9 technology has great effect on heart disease which is also an important way for us to overcome hereditary heart disease in the future.

Scientists, society, and people are concerned about the expanding issues brought on by viruses all over the world. Nowadays, several facets of life are affected by the COVID-19 epidemic in countries all over the world, including sanitation, public health, the economy, and so forth. It is essential to promptly and precisely identify the virus that infects humans and animals and causes severe pandemics before developing methods to eradicate or prevent viral infection. Although PCR-based virus detection technology has become the industry standard, it is expensive and difficult to use, with the need for skilled training and experience by personnel, subpar stability and specificity performance, lengthy detection times, and a heavy reliance on pricey gear. Some developing nations or regions with scant medical resources find it challenging to implement these technologies. One of the newer technologies, CRISPP/Cas system-based detection, compared with the first two generations of gene-editing technologies: ZFN and TALEN, it can detect viruses with high sensitivity and specificity, such as DETECTR and SHERLOCK. Despite the CRISPR/Cas system-based detection's high efficiency, it currently has limited practical application due to the sequence restrictions, a lack of standardization, and challenging pretreatment. This review systematically introduces the application of CRISPR-Cas system into virus detection.

Depression is a common psychological disorder, and the combination of psychological help and medication is the main approach to treat depression. However, traditional psychological counseling requires professional therapists to spend much time with patients, and the demand for therapists exceeds the supply. Therefore, this paper proposes a virtual psychotherapist architecture: combining EEG emotion detection and NLP large models to detect the patient's emotions in real time and adjust AI communication strategies to provide psychological counseling to patients. This paper introduces EEG emotion detection from several aspects, such as emotion models, EEG feature extraction, databases, emotion elicitation methods, and classification models. It also reviews the development of NLP large models in recent years. Then, it presents the theoretical methods for constructing a virtual psychotherapist using EEG emotion detection combined with NLP large models: the direct suggestion method and the prompt method. Finally, it points out the current problems and future development directions of virtual psychotherapists.

In recent years, the application of immunotherapy in the field of cancer has received increasing attention, especially the new precision cellular immunotherapy CAR-T. Although CAR-T Cell therapy has made great achievements in the field of tumor treatment, it seems to show a stagnant phenomenon in the treatment of blood cancer, especially acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the emergence of a promising optimization scheme to CAR-T Cell therapy, CAR-NK Cell therapy, seems to break this dilemma. In terms of AML treatment, compared with CAR-T Cell therapy, CAR-NK are safer, more effective and more economical. However, it still has some shortcomings that need improvement, such as how to quickly and in bulk obtain NK cells and how to improve the effect of in vivo action. This paper discusses the benefits of CAR-NK Cell therapy compared with CAR-T Cell therapy, the application status in the AML field, the shortcomings of the method and the solutions, with AML as an example. The purpose is to apply such a very potential treatment method to more refractory diseases and benefit more patients as soon as possible.

Safeguarding food quality and safety is essential to people's livelihoods. Over recent years, the ingestion of food-borne pathogens and their related metabolic toxins increasingly affects public health, leading to food poisoning reactions such as diarrhea or fever and even severe risks of cancer. To ensure food safety and public health, it is urgent to develop a novel, highly sensitive detection method for tracing harmful food-borne substances to accurately and quickly identify food-borne pathogens and their metabolic toxins that exceed regulatory standards. In this novel food-borne harmful substance detection approach, TiO2 photonic crystal is used as the enhanced substrate. Through light scattering and plasmon resonance effects, the ECL signal strength of CdS quantum dots is greatly increased, and the detection sensitivity of the ECL sensor is improved, which provides a new idea for the design of POCT-ECL biosensors based upon enhanced substrates. This biosensor can accurately identify typical food-borne pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, metabolic toxins such as Aflatoxin, and heavy metal ions such as mercury, providing a powerful tool for ensuring food safety.

Cancer is produced by the malignant proliferation of normal cells. Nano drug delivery system (DDS) refers to a medical method that utilizes nanomaterials or nanotechnology to accurately deliver anticancer drugs to cancer cells. Nano DDS has high specificity and can avoid affecting normal cells, achieving the goal of killing cancer cells. This review summarizes the working principles, classifications, and designs of nanocarriers. It also analyzes the difficulties that need to be overcome in converting nanomaterials into clinical applications and also discusses the areas where future nanomaterials still need improvement. Although nanomaterials have been widely used in cancer treatment to enhance specificity and reduce toxicity, side effects cannot be ignored. For example, the toxicity of nanomaterials themselves is still unknown, and whether nanomaterials will react with drugs to cause harm to the human body. Further study is required on the targeted medication delivery of nanomaterials to optimize the avoidance of pharmaceuticals being filtered by the human body's own barrier during the delivery process, minimizing toxicity and improving specificity, in order to enhance clinical treatment effectiveness.

CRISPR-Cas9 allows effective, targeted genome engineering in individual cells and entire organisms through programmable DNA cleavage. Currently, Cas9 systems are used in various fields such as functional genomic screens, drug development, generation of cellular and animal models, crop improvement, and gene therapy. CRISPR/Cas system has benefits over the first two waves of genome editing tools, ZFN and TALEN, including high efficiency, easy construction, easy design, and so on. However, single-guide RNA and Cas9 can tolerate base mismatch to a certain extent, resulting in off-target binding. The possibility of off-target cleavage limits the further application of Cas9 systems in clinical therapeutics, as off-target effects can bring about unexpected changes in gene structure and function, and lead to severe results. By improving the design of sgRNAs, truncating and modifying the sgRNAs, developing the mutants and orthologues of Cas9, regulating the concentration and lifetime of RNP complex, as well as using the “Doublenicking” strategy, the specificity of cleavage can be greatly improved, and off-target effects can be reduced. The mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9 system's off-target cleavage and mitigation techniques are methodically introduced in this review and examines ways to increase the specificity of the system to aid in the advancement and use of targeted genome editing.

Due to its outstanding characteristics and crucial significance in the field of nano-drug delivery, nanotechnology has garnered an incredible deal of research interest from the academic community in the past decade. The use of nanoparticles to carry or encapsulate drugs to reach the affected area for targeted therapy is one of the hot research directions. These nanoparticles come from a wide variety of sources, including metals, biomass, and other materials. In this paper, a series of different types of nanoparticles are listed in detail as the relevant means of drug delivery, and the corresponding research results are presented. These include metallic nanoparticles (copper, zinc), biomass polymeric nanoparticles (cellulose, chitosan) as well as micelles and liposomes. Considering the lack of clinical data in the field of nano drug delivery, this paper also provides some potential factors that should be taken into consideration for future clinical applications of nano drug transport, such as sustainability, safety, and commercialization. This paper aims to provide some research ideas and insights for future researchers in this field.

Cancer has been a problematic disorder for many years, many people will develop cancer sometime in their life but there are few ways to cure it. Treatment for cancer in the modern era is a painful and expensive process with no guarantee that it will not come back. It significantly impacts the life quality and life expectancy of patients. However, the discovery of genetic editing techniques such as CRISPR/CAS9 have opened a new way to cure cancer. Since cancer is a genetic disorder, genetic editing techniques have the possibility to solve it at the genetic level. While other treatments simply get rid of the tumor by using tools such as laser and surgery knife, gene therapy can use the patient's own immune system to battle against cancer. Moreover, there are multiple delivery methods to deliver CRISPR/CAS9 into the cell, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. However, since the genetic editing technique CRISPR/CAS9 is not advanced enough to use on patients, the only clinical use of CRISPR/Cas9 is on T cells in the patient's blood. This article introduces the current research status on CRISPR/CAS9 delivery platforms and clinical use of genetic editing techniques in treatment of cancer.

The therapy of messenger RNA (mRNA) holds great promise for combating a substantial number of incurable diseases. Nowadays, rapid advances taken place in biotechnology and molecular medicine, making it possible to produce almost any functional protein in the human body using mRNA as a therapeutic agent. In-vivo transcribed mRNA has achieved modular production, which is more efficient, more flexibly designed and produced, and more economical than conventional methods. Scientists have been making efforts to improve the stability and translation efficiency of mRNA vaccines by using various methods. In this review, we comprehensively demonstrate the concept of mRNA and mRNA-based therapies and their principles, fabrication, applications, effects, and drawbacks. We also focus on the promoting effects due to the mRNA optimization and delivery systems in mRNA therapy, as well as the main challenges and possible solutions to conquer cancer and COVID-19.

Natural products have always been one of the important ways to discover new drugs and drug precursor compounds, and many drugs are directly or indirectly derived from natural products, which has stimulated the interest of chemists to explore the synthesis of natural medicine molecules. For nearly a century, countless chemists have made remarkable contributions to the field of total synthesis of natural medicine molecules. Most of their total synthesis uses retrosynthetic analysis method, which were developed by E. J. Corey. This new method pioneered by provide scientific and efficient tools for the entire field of organic synthesis. This article focuses on four well-known natural medicine molecules (Quinine, Taxol, Ginkgolide, Palytoxin (PTX)) and discusses the role of retrosynthesis in the synthesis of these molecules and the development of retrosynthesis.

Recent developments in deep learning techniques applied to lower-grade glioma (LGG) MRI image segmentation have created accurate models comparable to human professionals. Among these deep learning models, the u-net proposed by Buda et al. performs best among other model architectures. However, we doubt that u-net reaches its full potential. In this paper, we validate whether u-net has the maximum performance possible: we modify the number and direction of concatenation operations in u-net to see whether modified architectures perform better than the original u-net in terms of accuracy, measured by dice coefficients. Our results show 1) the original u-net model is not optimal since all modified models perform better than the original one, 2) positive and likely logarithmic correlation between concatenation complexity and model performance, and 3) unknown relation between concatenation direction and model performance. The reason for the logarithmic part of the correlation in 2) and the unknown correlation in 3) requires further investigation with more theories.

Antibiotics have played a vital role in modern medicine by saving millions of lives. This review overviews the history of the development of antibiotics and highlights the potential of chemical synthesis technology to create novel and effective antibiotics to tackle the challenges posed by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Ongoing research aims to develop new approaches to exploit the capabilities of chemical synthesis technology to address the growing threat of antibiotic resistance

This research studied and proposed a framework for an agricultural management system in pineapple cultivation so as to support the smart farmer. The framework was developed to work on a storage system for pineapple cultivation, planting planning system, Geo-location of plantations, market demand storage system including the development of an application suited for farmers to manage their pineapple cultivation data. This framework was designed to solve the problem of pineapple oversupply, and prevented getting a product released to the market at the same time which led to the lower prices of pineapples. From the system performance testing, it found that the system could be used to manage cultivation more in line with market demand. Farmers and entrepreneurs were satisfied with using the system at the highest level, accounted for 92.5 percent of the total number of samples. The results obtained from this research can help farmers with planting planning tools and area management; as well as, the amount of output that meets the market demand. It also creates innovation to develop a group of pineapple farmers in Thailand so as to have more strength. It also benefits to government agencies. Besides, it is easier and more convenient to use information to formulate guidelines or policies on pineapple cultivation.

Anxiety is affecting an increasing number of people all over the world these days, especially with COVID-19 outbreak. Symptoms can vary from person to person while patients suffered socially, mentally and physically. Therefore, continuous researches have been conducted on the topic of the reduction of anxiety. Several therapies are optional according to the severity of the disease and personal physical condition. The pharmacotherapy is commonly used and several kinds of drugs proved to be effective including SSRIs and SNRIs, along with pregabalin, tricyclic antidepressants, benzodiazepines and so on. There are principles when utilizing, and standards have been set up for the doses. Nevertheless, there are several inevitable side effects. In terms of psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy works and the combination with pharmacotherapy still needs further researches. In addition to these methods, non-invasive electrical stimulation also proved to be effective. Based on in-person psychotherapy, digital and online methods occur, having its unique superiority, and systematic research will help to prove feasibility, clinical outcome, safety and tolerability of emerging techniques.

Sports injuries are more likely to occur now than they were in previous years as sports have gained more and more popularity, especially when athletes participate in training and competition. During the 2012 Summer Olympics, 17.7% of athletes sustained injuries, with 59.7 injuries per 1,000 registered athletes being reported by medical professionals. How sports injuries occur and how to solve them is one of the key topics of current research. The study found that track and field sports injuries are mainly divided into two types: acute and chronic. Due to the competitive nature of track and field, acute injuries account for a large proportion, and chronic injuries are mainly caused by acute injuries that have not recovered for a long time and invested in follow-up training. Clarifying the mechanism of the risk of sports injuries to track and field athletes and how to recover properly from an injury is the foundation and guarantee for scientific training of track and field events. Therefore, this article collects recent literature on sports injury research and analyzes the data from the literature to investigate the different kinds of injuries that happen in track and field sports, as well as the underlying mechanisms and available treatment options.

Lower extremity injuries and diseases are common problems during exercise. Understanding how these problems work and how to recover can help people better prevent and treat them so they stay healthy. Among different exercise, there are different kinds of injuries, for example, hamstring strains, groin pull, quadriceps strains, runner's knee, patellar tendinitis, ACL tear, lower leg stress fractures, muscle cramps, achilles tendonitis, ankle sprains, plantar fasciitis. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to archive some lower extremity injuries and diseases that may occur during sports through literature research, and to provide readers with an understanding of lower extremity injuries from multiple perspectives, including the injury itself, rehabilitation and prevention. The basis of the mechanism. This article lists many typical lower extremity injuries and diseases, introduces their characteristics and rehabilitation methods. For example, knee pain is one of the common problems in sports and can be caused by a variety of reasons. Rehabilitation methods include physical therapy, surgery, and more. In addition to enumerating and introducing typical lower extremity injuries and diseases, this article also provides some common preventive methods to help readers pay attention to possible risks in daily life and take corresponding measures to reduce the risk of injury. For example, when exercising, you should gradually increase the intensity and time, and avoid sudden increases, so as not to cause injuries. In addition, correct posture and correct footwear are also important factors in preventing lower extremity injuries.

Tendons can withstand a lot of tension and can cushion muscle damage. Tendon injury is a common musculoskeletal disorder in life, which causes local pain, abnormal motor function and other symptoms. Clinical symptoms of chronic tendon injury or tendon disease include pain, decreased muscle strength, and decreased physical activity. Obesity, multiple strains, and overstretching are the most common causes of tendon injuries. The most common overuse tendon disorders include rotator cuff tendon, medial and lateral epicondylar elbow tendon, patellar tendon, gluteal tendon, and Achilles tendon. In most cases, tendon injuries do not require surgery. However, this process is usually slow and leads to the formation of lower scar tissue. More severe injuries, such as acute mechanical loading and other physical factors, usually result in tendon tears that require treatment. There are several treatment options available for tendon injuries, such as Physical therapy, Cold compress therapy, Gene therapy, Surgery, etc. None has been shown to result in a sustained and near complete recovery, and conservative treatment is the most reliable treatment. It is also particularly important to prevent adhesions from occurring during the tendon healing process. This review presents the main therapies for tendon injuries from two different types of medicine, Chinese and Western.

The largest synovial joint is the knee joint. Knee movements are performed in two planes, allowing for bending and extension as well as internal and external rotation, and its injury is generally considered one of the most common problems of injuries in the human body. According to statistics, 300,000 children participate in organized sports, of which the most common injury to the body is the knee, and non-traumatic knee is common action of athletes. Knee arthroplasty and intra-articular arthroplasty have historically been the most common methods of treatment, and the replacement body is also continually updated, and the intra-articular injection has gradually changed from sodium hyaluronate to platelets; Rehabilitation or physiotherapy for exercise-related knee injuries is relatively mature and largely a step-by-step approach. For the treatment of exercise-related knee injuries, the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine may be the latest development. Specifically, it includes acupuncture, electroacupuncture and herbal dressing, and surgery, among others. This article describes the exercise-related knee injury and discusses the latest treatment of knee injury. Explain each treatment method, clarify its various adaptations and follow-up treatment.

Vaccination has been instrumental in preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases for decades. Vaccination aims to trigger the immune system to generate a safeguarding reaction against a particular pathogen without inducing sickness. Advances in vaccination have led to the exploration of alternative administration routes beyond parenteral vaccination, which is often insufficient in stimulating immunity at the site where pathogens enter the body. Mucosal vaccination has been proposed as a more effective alternative as the mucosal immune response serves as the primary defense against a wide range of pathogens, thus conferring protection through mucosal immunity. Mucosal vaccines are easy to administer, cost-effective, non-invasive, and ideal for use in developing countries with limited medical resources. However, developing effective mucosal vaccines has proven challenging as they must be able to penetrate the mucosal barrier, withstand degradation by proteases, and effectively stimulate an immune response. This review provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles and applications of mucosal vaccines, including the challenges and potential strategies. The vaccine formulation, delivery method, and adjuvant selection are critical considerations in developing effective mucosal vaccines. The review highlights the potential of mucosal vaccines as a viable alternative to conventional vaccines, especially in the face of emerging infectious diseases.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a particular kind of brain tumor that has been confirmed to be fatal. Despite ongoing research, GBM remains a challenging disease to treat. However, a potential new approach to treating GBM has emerged: immunotherapy. Particularly, tumor vaccines have demonstrated considerable promise in stimulating the host defense mechanism to control tumor cell's progression or even kill it. Tumor vaccines come in three primary varieties: peptide and protein vaccinations, RNA and DNA vaccines and cell vaccines. Each vaccine type has a somewhat different mechanism of action, but they all aim to activate the immune system to attack the tumor. The use of tumor vaccines in clinical studies has typically yielded positive outcomes for the treatment of GBM. While there are still many challenges to overcome, ongoing research and clinical trials are providing hope for patients with this deadly disease. This article reviews the classification, mechanisms, clinical trials of antigenic vaccines and the challenges now faced by the researchers.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that can cause common diseases. Most patients have no disease symptoms, but a few high-risk types can be life-threatening. HPV infection is prevalent all over the world, and it causes increase the burden of disease treatment every year, so the control of HPV infection has become a current research hotspot. However, there is still a lack of a unified understanding of the gender differences in HPV-infected patients. Therefore, this article describes the epidemiological significance of different diseases caused by HPV, compares the differences in the prevalence of different genders and different sexual orientations, describes the risk factors, and introduces the current hot spot treatment methods. Studies have shown that homosexuality has a higher risk of HPV than heterosexuality. At the same time, risk factors such as smoking, unclean sex, and frequent replacement of sexual partners will increase the probability of HPV infection, resulting in the emergence of different complications and affecting life. So it is advocated that people should prevent HPV virus infection early, actively treat complications, and conduct targeted general surveys for high-risk groups.

Esophageal cancer has a high fatality rate among common cancers. There are no obvious symptoms in the early stage of esophageal cancer, leading to untimely diagnosis and disease progression. Therefore, finding the right tumor markers to improve diagnostic accuracy and enable early detection and treatment is particularly important to reduce mortality and improve quality of life for patients. Traditional treatments are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but the treatment effect is usually poor. Immunotherapy for oncology, represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has been on the rise in recent years and is beginning to take its place in the first, second and third lines of treatment for esophageal cancer. In this review, some more studied tumor markers including DNA methylation, expression of miRNA and lncRNA, exosomes, tumor microenvironment and circulating tumor cells are summarized, and some promising immunotherapies, some are corresponding with markers, are introduced, providing a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer.

Psychiatric diseases, which are described as varying degrees of neurological damage occurring in the brain as a result of numerous events, have become more common in recent years. The intestinal flora is called the "second brain" and has an impact on how the central nervous system grows and develops. Most episodes of psychiatric disorders are often closely associated with altered or structurally unstable intestinal flora. Therefore, intestinal flora can control the growth and activity of the brain in the body via means of the "microbial-gut-brain axis", which positively impacts the prevention and treatment of psychiatric illnesses like depression, Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorders and other psychiatric diseases. This paper outlines the recent research advancements on the application of probiotics to psychiatric diseases on the basis of the bi-directional regulation mechanism of "microbial-gut-brain axis", and points out the limitations and research focus of current clinical trials. This paper provides fresh concepts and theoretical references for early probiotic intervention in the treatment of individuals with mental disorders.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a stubborn malignant tumor, and AML with different mutations often exhibits significant heterogeneity, which poses challenges to the treatment of AML. RUNX1 is a vital transcription component participated in regulation of blood tissue development, and mutated RUNX1 are common in AML and are one of the typical mutations. Clinical studies have demonstrated that AML patients with mutated RUNX1 often have poor prognosis and lower survival rates, and have a worsening trend of bone marrow hyperplasia. Based on such patients, there is an urgent need for a more efficient treatment strategy that targets RUNX1 or its related factors to alleviate the adverse effects of RUNX1 mutations on AML patients. This article systematically examines RUNX1's function in the pathophysiology and prognosis of AML. From the perspective of the mechanism and patients, the impact of RUNX1 on AML and the relevant targeted treatment strategies currently being promoted are summarized and discussed. This article is dedicated to summarize the development direction and trends of current RUNX1 related AML treatment strategies, and deepen people's understanding of RUNX1-mutated AML.

Immunotherapy has become a research hotspot in the field of tumor therapy due to its significant therapeutic effects. Since the discovery of PD-1/PD-L1, this pair of immune cell receptors and ligands has rapidly become an important area of research in tumor immunity and even immunology in general. Targeted drugs against PD-1/PD-L1 have also become an essential part of immunotherapy and provided new life opportunities for countless cancer patients. This article will review the background and significance of the discovery of PD-1/PD-L1, and systematically introduce their applications and related inhibitor drugs. On the other hand, although PD-1 and PD-L1 discoveries have had a groundbreaking impact on immunology, there are still some shortcomings and uncharted territories for their related targeted drugs. This article will show some of the drawbacks of the functions of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor drugs and future views of PD-1/PD-L1 related immune suppression treatments, in order to further understand its mechanism and provide new ideas for clinical treatment of malignant tumors.

The outbreak of COVID-19 is still in its early stages. Although the connection between nutritional supplements and illness recovery is well understood, due to the wealth of information on certain of its subsectors, its exact relationships are still being investigated. With the intention of educating readers about health concerns, this article looks into the relationship between vitamin D, one of the essential nutrients, and the recovery from COVID-19, as well as the worldwide forms of COVID-19 and the relevance of nutrition. The indication for these in the COVID-19 immunological recovery criteria is IgM antibody negative. There is no direct experimental evidence linking vitamin D with the inadequate conversion of COVID-19 IgM markers, according to a significant number of analyses and the integration of pertinent experimental data. Given that several investigations reveal that vitamin D can aid in COVID-19 recovery, IgM can be utilized as one of the indications of COVID-19 recovery in accordance with the appropriate guidelines. Therefore, it is concluded that vitamin D may expedite the negative conversion of IgM in COVID-19 patients, albeit further research is required to support this assertion.

Food allergy is a common disorder caused by unfavorable immunological reactions to dietary antigens. Cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) is one of the most frequent forms of allergy which occurs in both adults and infants. As CMPA becomes more common in children, the research on its therapeutics is of great significance. Currently, oral immunotherapy (OIT) and dietary avoidance therapy are the most effective treatment options. OIT gradually introduces the allergen to induce a non-reactive state in the body to achieve therapeutic effects. Several clinical trials have demonstrated its significant therapeutic efficacy, enabling many patients to achieve desensitization, and even achieve sustained unresponsiveness. On the other hand, dietary avoidance therapy achieves desensitization effects by strictly controlling the diet to prevent one from being exposed to the allergen. This article provides a review of the latest research developments in the therapeutic efficacy, safety, and potential utility of OIT and dietary avoidance therapy in clinical practice, facilitating the promotion of a unified evaluation system for OIT and acceleration of food avoidance treatment cycles.

Introduction. ABO blood group determined by presence of A and B antigens on the erythrocyte and of anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the serum. Erythrocyte natural antibodies are IgM type, and usually not present in newborns, but appear in the first year of life. Unlike adults, in some newborns, antigens A and B are poorly expressed and the antibodies may be absent in the blood serum. The Rh antigen is expressed in newborns in the same way as in adults. We were interested to find these characteristics in our region’s newborns. Research materials and methods. A total of 208 newborns samples were collected. Both forward and reverse blood typing procedures were performed with monoclonal anti-A, anti-B, anti- A1, and anti-H antibodies and the standard A and B blood group erythrocytes for typing the ABO blood group antigens. Result. In our study we find that in the majority case (43.94±3.5%) of newborns the natural origin anti-A and anti-B antibodies was not detected, in same particular case (14.14±2.4%) of O(I) blood group individuals it was partially synthesis. 41.92±3.5% of our studied newborns were expressed natural antibodies as an adults. Blood donor population the frequency of A2 subgroup is very less; while in newborn it is equal to 85.41±3.5%. Conclusion. Our research shows that in majority cases of newborns ABO antibodies are not expressed and also we found the predominance of the A2 and A2B phenotypes in the newborns. Since the postnatal period of development is required for the full expression of ABO system antigens.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a redox-active lipid with significant hydrophobic properties, has been found to have lower levels detected in tissues and organs of individuals with certain chronic diseases. This observation has led to the hypothesis that supplementing Coenzyme Q10 can alleviate symptoms of aging and/or delay the onset of these diseases. As a result, there appears to be a positive influence of CoQ10 in certain neurological diseases, including Alzheimer disease, seizures, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. This review would discuss the current complementary methods of CoQ10 and explore its therapeutic potential in the treatment of neurological diseases.

The colon or the rectum is where colorectal cancer (CRC) first appears. Depending on where they first appear, these malignancies may also go by the names colon cancer or rectal cancer. These two belong to the digestive system. Adenomatous polyps, which are tiny, benign (noncancerous) clusters of cells, are the normal precursors of colorectal cancer. Over time, some of these polyps can turn into colorectal cancer. CRC was the third most common cancer in male, and it is the second in female globally in 2020. Although traditional treatment modalities like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have made significant advancements, they still have significant limitations because a sizable proportion of patients either show resistance to these protocols or experience disease recurrence after treatment. The development of immunotherapy, a method that regulates the natural immune system to fight against cancerous cells, represents a hopeful expansion of the range of treatment options for CRC. With the rapid development of technologies, more effective therapies are emerging. This review offers a thorough review of the state-of-the-art immunotherapeutic approaches for CRC, taking into account adoptive cell therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, biomarkers indicative of treatment response, and the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

The electrocapillary force offers a promising approach to manipulate droplets on surfaces by inducing deformations that create regions of varying surface tension. This abstract explores the hypothesis and provides two examples to illustrate its potential. Droplet manipulation on surfaces encompasses the interplay of surface wettability, external forces, and engineered interfaces. Surface wettability, influenced by interfacial tension and surface energy, governs droplet behavior and can be controlled through surface treatments. The mechanism ternal forces, including electrocapillary forces like electrowetting, electrostatic actuation, and dielectrophoretic, enable precise manipulation of droplets, while other forces like magnetic or acoustic forces can also be employed. In the wrinkled surfaces and slippery surfaces, reduce or increase adhesion facilitate controlled droplet movement. Integrating these aspects allows for the development of diverse applications in the fields where droplet manipulation is essential. The implications and applications of the hypothesis are explored, ranging from microfluidics to surface coatings and biomedical engineering. The conclusion outlines future research directions, identifies challenges, and summarizes the main findings of the paper. It also reflects on the broader significance of the research and suggests approaches to overcome challenges in future studies.

Caiman is a genus of medium-sized crocodilians, which comprises three officially acknowledged species, native to South and Central America with a wide range of geographical distribution. They have been served for skin demand, meat supply, pet breeding and many other purposes since the 20th century. Thanks to high populations and the wide distribution, the genetic diversity of caimans reveals to be high and the existence of cryptic species in Caiman is questioned due to the lack of data from molecular analysis. All three members within Caiman are not considered to be threatened at the protection level. However, the lack of genetic analysis might challenge this harmony since some species may be divided into multiple new ones due to cryptic species concerns. Hence the old evaluation of populations and protection levels may not be applied to those new ones. Many recent works focusing on genetic diversity and phylogeny analysis in Caiman have demonstrated problems of the underestimated genetic complexity of lineages. This review evaluates publications of the Caiman genus with phylogenetic concerns and compares them to examples of separation of other crocodilian species from last decades to discuss the cryptic species in Caiman and provide outlines for future protective operations.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a deadly neurological condition associated with symptoms of memory loss and progressive cognitive deterioration. As an age-related disorder, it has been challenging the medical departments globally, leading to profound social and economic implications. Although its pathogenesis is not fully understood, many scientists have reached a consensus on the relationship between amyloid-beta protein peptide accumulation and cognitive decline. Aducanumab, an innovative monoclonal antibody treatment, targets the aggregated plaques and seeks to promote clearance to delay disease progression. Unlike conventional medications, aducanumab is the first therapy that allows for direct binding with amyloidogenic agents and, theoretically, leads to the activation of the immune system. In this review, the author provides an overview of Aducanumab’s mechanism and potential disadvantages, highlighting its critical role in slowing disease progression and emphasizing the controversy surrounding the accelerated approval. This paper also introduces investigational therapies that offer promising avenues offering hope for improved AD treatments and better quality of life for those affected. By revealing Aducanumab’s journey from research laboratories to the clinic, the global medical community can better understand the pathophysiology of AD, which further pave the way for a more comprehensive approach to managing this devastating neurological condition in the future.

Breastmilk provides valuable nutrients and immune protection for preventing several childhood mortality and chronic disorders throughout the life course. Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs), as a bioactive constituent in breastmilk, foster a healthy microbiota for infants due to their prebiotic effects. The complex interplay between HMOs and beneficial bacteria, both directly and indirectly, promotes the growth of infants’ gastrointestinal immune systems. Additionally, HMOs provide stereospecific protection against various pathogens by avoiding pathogenic adherence to epithelial cells. This protection is effective against bacteria, viruses, and parasites. This review fills in the gap in knowledge by investigating the relationship between HMOs, infant gastrointestinal microbiota, and infant immune function. This contributes to the development of infant formula feeding and HMOs-related drugs. Future studies could further investigate the diverse infant gut microbial system and the specific mechanisms of HMOs functional groups in immunomodulation. More human-based randomized controlled trials are needed.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of B cell lymphomas and myelomas, with multiple products now approved by the US FDA. However, the clinical success of CAR-T therapy is hindered by its toxicity, which remains the most frequent and severe side effect during the treatment process. To address this issue, this essay focuses on the mechanisms of toxicity in this therapy and the emerging strategies under development to overcome toxicity. Through a detailed review of the literature, this essay examines the various types of toxicities that can occur during CAR-T therapy, such as cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity, and discusses the underlying mechanisms of each type of toxicity. Furthermore, this essay highlights the current strategies being developed to reduce toxicity, including gene editing, combinatorial approaches, and the use of checkpoint inhibitors, among others. By addressing the current challenges and potential solutions to toxicity in CAR-T therapy, this essay provides insight into the future development of this exciting therapeutic approach.

This paper predicts the trend of rubella incidence in China using the ARIMA model and the Holt-Winters multiplicative model. By collecting monthly rubella incidence data from January 2012 to December 2018, with the data from January 2012 to December 2017 as the training set, we fit the time series models of rubella incidence using both models. The data from January 2018 to December 2018 is used as the test set to compare the predictive performance of the two models. Based on the characteristics of the data, this study constructs an ARIMA(2,1,0)(0,1,0)₁₂ model and a Holt-Winters multiplicative model. By observing the Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE), it is found that the Holt-Winters exponential smoothing model outperforms the ARIMA model and is more suitable for short-term prediction of rubella incidence in China. This model contributes to a deeper understanding of the epidemic trend of rubella in China and provides reliable prediction information for disease control authorities to formulate corresponding prevention and control strategies and public health measures.

By harnessing the power of the patient’s immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells represent a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. The FDA approval of CAR-T represents a significant milestone in the field of cancer therapy, as it provides a promising treatment option for patients with refractory or relapsed cancer who have exhausted all conventional treatment modalities. However, the internal obstacles of the tumour microenvironment (TME) have hindered its success, especially for solid tumours, as it poses several barriers to preventing the activity of CAR-T therapy. The aspects of the TME that have hampered CAR-T cell efficacy along with suggestions for the future will be reviewed in this paper. Several research has been conducted to investigate possible novel approaches to overcome the obstacles presented when dealing with solid tumours. Recent advances in the field of CAR-T therapy have led to development of innovative strategies to improve the capacity of CAR-T cells to infiltrate solid tumours. These approaches involve either local administration or targeting angiogenesis to overcome physical barriers. Novel engineering methods of CAR-T cells have also been highlighted by targeting immunosuppressive factors. In addition, approaches focusing on simultaneous stimulation of bystander endogenous antitumour responses have also been investigated. In-depth studies of the application of CAR-T therapy in solid tumour and tackling the existing obstacles are of great value for the long-term strategy of treating cancer patients in a more efficient way.

The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats system is a genetic tool used for gene editing that has its inspiration from bacteria responding to virus invasion. It allows for not only precise and targeted modifications of DNA sequences in the genome of living organisms but also gene regulation, disease diagnosis, and disease treatment. Additionally, it is employed in evolutionary studies, in which genetic information of different species is compared to discover whether a common ancestor is possible. CRISPR is also utilized in agriculture, where plants are genetically modified to increase production size, productivity, and plant nutrition. Despite CRISPR's benefits, the technology itself has shortcomings that could lead to potentially negative effects. For example, off-target effects, which occur when the Cas enzyme cuts DNA at sites other than the intended target site, can lead to unintended changes in the genome and potentially negative consequences. Hence, how to mitigate off-target effects when using CRISPR has become a trending research topic. At first, this paper introduced the history, structure, and mechanism of the CRISPR system, then explained the cause of off-target effects, and finally discussed some of the proposed solutions to this technical challenge. It is hoped that this paper can provide a general understanding of the CRISPR system as well as some approaches to reduce the likelihood of off-target effects.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes dementia in aging people. Drug repurposing is an efficient approach to accelerate the process of identifying drug candidates for AD. Single-cell RNA-sequencing technique provides comprehensive transcriptomic profiling of gene expression across multiple cell types. In this study, we developed ADPurpose, a gene-induced drug repurposing approach with deep learning-based drug-target interaction to propose drug candidates for AD. We analyzed over 1000 differentially expressed genes across six neuron cell types between AD and healthy people and generated a large pool of drug candidates. By drug-target interaction prediction, we ranked hundreds of repurposed drug candidates and finally generated the top ten drugs for each cell type. Among the top ten drugs derived from excitatory (Ex) and inhibitory (In) neurons, fifteen drugs were related to AD and six drugs have effects on AD, including chlortetracycline, dirithromycin, asiaticoside, fludrocortisone, valinomycin and ciprofibrate. ADPurpose shows high efficiency for rapid drug repurposing using transcriptomic information. ADPurpose is also transferable to drug repurposing studies for other diseases.

Medical image segmentation is closely related to the accuracy of clinical imaging practice and diagnosis. However, the scarcity of labeled data due to rare cases and limited manpower and resources of radiologists in clinical settings has led to a shortage of annotated data. As a result, semi-supervised models have become an attractive approach. In this paper, we use an uncertainty-based estimation model for semi-supervised learning to demonstrate the effectiveness of semisupervised learning in improving the possibilities of medical image diagnosis, specifically in predicting and segmenting the left ventricle in cardiac images. In this paper, We employ the UA-MT framework, which is based on uncertainty modeling, for semi-supervised learning. We analyze and compare the segmented images generated by supervised and semisupervised learning using four labeled and eight unlabeled cardiac MRI datasets from four patients. The segmentation accuracy is evaluated through metrics such as Dice coefficient, Jaccard index, average surface distance (ASD), and Hausdorff distance (HD) to assess the differences in accuracy. Result finds that the semi-supervised learning approach improves the segmentation results by 10.24% in terms of Dice coefficient compared to supervised learning, with a decrease of 4.0 in ASD and a decrease of 8.67 in 95HD. It achieves favorable quantitative evaluation in the assisted segmentation diagnosis of left ventricle MRI in the heart. The conclusion can draw that this method exhibits higher robustness in terms of image segmentation accuracy compared to supervised learning. Its results can provide a basis for the analysis and diagnosis of left ventricular MRI images of the heart.

CAR-T cell therapy is a highly promising therapy, recently developed to treat haematological malignancies. However, many limitations including immunosuppressive microenvironment, cytokine-induced toxicities, neurotoxicity, antigen escape, cell trafficking, and tumour infiltration are still in the way of safely applying this therapy. IL-6 and IL-1 are key players in the cytokine storm, produced by bystander immune cells and CAR-T cells. The secreted cytokines and chemokines can lead to cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and ways to overcome this are being studied. In this review, recent findings on anti-cytokine treatments using monoclonal antibodies or recombinant proteins targeting CAR-T cellinduced cytokine storm will be discussed.

At present, allergic rhinitis has become a worldwide disease. And it has caused serious harm to people, so people urgently need an efficient and safe way such as using probiotics to treat it. The current mainstream view is that allergic rhinitis is mainly caused by Th1 / Th2 or Th17 / Treg cell imbalance. Probiotics can repair the intestinal barrier, regulate the balance of Th1 and Th2, prevent the excessive differentiation of Th2, correct the imbalance of Th17 and Treg, and produce some anti-inflammatory metabolites to treat allergic rhinitis. However, the therapeutic effect of probiotics is influenced by multiple factors. This paper mainly discusses the influence of the selection of probiotics, the intervention time and duration of probiotics, and the route of administration on the therapeutic effect. However, the therapeutic effect of probiotics is seriously impacted by multiple factors. This paper mainly discusses the influence of the selection of probiotics, the intervention time and duration of probiotics, and the route of administration on the therapeutic effect, in order to propose some fresh directions for the remedy of allergic rhinitis in the future.

COVID-19, a disease caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) with predominantly respiratory symptoms, has spread around the world in the past few years, and research on this disease is also proliferating. Lots of researchers have indicated that SARS-COV-2 can cause myocardial injury although the respiratory system is its main target. As an important comorbidity affecting the prognosis of COVID-19 patients, myocardial injury has attracted the attention of scholars worldwide, and its pathogenesis has been deeply investigated. There is no definite conclusion about its pathogenesis, but there is sufficient evidence to suggest that cytokine storm is one of the most important pathogenic mechanisms of this kind of myocardial injury, while the interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a crucial role in this process. This work mainly introduces some basic characteristics and physiological properties of IL-6 and describes its immune pathogenesis in SARS-COV-2 induced myocardial injury. By providing an elaborated overview of the role of IL-6 in a disease known as SARS-COV-2 induced myocardial injury, the authors hope to promote the popularity of monoclonal antibodies against IL-6 in the immunotherapeutic treatment practice of this patient population.

The vaccine is the most effective and economical method to prevent the spread and death caused by COVID-19. However, with the rapid mutation of spike protein on the COVID-19 virus surface, the current vaccine is left behind with a reduced immune response. One alternative vaccine development is inhaled vaccine, which provides stronger protection specific to airway infections. This paper reviews and summarises the current progression of inhaled vaccines, including their ability to trigger localized strong protection against multiple viruses injected in humans via mucous membranes. The effectiveness of inhaled vaccine will be analyzed in its training on B cell and T cells, and how it reacts to virus variants. The result and conclusion are derived from journal research of scientific articles on inhaled vaccines in recent years. According to the research now, the inhaled vaccine is verified to have the ability to trigger more specific immune protection in airways and lungs, and also react to multiple variants of the COVID-19 virus including the now lately Omicron. The achievement of the inhaled vaccine may not apply to the COVID-19 virus under control, but it offers a ground-breaking foundation for next-generation vaccines and a further understanding of human immunity.

As a fundamental aspect of cellular organization, cell polarity is crucial for deciphering the complex processes involved in tissue development and morphogenesis. There are two distinct but interconnected systems - Planar cell polarity (PCP) and Apical-basal cell polarity (ABCP) that regulate the cellular spatial organization and alignment. Establishing and maintaining these cell polarity systems require dynamic interplay between the cell polarity signaling pathways and cytoskeletal remodeling, which comprise the dynamics of actin filaments and microtubules. Despite the significance of the interaction, there still have been few studies investigating the interconnection between these pathways. This review summarizes the crosstalk among PCP, ABCP, and cytoskeletal remodeling by examining molecular components, signaling pathways, and mechanisms involved, highlighting their roles in cellular dynamics and homeostasis. Key proteins involved in PCP signaling pathways, such as Rho GTPases, determine cell shape and polarity. Components of the ABCP pathway, including the three polarity complexes, contribute to actin reorganization, enhancing cell polarity. The cytoskeleton plays a vital function in integrating the signaling inputs from both pathways, ensuring proper cellular organization. Moreover, cytoskeleton-binding proteins coordinate the spatial organization of PCP pathway components and establish ABCP by coordinating the orientation and position of components of the polarity complexes within cells. By identifying the key players and regulatory interactions within these interconnected networks, potential therapeutic targets for manipulating cell polarity and cytoskeletal dynamics can be considered, opening new avenues for the treatment and management of comprehensive health conditions and diseases, for example, neurodevelopmental disorders and epithelial dysfunctions.

This paper uses literature research to sort out the relationship between dietary patterns and diabetes, and finds that dietary patterns are one of the factors leading to diabetes, but some dietary patterns may also reduce the risk of diabetes. Diets such as high fat and sugar may increase the risk of diabetes. Conversely, a diet rich in dietary fiber and low in fat may reduce the risk of diabetes. The relationship between dietary patterns and diabetes has not yet reached a unified conclusion, and the best dietary pattern for the prevention and treatment of diabetes needs to be further explored.

Pulmonary hypertension is a kind of syndrome with complex pathogenesis and multi-factor involvement. The most common initial clinical symptoms are shortness of breath after activity, fatigue, chest pain, and hemoptysis. In some patients, circulatory disturbance or arrhythmia may be accompanied by vertigo, syncope, and palpitation. Most patients usually survive only two to three years from diagnosis to death. This paper summarizes the biological background of the pulmonary artery in recent years, the treatment methods, and the comparison between this method and other methods, so as to make predictions for the future development of pulmonary hypertension treatment, and provide references for existing treatment, and makes recommendations for possible problems.

Pregnancy complications can affect the physical health of pregnant women and the growth and development of the fetus, and may even have adverse effects on the delivery process and the health of newborns. In recent years, the number of women suffering from pregnancy complications has significantly increased. Nutrients are essential chemicals for pregnant women to obtain sufficient nutrition, and are crucial for ensuring the growth and development of both the pregnant woman and the fetus. This article analyzes and studies the impact of different nutrients on pregnancy complications with a focus on three typical complications, namely pregnancy diabetes, pregnancy hypertension and pregnancy anemia. This paper further explores the impact of different nutrients on these diseases, including carbohydrates, vitamins, iron, and other nutrients. Among them, carbohydrates have the most important impact on blood sugar levels in pregnant women. Iron is an essential nutrient for anemia during pregnancy, and it can also have an impact on hypertension. Reasonable dietary and nutritional intake can help prevent or alleviate the risk of certain pregnancy complications and protect the health of the mother and fetus.

Muscle synergies are specific muscle groups activated in coordination to achieve a particular behavior, or perform a given task. In this work, we compared muscle synergies extracted from quiet bipedal stance surface electromyogram data, in different experimental conditions. We propose these synergies will provide information regarding variations in the strategies used by the Central Nervous System (CNS) for postural control in different situations. The analyzed conditions were: with and without an additional sensory cue (here represented by Light Touch); and standing on a stable versus an unstable surface (here represented by a FOAM pad). Synergies were extracted by means of the Non-Negative Matrix Factorization algorithm. We compared the Synergy Stability Index (SSI) and the Synergy Coordination Index (SCI) between each subject's trials in each condition. We observed that SCI was increased by the presence of Light Touch, while decreased by the unstable surface (FOAM pad). This indicates that, while an unstable surface reduces synergy coordination, the introduction of a sensory cue is able to improve it, thus reducing synergy space. These findings were even more evident when evaluating subjects with higher SSI, which has been associated with better balance performance.

In today's COVID-19 epidemic, many articles have studied the pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and found that ACE2 is related to the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells, and ACE2 is commonly distributed in many organs of the human body, which shows that SARS-CoV-2 It may bring about multi-organ injury. More and more articles begin to focus on diseases other than lung diseases in COVID-19 patients. As a disease directly related to mortality, myocarditis has also received extensive attention. At present, the pathogenesis of myocarditis has not been clarified, and there are still some disputes about its diagnosis and therapy. Since the birth of the COVID-19 vaccine, its safety has also been a hot topic of discussion, and in some cases, COVID-19 vaccines have been found to cause myocarditis. And the correlation and danger factors of myocarditis and vaccines are also within the scope of discussion. This study aims to summarise the current situation of myocarditis induced by COVID-19, and discuss the mechanism and treatment of myocarditis. This study looks for risk factors and at-risk groups of myocarditis induced by COVID-19, and discuss the possibility of preventing myocarditis from the direction of protecting at-risk groups.

Nowadays, statistics have shown that cancer has become a serious threat to people's lives and health. Breast cancer is becoming more common year by year, and becoming the highest number of new cases of cancer in women, and its health risks should not be underestimated. The early diagnosis rate of breast cancer is very low, which is one of the main reasons for its high mortality rate. Therefore, identifying the risk variables and high-risk groups are essential, together with the early diagnosis and therapy of breast cancer. Therefore, this paper investigates the correlation in relation to breast cancer risk and diet. Finally, this paper draws the conclusion that age, race and dietary iron intake are found to be associated with primary breast cancer. We hope that by the investigation of patients' dietary intake habits, theoretical references for the prevention of breast cancer can be provided.

Intervertebral disc herniation is a common spinal disorder that affects a significant portion of the population, leading to pain, disability, and reduced quality of life. Rehabilitation therapy has been recognized as an effective, non-invasive approach for managing intervertebral disc herniation symptoms and improving function. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various rehabilitation therapies for intervertebral disc herniation, including spinal mobilization, traction, exercise, manual therapy, and traditional Chinese medicine treatments. This article discusses the principles, curative effects, and advantages and disadvantages of these treatments, highlighting the evidence supporting their effectiveness. Furthermore, we address key controversies and unanswered questions in the field, emphasizing the need for future research on optimal therapy duration and frequency, the role of manual therapy, long-term outcomes, comparative effectiveness, and prevention and early detection of intervertebral disc herniation.

Hematologic cancers, or malignancies of the blood system, include mainly leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. The mainstream treatment for hematologic malignancies is intravenous chemotherapy, in which chemotherapy drugs are infused intravenously to reach various parts of the body with blood circulation and kill tumor cells present in the blood or tissues. Alternatively, local chemotherapy is used, which is mainly administered through a puncture needle into the spinal canal to kill lymphoma cells. Although the cancer may go into full or partial remission, the chance of recurrence or refractory cancers remains significant and is associated by extremely severe toxicity. So more efficient and safer treatment strategies need to be proposed. T cells genetically engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T) for the treatment of hematologic cancers have been heavily investigated over the past decade and represent a new era of therapeutic strategies. In this paper,There is a discussion of the various obstacles and potential options for chimeric antigen receptor CAR-T treatment for hematologic malignancies.

This paper is dedicated to analysing the trends and equity of China's medical resource allocation during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, so as to provide a reference for future health resource allocation planning. This paper uses the Gini coefficient, Theil Index and Health Resource Agglomeration Degree to calculate the geographical and demographic equity of medical resource in China. The Medical Source Primacy Ratio is also used to study the medical resource allocation within each province. Thus, a comprehensive and multi-faceted equity analysis of China's health resource allocation was achieved.

Osteoarthritis of the knee (KOA) is a condition with an increased prevalence of morbidity. The proportion of senior citizens has increased, and this population will continue to grow. Several studies investigated the impact of KOA patient prevention and treatment on their health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Young-old patients with KOA may have a lower quality of life (QOL). In recent decades, the clinical treatment of KOA has diversified, and Western medicine has achieved rapid results, especially in surgical treatment. However, there is still controversy over the long-term efficacy after surgery, with some surgeries being complex. Traditional Chinese medicine appears to have a unique and beneficial effect on the HRQOL improvement of elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis. However, the majority of prior studies did not compare the effects of Western therapy and traditional Chinese medicine on the HRQOL of KOA patients. Interventions to improve the HRQOL of young-old patients with KOA are currently unknown. This study evaluated HRQOL of young-old (60-74 years) patients with KOA. While there are some effective KOA prevention and treatment options. The research was hampered by an absence of solid evidence from randomised controlled trials and a paucity of studies examining the influence of KOA on the QOL of the young-old. Despite these limitations, it is anticipated that this study will provide a theoretical reference for enhancing the QOL and friendliness of elderly patients with KOA.

Currently, the population is aging, and hyperglycemia has always been a disease of concern, as well as a diet-related disease. Through a literature review, this paper summarises three dietary nutritional formulations for the treatment of hyperglycemia. The first one employs vitamin B1 to inhibit biochemical pathways that lead to hyperglycemia, and the paper also examines vitamin B1's multiple pathways. As a treatment for hyperglycemia, the second one chooses sugar substitutes. By substituting sugar as a food additive, this study compared the flavour and various characteristics of sugar substitutes to sugar after addition to food; the final study investigates the effects of legumes on blood sugar responses and concludes that they can regulate blood sugar. Hyperglycemia necessitates a substantial quantity of medication, and dietary nutrition treatment is more appropriate for elderly patients. Not only can it effectively control blood sugar issues, but it can also meet the body's other nutritional requirements, which is of great benefit to the elderly.

In this review work, the article will go through post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in detail. In the introduction section, the review will first introduce PTSD as a whole. The type of treatment will be stated in order of severity of symptoms. Then, one paragraph regarding the genetic heritability of PTSD is provided. The details of brain regions affected by PTSD and differences in symptoms will also be explained in this review. Using the information provided, the review will analyze why Neuromodulation is a promising treatment for PTSD. In the body section, the review will describe ten different neuromodulations that either have been implanted to treat PTSD or can be a treatment for the disorder. These ten methods include non-invasive and invasive techniques, as the two can be applied in different stages of this neurological disorder. Some neuromodulation is not yet used to treat PTSD, yet they have been proven helpful in other brain(psychiatric) disorders. In the discussion, the review will cover any neuromodulation methods that are not included and comment on those. In the end, the review will emphasize the need to find practical solutions to PTSD and the idea of pushing non-invasive neuromodulation (brain stimulation) into the future treatment of PTSD.

Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines represent a personalized approach in cancer immunotherapy, utilizing the patient's own dendritic cells to stimulate an immune response against cancer cells. The paper overviews the mechanisms of DC vaccines and their clinical applications in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), melanoma, and glioblastoma. DCs, as professional antigen-presenting cells, capture and present tumor-specific antigens to T cells, activating an immune response against cancer cells. In AML, DC vaccines offer a targeted treatment approach by selectively activating the immune system against leukemia cells. DC vaccines for melanoma make use of the immune system's capacity to identify and destroy the cancer cells, offering a more effective therapeutic alternative. In glioblastoma, DC vaccines overcome the challenges of immune evasion and the blood-brain barrier, stimulating immunological defenses against cancerous cells. The potential benefits of DC vaccines include enhanced specificity, long-lasting immune memory, and combinability with other therapies. Further research and clinical trials are ongoing to refine treatment protocols and assess efficacy.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to the genus Papilloma vacuolar virus of the family Lactomaviridae, which is a circular double-stranded DNA that can cause proliferative lesions of human skin and mucous membranes. According to GLOBOCAN, cervical cancer has become a global public health problem, with the number of cervical cancer cases worldwide increasing to 604,000 in 2018 from about 569,000 in 2018 to 604,000 in 2020 and 342,000 deaths. Cervical cancer is the second most frequent tumor in women and has the fourth highest incidence and mortality rate of all cancers in females worldwide. Up to now, HPV vaccine is still the only vaccine recognized in the world to prevent cancer, and the prevention effect is significant and safe. The boil vaccine is used to treat chronic infection, prevent tumorigenesis, and treat to control tumor development or root tumor, and prevent recurrence. At present, there are no clinical measures to cure chronic infection of HPV, and the chemotherapy and surgical treatment for intermediate and advanced cervical cancer are not satisfactory, and the recurrence rate is high and the cost is high. Therefore, for these patients, immunotherapy may be a practical and potentially curative method. That is to say, the use of specific immunization, that is, vaccination methods to treat HPV persistent infection and the precancerous or malignant lesions caused by it, especially in developing countries, is a cost-effective way. This paper details the research status of HPV therapeutic vaccines.

Cancer is a disease in which cancer cells divide out of control, infiltrating and destroying normal body tissues, and spreading throughout the body. It has been reported that the second leading cause of death in the world today is cancer. According to statistics, in 2020, 10 million people died of cancer, including 1.8 million from lung cancer, 916,000 from colon and rectal cancer, 830,000 from liver cancer, 769,000 from stomach cancer and 685,000 from breast cancer. Traditional cancer treatments, such as surgical intervention, radiation, and taking chemotherapeutic drugs can have significant side effects and result in toxicity in patients. Therefore, effective cancer treatment is under the exploration. Vaccines are now considered to be one the most promising cancer treatments. By causing the body's immune system to target and stop the growth of cancer cells, cancer vaccines can prevent and treat cancer with fewer side effects. In this review, the components, mechanisms and latest clinical trials of DNA and RNA vaccines, proteins or synthetic peptides of cancer antigens and delivery of tumour antigens to cells are mainly introduced. In addition, vaccine construction and applications of different types of vectors, such as lipid-based delivery and polymer-based delivery methods are also in discussion.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of extracellular beta-amyloid protein and intracellular highly phosphorylated tau protein. The clinical characteristics include progressive deterioration of memory ability and cognitive function. Microglia are mononuclear macrophages resident in the central nervous system, playing an important role in maintaining brain development and homeostasis. In the pathological process of AD, microglia with normal physiological function can phagocytize and clear neurotoxic substances, also participate in the maturation and construction of central neural network. However, under the stimulation of inflammatory environment, aging, loss of functional proteins, and expression of risk factors, microglia cells become polarized and over-activated resulting in accumulation of neurotoxic substances, releases of pro-inflammatory factors, and adverse consequences of excessive neuronal cleavage, thus accelerating the development of AD. Therefore, to explain the double-edged role of microglia in AD pathogenesis, here we reviewed the basic biological functions of microglia, and discussed how the relevant factors contribute to the functional changes in microglia. Additionally, possible mechanisms are summarized to explain how these changes contributes to AD progression.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease that often occurs in young women, especially those of childbearing age, which occurs in multiple organs of the body. Lupus can cause significant and harmful neurological symptoms such as fatigue, anemia, and vitamin D deficiency. The pathogenesis of this disease is complex, involving both innate and adaptive immunity. The diseased body reacts abnormally to its own antigens, producing various autoantibodies and forming autoimmune complexes that deposit in the tissue, thereby activating the complement pathway, aggregating neutrophils and monocytes, and proliferating autoreactive lymphocytes, ultimately causing damage to various organs throughout the body. The treatment of SLE has made some progress compared to before, but problems such as poor prognosis, difficulty in controlling disease progression, difficulty in controlling recurrence, and susceptibility to target organ damage still increase the mortality rate of patients with this chronic disease. Some of the patients who participated in the survey also experienced permanent side effects. The current treatment goal for SLE is to control possible inflammation in the body, avoid disease recurrence, and alleviate clinical symptoms. Traditional antimalarial drugs and glucocorticoids are important methods for treating SLE, but if used continuously, the damage to organs caused by the drugs will increase. The latest research on biological agents, such as belizumab, can effectively reduce this risk. This review introduces the possible pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, compares traditional and emerging treatment methods, and focuses on targeted biological agents for treatment through existing experimental data.

The aim of this article is to provide a detailed list of treatment options for scoliosis, outlining the current non-surgical options - brace and physiotherapy - and the surgical options - Smith-Petersen osteotomy, Pedicle subtraction and Vertebral column resection. The advantages and disadvantages of these options will help the reader to understand their applicability and the advantages and disadvantages of each type of treatment. A new technique (Novel intervertebral space release) is also included in the discussion. The advantages and disadvantages of this technique are discussed, as well as the treatment modalities. Among the various surgical options, a side-by-side comparison of their results, the rate of scoliosis treated and the difficulty of the procedure is presented to help the reader understand the difficulties and complications of the procedure.

To investigate the attitudes of urban residents in China towards the preservation of embryonic stem cells and the relevant influencing factors, and to provide data support for improving clinical treatment ethics and ethical standards, as well as for the subsequent formulation of related national policies. Using data from the 2022 Chinese Resident Psychology and Behavior Survey, an OLS regression was conducted to study the attitudes of urban residents (young and middle-aged) towards the preservation of embryonic stem cells and its influencing factors. The mean level of support for preserving embryonic stem cells among the 8189 valid samples included in the study was 61. 17 (out of a total score of 100). In general, urban residents in China support this technology. However, among the participants who had not received formal education, the mean attitude towards the preservation of embryonic stem cells was 47. 34, and this group did not support the technology. The attitudes of Chinese residents towards the preservation of embryonic stem cells are positively influenced by factors such as medical relevance, attitudes towards gene therapy, support for life sciences technology, and perceived social support. To increase public support for the preservation of embryonic stem cells, joint efforts are needed from individuals and society as a whole.

Heart failure (HF) is a chronic disease, accompanied with a heavy burden of manifestations of cardiac weakness, limitations of normal exercise and low quality of lives, which is prevalent in the citizens. Heart failure with persevered ejection fraction (HFpEF) patients manifests marked impairments in capacity of exercise, which impacts and lowers patients’ quality of daily lives. Currently, existent pharmacologic treatments are neutral and there are no proper therapies for HFpEF. In this case, ample scientists laid emphasis on the effect of diverse drugs on the treatment of HFpEF. The purpose of this paper is to summarize treatments that have potential clinical application and have been studied repeatedly by researchers. For those drugs that are used in a limited range in clinical practice, this paper can help medical workers to use them correctly and predict the effect, so as to expand the scope of application. For those treatments that have not yet been used in clinical practice, this paper may help medical workers and pharmaceutical companies to find new drugs that can be used in human body to improve the treatment effect and patient prognosis.

This paper uses the NHANES database to produce estimates of the relationship between hypertension and blood lipids and glucose, providing an update on the burden of the "three highs" in the United States. The proportion of adult hypertensive patients attending outpatient clinics increases with age, from 9% for those aged 18-44 years to 58% for those aged 75 years and older. Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia have been health problems that many people cannot ignore, and they often appear in clusters that are annoying. The incidence of the "three high diseases" in the elderly is increasing year by year, and its high prevalence, high risk, and high medical costs have been widely alerted to and paid attention to. However, the prevention and control of the "three highs" for young people today is an important issue in health care today. This study showed that hypertension may be positively correlated with triglycerides and blood glucose in the population. Hyperglycemia (> 99). When total cholesterol Q4 (> 207) is beyond healthy status, low-density cholesterol (>130) and triglycerides (>150) are in an unhealthy state. About 38.07% of the population had hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was 50.13% in the middle age group (44-65 years old). 10.36% of the patients had diabetes. In the presence of normoglycemia, the odds of having hypertension were 23.15%. The risk of hypertension in the non-healthy blood glucose group was 46.43%.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, and HBV virus and HCV virus are the main factors in the development of HCC. For patients with advanced liver cancer, surgical treatment is no longer the preferred treatment, and most patients will choose conservative drug treatment. In recent years, various researchers have strived to develop chemical drugs and molecular targeted drugs that are more toxic to liver cancer cell lines, but have fewer side effects on the human body and are safer. This article will introduce the following four drugs on this basis. (1) Pyrazole derivatives: There are relevant research results, but there is no clinical data, and further research and development are needed. (2) Podophyllotoxin derivatives: The prospect value of podophyllotoxin derivatives in the treatment of HCC has been explored, waiting for clinical tests, and the final effect data will be counted. (3) Targeted drugs: The development and approved use of first-line targeted drugs and second-line targeted drugs have made these drugs have great application value with regard to the treatment of advanced liver cancer, and also pave the way for future research and development of better drugs. (4) Targeted peptide coupled drugs: Combined with computer-aided drug design, the polypeptide WZ-1 was designed by molecular docking, and then the polypeptide was coupled with other substances, and the polypeptide WZ-1 coupled with phenylbutyrate acid nitrogen mustard (TM20) with more highly cytotoxic effect on tumor cells was screened out as a candidate antineoplastic drug.

Broken olecranon bones, an elbow region of the horse, are common, particularly in foals. These fractures are largely caused by trauma from kicks or falls. Treatment options for these fractures include stall rest and surgical reconstruction. The subject information, background, clinical findings, and results of a sizable number of horses fixed with tension band plates for type 1b olecranon fractures were assessed. A review of the olecranon fracture diagnosis data for 77 horses was conducted by the author. A type 1b olecranon fracture was found in 24 horses (31%) of the total. The clinical data and post-operative results (4-128 months post-surgery) were documented. With internal plate fixation, an animal with athletic ability has an extremely positive attitude. The management and prognosis of type 1b olecranon fractures can be improved by a fracture repair technique known as tension band plate fixation, the results of which are reported here. Internal plate fixation is the most effective after experimental investigation.

Gastrointestinal disorders are prevalent digestive system diseases. On the basis of the underlying cause, gastrointestinal disorders can be classified as infectious gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders, and food allergies and intolerances. Symptoms include nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Numerous participants in the preliminary study were unaware of the varieties of gastrointestinal disorders and their underlying causes. This article's primary research methodology is a literature review that summarizes existing knowledge and provides an introduction to gastrointestinal disorders and symptoms. Through this research, the author hopes to increase the public's knowledge of gastrointestinal diseases and provide advice on how to protect gastrointestinal health. In addition, it is hoped that the public will be made aware of the harmful effects of gastrointestinal diseases and that patients will pay heed to this information.

Background: Hip osteoarthritis (OA) affects a significant percentage of the world population, impairing functionality, quality of life and increasing years of life lost due to disability, causing high costs and overwhelming healthcare systems. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computer Vision offers promise in the early detection of this condition. Objective: The study aimed to assess two key aspects: first, to evaluate the accuracy of Aictive's pose estimation computer vision system and its agreement with the VICON® system, and second, to appraise the diagnostic capacity using data obtained from the pose detector and diagnosis algorithm. Methods: 17 participants, comprising 10 individuals with diagnosed hip OA and 7 healthy subjects, completed a battery of 5 functional tests each. Data from both systems were concurrently collected to enable measurement comparisons. Results: The evaluation revealed that the pose detection system demonstrated an accuracy of 6.81° root mean squared error compared to the gold standard. Additionally, the pose detector's data yielded a remarkable 93% accuracy in classifying the pathology. Conclusions: This study underscores that Aictive's technology, rooted in computer vision and motion analysis, can serve as a valuable tool for early detection and precise diagnostic assistance in musculoskeletal pathologies, including hip OA.

People from many areas of life have been impacted negatively by the worldwide epidemic, which has had a significant global impact. One population that has received particular attention is people living with HIV (PLWH). PLWH are not more likely compared to the average populace to catch COVID-19, according to recent research, however, their immunodeficiency status and higher likelihood of comorbidities make them a high-risk group. Additionally, social stigma and potential psychological issues resulting from HIV can further exacerbate their vulnerability. To address the unique challenges faced by PLWH during the pandemic, increased attention and empirical research is needed. In recent investigations, the biological therapeutic manifestation of COVID-19 in individuals who are HIV positive and negative was studied, with findings showing similar rates of incidence, severity, and mortality. However, PLWH who have underlying medical conditions, for example, diabetes and hypertension, may be more likely to have a serious disease from COVID-19. Given these risks, it is crucial to protect HIV-infected individuals by ensuring access to appropriate medical services and support. This includes providing information on prevention and treatment options, as well as addressing social stigma and psychological issues. Overall, this article highlights the importance of recognizing the unique needs of PLWH during the pandemic and taking proactive steps to support and protect this vulnerable population.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-scale vesicles derived from different cell sources and contain different bioactive cargo involved in intercellular communication and induction of phenotypic and functional changes in recipient cells. As a result, EVs have been considered a potential therapeutic delivery nanocarrier for different disease applications. This review will first introduce different types of EVs and their general physiochemical and biological characteristics to better understand the mechanisms involving their biogenesis, intracellular trafficking, and functional activities that enable further advancement of the EV-mediated drug delivery of therapeutics. Next, it will illustrate multiple advantages of EVs compared to currently available drug delivery platforms. These include desired biocompatibility and immunogenicity, enhanced stability, the ability to penetrate natural barriers, and target specificity, and have successfully demonstrated to improve therapeutic outcomes in different disease applications. Finally, this review will also highlight several current challenges, such as off-target toxicity and difficulties in large-scale manufacturing that hinder the potential for clinical translation, and discuss the future outlooks of EVs as a promising drug nanocarrier platform in disease treatment applications.

One of the common endocrine diseases in women of childbearing age is Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Its clinical characteristics include hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance, abnormal follicle development, and obesity, among others. One of the leading causes of infertility in women of childbearing age is polycystic ovary syndrome, yet its pathogenesis remains not clear. The intestinal flora can impact the physiological and pathological conditions of the body, playing a crucial role in various metabolic and other diseases. Growing evidence suggests that the intestinal flora may trigger key clinical manifestations of PCOS, such as insulin resistance and hyperandrogenemia. Therefore, the intestinal flora dysregulation could be related to the onset and progression of PCOS. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the vital function of intestinal flora in PCOS by examining prior research findings on the correlation between intestinal flora and major clinical manifestations in polycystic ovary syndrome patients, including insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, obesity, and impaired follicle release.

Substantial studies have consistently demonstrated a compelling correlation between either serum uric acid (SUA) or urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) and renal diseases, underscoring the significant linkages between these biomarkers and renal health. However, the relationship between uACR and SUA remain unknown with little evidence examining the relationship in general US population. The objective of this investigation is to assess the correlation between SUA and uACR in adults in the United States. The NHANES 2011–2020.3 dataset was used, with total 24,054 participants eligible after the data selection. Clinical characteristics were compared between SUA and uACR groups. To investigate the association between SUA and uACR, both univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis were utilized. After adequately adjusting confounding factors, a strong association was revealed between SUA and uACR for adults in the US. The findings from the multivariate linear regression analysis revealed notable associations between various factors and uACR levels. Specifically, increasing age, serum creatinine level, and serum glucose level exhibited significant positive correlations with elevated uACR levels. Conversely, serum albumin and SUA demonstrated significant negative correlations with uACR levels. However, the association was not significant in males with chronic kidney disease (CKD), those aged 65 and older, or those who were obese. There appears to be a significant correlation between SUA levels and uACR levels within the general population of the United States, indicating a noteworthy association between two variables, however the relationship between SUA and uACR might need to be further analyzed using other biochemical data such as ROS and IL-1β level.

Ovarian cancer stands as a principal contributor to cancer-associated mortality amongst women, posing a worldwide health issue. Current advancements in preventative, interventional, and therapeutic strategies, while significant, are often impeded by issues such as drug resistance, severe toxicity, and delayed diagnosis of the disease. In light of these hurdles, this manuscript probes the promising sphere of nanomedicine in addressing ovarian cancer, discussing both the present landscape of nanotechnology-anchored therapies and their prospective implications. Nanomedicine presents singular benefits for drug transport, thus emerging as a potent instrument in this scenario. This manuscript further delves into the study of diverse nanoparticles (NPs) designed for regulated drug delivery and accentuates the breakthroughs in RNAcentric nanodrugs that target select proteins, such as the CKAP5 protein, which have demonstrated substantial outcomes in recent investigations. While the prospect is encouraging, certain obstacles must be confronted for more extensive application of nanomedicine in ovarian cancer therapeutics, including complications connected to drug delivery regulation, toxicity, and specificity. These issues underscore the necessity for sustained scientific investigation and ingenuity in this discipline. This manuscript provides an exhaustive overview, referencing current research, pinpointing potential impediments, and proffering direction for impending research and application of nanomedicine in the combat against ovarian cancer. The objective is to spark novel research trajectories and expedite the evolution of more efficacious, precision-targeted therapies for ovarian cancer.

KRAS oncogenic mutations are existent in 15% of human malignancies, resulting in constitutive activation of KRAS. Prior attempts failed to target this protein leading to the claim that KRAS was undruggable. However, the disclosure of a new allosteric pocket on KRASG12C substantially empowers anti-KRAS drug design and represents an amazing breakthrough made by structural biology and medicinal chemistry efforts. AMG510 and MRTX849 are remarkable in the design of G12C covalent inhibitors and have shown encouraging results clinically, with several more anti-cancer therapeutic drugs targeting KRASG12C on the horizon. Herein we provide a brief review of the structure of KRAS, its function and KRAS-related pathway, and its common mutations in human tumors, especially KRASG12C. Then, we discuss the most recent advancements in developing KRASG12C covalent inhibitors, as well as their chemical structures as well as the challenging but promising future of new development and translational applications of KRASG12C inhibitor to improve human health.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a prevalent disease among individuals over the age of 50. The absence of clear symptoms makes it crucial to predict the occurrence of the disease before a fracture takes place for effective treatment. Currently, the primary method for screening and diagnosing OP is through the use of bone mineral density (BMD) testing, which may not be the most effective approach for OP screening. To address this issue, a multivariate logistic regression model was constructed using statistics from the NHANES, the Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, from 2017 to 2020 based on physical examination, questionnaire data, and standard biochemical indicators to determine the presence of osteoporosis. Through data cleaning and screening, data gathered from a nationally representative dataset demonstrate that age, BMI, ferritin, phosphorus, folate content, and whether the parents of the interviewee had ever been told by health professional that they have osteoporosis, are strongly linked, especially in females, to the onset of osteoporosis in those over 50. The logistic regression model possesses a 0.839 area under the receiver operating pattern (ROC) curve. This study aims to provide a more effective method for OP screening and to contribute to the understanding and management of the disease.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has brought giant advancement in hematological malignances treatment, which arises interests of applying the technology in solid tumors. Glioblastoma, a malignant brain tumor with high recurrence rate and low survival rate, has threaten considerable people’s lives and caused heavy social burdens. The efficacy of traditional treatments in glioblastoma turns out to be limited, and immunotherapies such as CAR T-cell therapy might blaze a novel trail to achieve better clinical response. Here, the author reviewed the development history and potential mechanisms of CAR T-cell therapy, summarizing related outcomes from preclinical and clinical research including multiple tumor antigens targeted by CARs, feasibility and potential efficacy of this immunotherapy in glioblastoma. Moreover, myriad difficulties that this treatment now encounters as well as their corresponding solutions were also discussed. At present, it is evident that this immunotherapy has the potential to be applied in glioblastoma treatment, but more research is expected in the future in order to unravel the unknowns and improve therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma.

This study gived an overview on the current treatment of glioblastoma. Glioblastoma, or glioma, is one of the most common type of brain cancer, and have been a concern for human for decades due to its threats on human health. Due to the prevalence of glioma and other related brain tumors, the history of glioma treatment began far early in 18^th century and the investigation on glioma treatment is continues until now, current studies are aiming to target glioma treatment in a more precise way, including through various treatments. This study summarizes the different strategies for glioma treatment for both vitro and vivo, and included both old and new strategies as well as current advancements for them. Nowadays, there are many advances in glioma treatment, including utilizing new strategies and development based on the previous strategies, including researches on precise targeting. Glioma treatment involving biomaterial have good future prospects and still needs more attention.

In recent years, as China enters an aging society, the control and prevention of cognitive impairment has become a public health issue that cannot be ignored. Thus, how to meet the growing demand for care services for patients will become an urgent problem for the country, society, and families. This paper states the current situation of China’s dementia disease and analyzes the factors attributed to increasing demand, contemporary supply side shortages, and solution should be considered. Stakeholders involved in the management of dementia includes not only Chinese patients, but also the families, government, and the country.

This paper explores associations between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and various health factors using 2017-2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. We noted an inverse relationship between Body Mass Index and SBP and DBP, a contradiction to the specific link with hypertension, possibly explained by the 'obesity paradox.' Total cholesterol positively correlated with SBP and DBP, substantiating the dyslipidemia-hypertension connection. Interestingly, SBP negatively correlated with diabetes severity, while DBP showed a positive correlation. This discrepancy might be due to different physiological mechanisms influenced by diabetes-induced metabolic changes and vascular alterations. Despite potential confounders and self-report bias, the results emphasize the complex relationship between diabetes and hypertension, suggesting further research for more effective health strategies.

Serous ovarian cancer (SeOvCa) is a lethal disease and it has a late-stage diagnosis and high recurrence rates. This study used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data to identify immune-related genes and establish a prognostic model for SeOvCa recurrence. Differential gene expression analysis was described, resulting in the selection of 14 significant genes. The TME score, incorporating these genes, correlated with poorer survival outcomes. Combining these genes with known ovarian cancer genes improved the prognostic model. This study indicates the importance of the tumor microenvironment in SeOvCa prognosis and provides insights for personalized treatment strategies.

In past warming events, as well as the present global warming event, temperature changes around the globe are asynchronous; the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), intercorrelated with global greenhouse gas (GHGs) content, may influence such indicators on hemispheric scales. Here, we use linear fits to investigate the rates of change in temperature and the concentration of two GHGs for three documented warming events, and use empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) to analyse the temporal and spatial relationships between various influencing factors and interhemispheric temperature differences. We show that in the past two warming events, the NH temperatures increased at a higher rate relative to SH, but the absolute temperature in the SH was generally higher; GHGs and ocean circulations also influenced the hemispheric temperature changes. We find that it is clear the present global warming rate is much greater than in past long term warming events, and show consistent characteristics such as higher rate of change in the NH. EOF analyses show that the AMOC has greater impact on temperatures in both hemispheres.

Carbapenems are vital antibiotics for treating severe Enterobacteriaceae-mediated sepsis infections, yet resistance poses a growing challenge. Sepsis has been a leading cause of neonatal death due to the rapid emergence of multi-resistance bacteria like CRE, and many of these gram-negative bacterial infections take place in healthcare settings. Resistance to carbapenems in Enterobacteriaceae typically results from the production of β-lactamases, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), which can break down carbapenems. This review explored the pathophysiology of CRE-mediated sepsis, including how pathogens first trigger host inflammatory response, lead to dysregulation of homeostasis, and eventually cause organ dysfunction and further immunosuppression. Combating resistance involves β-lactamase inhibitors, but challenges persist. Colistin and tigecycline are crucial antibiotics for carbapenem-resistant strains. A comparison of the chemical structure, target and mode of action, mode of delivery, and monotherapy vs. combination therapy effects of colistin and tigecycline on treating this condition was made. Combination therapy shows promise, but its efficacy varies. Nevertheless, understanding carbapenem treatment and resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is vital. Effective strategies, including combination therapy, are crucial in tackling this growing threat.

Sleep disorder is a common physiological problem, and it causes diseases that have significant effects on human body such as physiological disorders, insanity, hypertension, heart disease. As epidemiological studies have shown that adverse cardiovascular events have different manifestations at different times of a day, many researchers believe that sleep disorder is related to cardiovascular diseases that severely threaten human life, such as hypertension, coronary heart disease and so on. A variety of therapeutic measures can be adopted to prevent potential behavior related high-risk disease. Most of the sleep disorder can be treated with appropriate interventions, but some are difficult. Sleep disorder is harmful to health and causes diseases such as neurasthenia and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition, it has negative effect on the quality of life, emotion, cognitive function and health. It also results in rapid heartbeat and breathing, increased blood pressure, increased cardiopulmonary and cerebral blood flow, angina, heart failure, hypertension, arrhythmia and other cardiovascular diseases. Sleep disorder also has an impact on our physiological and immune system functions. In this paper, the correlation between sleep disorders and some CVDs, as well as the physiological mechanism and treatment of the sleep disorders will be reviewed.