Mr. George P. Winstone Profile

George P. Winstone

PhD Student

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Proceedings Article | 22 September 2015 Paper

Proton irradiation of the CIS115 for the JUICE mission

M. Soman, E. A. H. Allanwood, A. Holland, G. Winstone, J. P. D. Gow, K. Stefanov, M. Leese

Proceedings Volume 9602, 96020O (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2187009

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Electrons, Jupiter, Photodiodes, Cameras, Space operations, Image resolution, Ions, Transmission electron microscopy, CMOS technology

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The CIS115 is one of the latest CMOS Imaging Sensors designed by e2v technologies, with 1504x2000 pixels on a 7 μm pitch. Each pixel in the array is a pinned photodiode with a 4T architecture, achieving an average dark current of 22 electrons pixel^-1 s^-1 at 21°C measured in a front-faced device. The sensor aims for high optical sensitivity by utilising e2v’s back-thinning and processing capabilities, providing a sensitive silicon thickness approximately 9 μm to 12 μm thick with a tuned anti-reflective coating.

The sensor operates in a rolling shutter mode incorporating reset level subtraction resulting in a mean pixel readout noise of 4.25 electrons rms. The full well has been measured to be 34000 electrons in a previous study, resulting in a dynamic range of up to 8000. These performance characteristics have led to the CIS115 being chosen for JANUS, the high-resolution and wide-angle optical camera on the JUpiter ICy moon Explorer (JUICE).

The three year science phase of JUICE is in the harsh radiation environment of the Jovian magnetosphere, primarily studying Jupiter and its icy moons. Analysis of the expected radiation environment and shielding levels from the spacecraft and instrument design predict the End Of Life (EOL) displacement and ionising damage for the CIS115 to be equivalent to 10¹⁰ 10 MeV protons cm^-2 and 100 krad(Si) respectively. Dark current and image lag characterisation results following initial proton irradiations are presented, detailing the initial phase of space qualification of the CIS115. Results are compared to the pre-irradiation performance and the instrument specifications and further qualification plans are outlined.

Proceedings Article | 22 September 2015 Paper

Proton-induced Random Telegraph Signal in the CMOS imaging sensor for JANUS, the visible imaging telescope on JUICE

G. Winstone, M. Soman, E. A. H. Allanwood, A. Holland, J. P. D. Gow, K. Stefanov, M. Leese

Proceedings Volume 9602, 96020N (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2187011

KEYWORDS: Detection and tracking algorithms, Sensors, CMOS sensors, Digital filtering, Imaging systems, Algorithm development, Space telescopes, Cameras, Interference (communication), Telescopes

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JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) is an ESA L class mission due for launch in 2022 as part of the agency’s Cosmic Vision program [1][2]. The primary science goal is to explore and characterise Jupiter and several of its potentially habitable icy moons, particularly Ganymede, Europa and Callisto.

The JANUS instrument is designated to be the scientific imager on-board the spacecraft with a wavelength range between 400 nm and 1000 nm and consists of a catoptric telescope coupled to a CMOS detector [3], specifically the CIS115 monolithic active pixel sensor supplied by e2v technologies[3]. A CMOS sensor has been chosen due to a combination of the high radiation tolerance required for all systems aboard the spacecraft and its capability of operating with integration times as low as 1 ms, which is required to prevent blur when imaging the moons at fast ground velocities since the camera has no mechanical shutter. However, an important consideration of using CMOS in high radiation environments is the generation of defects or defect clusters that result in pixels exhibiting Random Telegraph Signal (RTS)[5].

A study of RTS effects in the CIS115 has been undertaken, and the method applied to identify pixels in the array that display RTS behaviour is discussed and individual RTS-exhibiting pixels are characterised. The changes observed in RTS behaviour following irradiation of the CIS115 with protons is presented and the temperature dependence of the RTS behaviour is studied. The implications on the camera design and imaging requirements of the mission are examined.

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