The focal plane array spectrometer (FPAS) is a miniaturization concept for imaging spectrometers compared to classical dispersive and FTS instruments. FPAS is an imaging implementation of interferogram integrated FTS, targeting space-borne and commercial applications. It is based on a bi-dimensional array of waveguide spectrometers which can be assembled in small size, and form a compact package of single spectrometers. When this system is positioned in the focal plane of an objective (in a similar way as a CMOS detector array or a CCD in a camera), it will allow imaging spectrometry of the observed surface (objects). The instrument is therefore reduced to the imaging optics and the FPAS in the focal plane, which takes over the role of spectrometer and detector array. This is a breakthrough concept enabling imaging spectroscopy in a reduced volume with low power consumption. This article describes the preliminary development results of a FPAS based on arrays of single-mode waveguides. The developed linear array forms an acquisition line to image with lateral scanning. The light is injected with micro-lenses into several optical polymer waveguides. In order to circumvent the sub-sampling limitation due to nano-sampler spacing and to expand the spectral bandwidth, the basic principle of a static Lippmann spectrometer is combined with a dynamic Fourier-transform spectrometer, by adopting a piezo actuated movable mirror located at the waveguide end-facet. This waveguide spectrometer is designed for a nominal bandwidth of 25 nm at central wavelength of 762.5 nm and a spectral resolution of about 0.06 nm. The throughput and SNR in this preliminary linear array prototype are analysed and design limitations are discussed. The authors then introduce a new method for the realization of FPAS aiming at enhancing throughput and bandwidth of the integrated device. This new concept uses a bundle of single-mode waveguides, instead of only one, at the focal distance of the optical element. The novel FPAS concept is elaborated and its characteristics are described.
Significant progress has been made over the past years in the understanding of Earth’s climate; however, there are still uncertainties in the modelling of atmospheric radiative processes. The main radiative processes relevant for climatological models are related to atmospheric water vapour, clouds, and surface emissivity across the full thermal infrared spectrum. Whilst the mid-infrared outgoing radiation is currently measured from space (e.g. IASI), there is a lack of spectrally resolved measurements over a significant portion of Earth’s thermal emission in the Far-InfraRed (FIR) i.e. between 100 and 667 cm-1 (15-100 micron). FORUM (Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring) has been selected as the ESA’s ninth Earth Explorer mission in September 2019. FORUM aims at measuring the Earth’s Top-Of-Atmosphere emission spectrum from 100 to 1600 cm-¹ (i.e. 6.25 to 100 μm). Two independent instrument concepts, based on a Fourier Transform Spectrometer, have been thoroughly studied in Phase A preparatory activities, including the development of a breadboard of the interferometer. In addition, critical technologies have been identified and subjected to comprehensive breadboard studies in order to mitigate development risks and to raise the Technology Readiness Level (TRL). This has led to the development and characterisation of several beamsplitter candidates, the measurement of the emissivity of the black coating for the on-board blackbody, the verification of noise and responsivity performance of pyroelectric detectors and the characterisation of the interferometer mechanism.
We show the miniaturization and parallelization of a scanning standing wave spectrometer with a long term goal of creating a compact imaging spectrometer. In our standing wave integrated Fourier transform spectrometer, light is injected with micro-lenses into several optical polymer waveguides. A piezo actuated mirror located at the waveguide end-facet can shift the interferogram to increase its sampling frequency. The spatial distribution of the standing wave intensity inside the waveguide is partially scattered out of the plane by a periodic metallic grating and recorded by a CCD camera. We present spectra acquisition for six adjacent waveguides simultaneously at a wavelength of 632.8 nm.
In this work, we report about optical spectrometry using gold nano-structures printed on a polymer based integrated optical waveguide. The optical waveguide is a single mode buried waveguide, having dimensions of 3×2.2μm2. It is made from a combination of photo-polymerizable materials and is fabricated by photolithography on a glass substrate. To sense the electric field inside the waveguide, a gold nano-coupler array of thin lines (50 nm thick and 8 μm length) is embedded on top of the aforementioned waveguide. They are produced by E-beam lithography. The array pitch is 2.872 μm and the number of lines 564, which yields an array of 1.619 mm length. The device is enclosed with a glass superstrate to prevent it from dust and destruction. Both waveguide ports are polished and the output port in particular, is coated with a thin gold layer to assimilate a mirror and hence, it enables the creation of stationary waves inside the structure. The measurement procedure involves light injection using a single mode fiber carrying both visible light (658nm) and infrared light (785nm), used for alignment and measurement purposes respectively. Stationary waves generated inside the guide constitute the spatial interferogram. Locally, light is out-coupled using the nano-couplers and allows measuring the interferogram structure. The resulting pattern is imaged by a vision system involving an optical microscope with a digital camera mounted on-top of it. Signal processing, mainly based on Fast Fourier transform is performed on the captured signal to extract the spectral content of the measured signal.
The Mars Infrared MApper (MIMA) is a FT-IR miniaturized spectrometer which is being developed for ESA ExoMars
Pasteur mission. MIMA will be mounted on the rover mast and so it must be compact and light-weight. The scientific
goals and its optical design are presented in two companion papers [1] [2]; the focus of this work is on the thermomechanical
design and testing. The instrument design faces challenging constraints both from the expected environment
and the allocated resources. The temperatures during operation are expected to be from -120 °C to +30 °C with the
presence of a low density but thermally effective atmosphere. Severe dynamic loads are foreseen during launch and
moreover at landing on Mars. The overall size is limited to an envelope of 140 mm x 140 mm x 120 mm and the mass to
less than 1 kg. The expected performances of this instrument should be comparable with those of much heavier ones
built in the past. An instrument compliant with these constraints has been conceived, introducing many innovative
solution with respect to the past experiences and making use of intensive modeling and testing to prove the survival to
the harsh environment.
Among the most challenging problems the mounting of the brittle KBr optics and the matching of its thermal expansion
coefficient with that of the supporting aluminium structure, in a temperature interval of more than 200 °C. Most of the
components have undergone thermovacuum tests in the low temperature range because none of them was expected to be
used in the -100 °C range.
The Mars Infrared MApper (MIMA) is a FT-IR miniaturised spectrometer which is being developed for ESA ExoMars
Pasteur mission. The Martian Infrared MApper Fourier Spectrometer is designed to provide remote measurements of
mineralogy and atmosphere of the scene surrounding a Martian rover and guide it to key targets for detailed in situ
measurements by other rover experiments. Among the main scientific objectives of the MIMA instrument are to assist
the rover in rock/soils selection for further in-situ investigation and to identify rocks and soils on the Martian surface
which provide evidence of past/present biological activity. The instrument is also designed to measure the water vapour
abundance and vertical distribution and its diurnal and seasonal variation, dust opacity, optical properties, composition,
diurnal and seasonal variation. The instrument is a double pendulum interferometer providing spectra in the 2 - 25 μm
wavelength domain with a resolving power of 1000 at 2 μm and 80 at 25 μm. The radiometric performances are SNR >
40 in the near infrared and a NEDe = 0.002 in the thermal region. The instrument design is very compact, with a total
mass of 1kg and an average power consumption of 5 W.
This paper presents the activities performed for the modelling and experimental characterisation of a pyroelectric infrared detector. The work focuses on a LiTaO3 sensor which has been used as detector in the Long Wavelength Channel of a double channel IR spectrometer devoted to the study of Mars atmosphere, the MarsExpress Planetary Fourier Spectrometer, PFS. The need for an experimental characterization arise from the need of modelling the complete spectrometer for a correct interpretation of the scientific data collected while orbiting around Mars. The sensor of interest has been characterised along with its amplifying and conditioning proximity electronics. Because of the final use of the detector, i.e. FTIR spectrometry, the experimental characterization focuses on the frequency response and non-linear behaviour which respectively affects spectral responsivity and the presence of spectral features ghosts. Mathematical models available in literature describing the pyroelectric phenomena usually neglect the dependence of thermal characteristics on temperature and are intrinsically linear, therefore unfit for our needs. Because of the lack of information about the detector building characteristics, an accurate a priori model could not be straightforward implemented. An a posteriori model, derived from an identification process based on the detector testing has been developed and validated in order to have a simulation tool for the full spectrometer. The sensor exhibit nonlinearities, depending on all factors influencing the sensing element average temperature: incident infrared power, housing temperature. These nonlinearities can be traced back to the dependence on temperature of thermal characteristics of the sensing element, pyroelectric coefficient and the thermal capacity of LiTaO3 and on the nonlinearity of the radiative heat exchanges.
Space infrastructure serves the Earth in diverse ways. I introduce the very basics of Earth Observation and SatCom basics aiming to show how space infrastructure is permeating our life daily.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.