As we know, wave aberration is the difference between the ideal wave and the
real wave. One of the important characteristics of ordinary optical system images is
the condition of equal optical path distance. If all light from a point A passing
through the optical system focuses at A', we can say that point A' is the ideal
image of object point A and that the optical path distances of all rays from A to A'
are the same. When there is aberration in the optical system, wave aberration is the
difference of geometric path distances multiplied by the index. In figure 1 wave
front P from point B passing through the optical system forms a new wave surface
pp'. Generally we use the intersection point ' of the principal ray and the ideal
imaginary surface as the center of the ideal reference spherical surface P"P" so P"P
is the wave aberration
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