KEYWORDS: Microsoft Foundation Class Library, Switching, Transparency, Network architectures, Optical flow, Switches, Energy efficiency, Process control, Video, Internet
Extensive research effort is ongoing in energy-efficient Internet-based communications. Optical Flow Switching (OFS)
and Optical Burst Switching (OBS) offer potentially efficient alternatives to IP-router-based networks for large data
transactions, but significant challenges remain. OFS requires each user to install expensive core network technology,
limiting application to highly specialized nodes. OBS can achieve higher scalability but burst assembly/disassembly
procedures reduce power efficiency. Finally both OFS and OBS use all-optical switching technologies for which energy
efficiency and flexibility remain subject to debate.
Our study aims at combining the advantages of both OBS and OFS while avoiding their shortcomings. We consider
using a two-way resource reservation protocol for periodic concatenations of large (e.g. 1 Mb) packets or Media Frames
(MFs). These chains of MFs (MFCs) are semi-transparent with a periodicity referred to as the “transparency degree”.
Each MFC is assembled and stored at an end-user machine during the resource reservation procedure and is then
switched and buffered electronically along its path. The periodic configuration of each MFC enables interleaving of
several chains using buffering only to align the MFs in each MFC in time, largely reducing the buffer requirements with
respect to OBS. This periodicity also enables a simple scheduling algorithm to schedule large transactions with minimal
control plane processing, achieving link utilization approaching 99.9%.
In summary, results indicate that implementing optical burst switching techniques in the electronic domain is a
compelling path forward to high-throughput power-efficient networking.
In this paper, we review recent progress towards efficient and versatile waveguides and
transmission lines for terahertz applications. Terahertz waveguides are compared in terms of loss
and coupling efficiency. Different loss mechanisms and fundamental limits are treated. We also
propose a slot-line structure suitable for terahertz frequencies.
The impact of cross-phase modulation in a multichannel hybrid on-off-keyed (OOK) and differential quadrature
phase shift keyed (DQPSK) system is evaluated analytically. Results confirmed by simulation provide a simple
method for determining induced RMS phase error.
Progress towards the definition of next-generation passive optical networks (PONs) based on wavelength-division
multiplexing (WDM) is reviewed and compared to emerging requirements. A key challenge is providing ultra-high (e.g.
10 Gbps) bandwidth for demanding users while cost-effectively supporting less-demanding users. A new approach is
presented in which diverse bandwidth requirements are supported on a conventional WDM PON outside plant through
the use of flexible wavelength sharing in the local office. An example is demonstrated experimentally showing that with
16 users per passive node, each wavelength can be shared by up to 16 users distributed across up to 16 PONs served by
the same local office. Factors limiting sharing and throughput are discussed.
The spur-free dynamic range (SFDR) of a novel microwave-photonic link, using a polarization mode-converter electro-optic modulator in a balanced output configuration, is characterized in this work. Common-mode intensity noise and optical-amplifier-induced beat noise are suppressed using a polarization-selective balanced optical receiver. In addition, third-order predistortion is used to reduce 2-tone intermodulation distortion by up to 20 dB, further increasing the SFDR. Unlike the conventional approach using a dual-output Mach-Zehnder modulator, the complementary output signals are combined naturally as orthogonal polarizations into one transmission fiber.
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