In this article, tensor technology is applied to address the issue of slow speed in target positioning for near-surface finite conductors with a transient electromagnetic (TEM) system. Both simulation and experiment have been conducted based on a portable TEM system. Simulation results show that the tensor localization is more accurate when the baseline distance is smaller and the target depth is larger. Experiment results show that with a baseline distance of 40 cm and a target depth of 50 cm, the horizontal positioning error does not exceed 7 cm and the depth error does not exceed 6 cm after compensation when taking the average of positioning results of 25 measurement points. As a result, tensor localization can achieve accurate target localization for TEM detection.
Overhauser magnetometer, a kind of static-magnetic measurement system based on the Overhauser effect, has been widely used in archaeological exploration, mineral resources exploration, oil and gas basin structure detection, prediction of engineering exploration environment, earthquakes and volcanic eruotions, object magnetic measurement and underground buried booty exploration. Overhauser magnetometer plays an important role in the application of magnetic field measurement for its characteristics of small size, low power consumption and high sensitivity. This paper researches the design and the application of the analog circuit of JOM-3 Overhauser magnetometer. First, the Larmor signal output by the probe is very weak. In order to obtain the signal with high signal to noise rstio(SNR), the design of pre-amplifier circuit is the key to improve the quality of the system signal. Second, in this paper, the effectual step which could improve the frequency characters of bandpass filter amplifier circuit were put forward, and theoretical analysis was made for it. Third, the shaping circuit shapes the amplified sine signal into a square wave signal which is suitable for detecting the rising edge. Fourth, this design elaborated the optimized choice of tuning circuit, so the measurement range of the magnetic field can be covered. Last, integrated analog circuit testing system was formed to detect waveform of each module. By calculating the standard deviation, the sensitivity of the improved Overhauser magnetometer is 0.047nT for Earth’s magnetic field observation. Experimental results show that the new magnetometer is sensitive to earth field measurement.
The Overhauser magnetometer, with its unique set of advantages, such as low power consumption, high precision and
fast recording ability has been widely used in geophysical mineral and oil exploration, archeology, environmental survey,
ordnance and weapons detection (UXO) and other earth science applications. Compared with the traditional proton
magnetometer, which suffers from high power consumption and low precision, the Overhauser magnetometer excite the
free radical solution in a cavity with RF signal to enhance nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Thus, RF resonator plays
a crucial role in reducing power consumption and improving the accuracy of Overhauser magnetometer. There are a wide
variety of resonators, but only two of them are chosen for Overhauser magnetometer: birdcage coil and coaxial resonator.
In order to get the best RF cavity for Overhauser magnetometer sensor, both resonators are investigated here. Firstly,
parameters of two RF resonators are calculated theoretically and simulated with Ansoft HFSS. The results indicate that
birdcage coil is characterized by linear polarization while coaxial resonator is characterized by circular polarization.
Besides, all RF fields are limited inside of the coaxial resonator while distributed both inside and outside of the birdcage
coil. Then, the two resonators are practically manufactured based on the theoretical design. And the S-parameter and
Smith chart of these resonators are measured with Agilent 8712ES RF network analyzer. The measured results indicate
that the coaxial resonator has a much higher Q value(875) than the birdcage coil(70). All these results reveal a better
performance for coaxial resonator. Finally, field experimental shows 0.074nT sensitivity for Overhauser magnetometer
with coaxial resonator.
KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Magnetometers, Magnetism, Field effect transistors, Amplifiers, Sensors, Bandpass filters, Oscillators, Clocks, Digital electronics
Overhauser magnetometer is a kind of high-precision devices for magnetostatic field measurement. It is widely used in geological survey, earth field variations, UXO detection etc. However, the original Overhauser magnetometer JOM-2 shows great shortcomings of low signal to noise ratio (SNR) and high power consumption, which directly affect the performance of the device. In order to increase the sensitivity and reduce power consumption, we present an improved Overhauser magnetometer. Firstly, compared with the original power board which suffers from heavy noise for improper EMC design, an improved power broad with 20mV peak to peak noise is presented in this paper. Then, the junction field effect transistor (JFET) is used as pre-amplifier in our new design, to overcome the higher current noise produced by the original instrumentation amplifier. By adjusting the parameters carefully low noise factor down to 0.5 dB can be obtained. Finally, the new architecture of ARM + CPLD is adopted to replace the original one with DSP+CPLD. So lower power consumption and greater flash memory can be realized. With these measures, an improved Overhauser magnetometer with higher sensitivity and lower power consumption is design here. The experimental results indicate that the sensitivity of the improved Overhauser magnetometer is 0.071nT, which confirms that the new magnetometer is sensitive to earth field measurement.
As a precision instrument to measure the earth magnetic field, proton magnetometer is widely used in different fields such as geological survey, buried objects detection and earth field variations. Due to poor signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the system, proton magnetometer suffers from low sensitivity which directly affects the performance. In order to increase the sensitivity, we present an improved proton magnetometer. First, the effect of matching resistance on Q value is discussed to enhance SNR, and high matching resistance has been chosen to improve the Q value of the resonant circuit. Second, noise induced by pre-amplifier is investigated in order to obtain low noise signal, and we adopt the JFET with noise figure less than 0.5dB as the pre-amplifier. Third, by using band-pass filter, low-noise output signal is obtained. Fourth, the method of period measurement based on CPLD is employed to measure frequency of the square wave shaped from the output sinusoidal signal. High precision temperature compensate crystal oscillator (TCXO) has been used to improve the frequency measurement accuracy. Last, experimental data is obtained through field measurements. By calculating the standard deviation, the sensitivity of the improved proton magnetometer is 0.15nT for Earth’s magnetic field observation. Experimental results show that the new magnetometer is sensitive to earth field measurement.
KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Sensors, Resistance, Magnetometers, Magnetic sensors, Signal detection, Magnetism, Environmental sensing, Signal processing, Chromium
Overhauser magnetometer, a kind of weak-magnetic measurement system based on the Overhauser effect, has been widely used in satellite magnetic survey, aeromagnetic survey and other engineering and environmental applications. Overhauser magnetometer plays an important role in the application of magnetic field measurement for its advantages of low power consumption and high accuracy. Weak field magnetic resonance is usually limited by the signal to noise ratio (SNR). In order to improve the SNR of Overhauser magnetometer, noise characteristics of Overhauser magnetometer sensor are investigated in this paper. A background noise model of Overhauser magnetometer sensor is presented. The calculated results indicate that the noise power spectral density shows a band-limited white noise characteristic. The maximum value of the noise power spectral density observed at the resonant frequency. The measured results coincide with the calculated results. The correlation between the SNR and the matched resistance is investigated by using the noise model. The calculated results demonstrate that large matched resistance is beneficial to improve the SNR of the sensor. When matched resistance is larger than 100kΩ, the SNR tends to be a constant. On the premise of stability, the sensor will achieve the optimal SNR when the matched resistance is around 100kΩ. This investigation is beneficial to improve noise performance of Overhauser magnetometer sensor.
KEYWORDS: Radio frequency circuits, Magnetometers, Amplifiers, Crystals, Oscillators, Polarization, Quartz, Signal to noise ratio, Magnetism, Device simulation
Overhauser magnetometer is a high-precision device for magnetostatic field measurement, which can be used in a wide variety of purposes: UXO detection, pipeline mapping and other engineering and environmental applications. Traditional proton magnetometer adopts DC polarization, suffering from low polarization efficiency, high power consumption and low signal noise ratio (SNR). Compared with the traditional proton magnetometer, nitroxide free radicals are used for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) to enhance nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). RF excitation is very important for electron resonance in nitrogen oxygen free radical solution, and it is primarily significant for the obtention of high SNR signal and high sensitive field observation. Therefore, RF excitation source plays a crucial role in the development of Overhauser magnetometer.
In this paper, an improved design of a RF circuit is discussed. The new RF excitation circuit consists of two parts: Quartz crystal oscillator circuit and RF power amplifier circuit. Simulation and optimization designs for power amplifier circuit based on software ADS are presented. Finally we achieve a continuous and stable sine wave of 60MHz with 1-2.5 W output power, and the second harmonic suppression is close to -20dBc. The improved RF circuit has many merits such as small size, low-power consumption and high efficiency, and it can be applied to Overhauser magnetometer to obtain high sensitive field observation.
Time-domain electromagnetic method used in unexploded ordnance (UXO) detection has always faced the problem of the losing of early-time response due to tailed-current. In this article, the response of UXO like targets with different tailed-current are calculated and measured, and the influence of tailed-current on UXO prospecting is talked. The targets include a sphere, an iron pipe and a shell, and the tailed-current is set with switch-off time varies from 0μs to 230μs. According to magnetic surface modes(MSM), the step response of a compact steel target exhibits an early algebraic regime wherein the response transitions from t-1/2 to t-3/2 decay, followed by a late regime characterized by an exponentially decay. In fact, the transmitter current cannot be turned off immediately, especially for system with multiturn coil and large current. The switch-off process is decided by system parameters such as coil induction, coil resister, damping resister and maximum voltage across the coil. The response of the targets will be distorted dramatically by the tailed-current. The targets responses of tailed-current with different switch-off time are calculated through a convolution algorithm and measured with a specially designed system. The results show that the responses of UXO like targets are influenced by the tailed-current in two ways. Firstly, the primary response of the tailed-current will lead to signal saturation in the early times. Secondly, the off-time responses of UXO like targets are distorted by the tailed-current. All the influences will affect the system ability on detecting and discriminating the UXO like targets. An extra-fast switch-off system and deconvolution strategies are good advices to solve the problems.
KEYWORDS: Electromagnetism, Data acquisition, Calibration, Signal processing, LabVIEW, Transmission electron microscopy, Inductance, Transmitters, Resistance, Capacitance
Transient electromagnetic method (TEM) is regarded as an everlasting issue for geological exploration. It is widely used in many research fields, such as mineral exploration, hydrogeology survey, engineering exploration and unexploded ordnance detection. The traditional measurement systems are often based on ARM、DSP or FPGA, which have not real-time display, data preprocessing and data playback functions. In order to overcome the defects, a real-time data acquisition and preprocessing system based on LabVIEW virtual instrument development platform is proposed in the paper, moreover, a calibration model is established for TEM system based on a conductivity loop. The test results demonstrated that the system can complete real-time data acquisition and system calibration. For Transmit-Loop-Receive (TLR) response, the correlation coefficient between the measured results and the calculated results is 0.987. The measured results are basically consistent with the calculated results. Through the late inversion process for TLR, the signal of underground conductor was obtained. In the complex test environment, abnormal values usually exist in the measured data. In order to solve this problem, the judgment and revision algorithm of abnormal values is proposed in the paper. The test results proved that the proposed algorithm can effectively eliminate serious disturbance signals from the measured transient electromagnetic data.
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