Surveys in space and time are key to answering outstanding questions in astrophysics. The power to study very large numbers of stars, galaxies, and transient events over large portions of the sky and different time scales has repeatedly led to new breakthroughs. The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman), NASA’s next Astrophysics Flagship mission, elevates wide field and time domain survey observations to previously inaccessible scales. Roman carries the Wide Field Instrument (WFI), which provides visible to near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy with an unprecedented combination of field-of-view, spatial resolution, and sensitivity. When combined with a highly stable observatory and efficient operations, the WFI allows surveys never before possible. These observations will lead to new discoveries in cosmology, exoplanets, and a very wide array of other astrophysics topics ranging from high redshift galaxies to small bodies in the solar system. This paper provides an overview of Roman survey science, connects this science to the design of the WFI, and provides a status update on WFI hardware build and test.
In preparation for the operational phase of the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, NASA has created the Coronagraph Community Participation Program (CPP) to prepare for and execute Coronagraph Instrument technology demonstration observations. The CPP is composed of 7 small, US-based teams, selected competitively via the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Research and Support Participation Opportunity, members of the Roman Project Team, and international partner teams from ESA, JAXA, CNES, and the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy. The primary goals of the CPP are to prepare simulation tools, target databases, and data reduction software for the execution of the Coronagraph Instrument observation phase. Here, we present the current status of the CPP and its working groups, along with plans for future CPP activities up through Roman’s launch. We also discuss plans to potentially enable future commissioning of currently-unsupported modes.
KEYWORDS: Calibration, Coronagraphy, Simulations, Observational astronomy, Data processing, Exoplanets, Equipment, Analog electronics, Space telescopes, Signal processing
The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope’s Coronagraph Instrument will for the first time demonstrate active wavefront sensing and control for a space-based coronagraph, and may image the first planet in reflected light. The Community Participation Program has been initiated to engage members of the broader scientific community in the preparation for its planned launch in late 2026/early 2027. Here we will present the on-going work of the Data Reduction and Simulations working group, one of the four working groups within the Community Participation Program. The working group is charged with the development of the data reduction and postprocessing pipeline for the on-sky data and the development of a simulation suite to aid in the preparation and planning of Roman Coronagraph observations.
The Pandora SmallSat is a NASA flight project designed to study the atmospheres of exoplanets. Transmission spectroscopy of transiting exoplanets provides our best opportunity to identify the makeup of planetary atmospheres in the coming decade, and is a key science driver for HST and JWST. Stellar photospheric inhomogeneity due to star spots, however, has been shown to contaminate the observed spectra in these high-precision measurements. Pandora will address the problem of stellar contamination by collecting long-duration photometric observations sampled over a stellar rotation period with a visible-light channel and simultaneous spectra with a near-IR channel. These simultaneous multiwavelength observations will constrain star spot covering fractions of exoplanet host stars, enabling star and planet signals to be disentangled in transmission spectra to then reliably determine exoplanet atmosphere compositions. Pandora will observe exoplanets with sizes ranging from Earthsize to Jupiter-size and host stars spanning mid-K to late-M spectral types. Pandora was selected in early 2021 as part of NASA’s inaugural Astrophysics Pioneers Program. Herein, we present an overview of the mission, including the science objectives, operations, the observatory, science planning, and upcoming milestones as we prepare for launch readiness in 2025.
The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Coronagraph Instrument is a critical technology demonstrator for NASA’s Habitable Worlds Observatory. With a predicted visible-light flux ratio detection limit of 10−8 or better, it will be capable of reaching new areas of parameter space for both gas giant exoplanets and circumstellar disks. It is in the final stages of integration and test at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with an anticipated delivery to payload integration in the coming year. This paper will review the instrument systems, observing modes, potential observing applications, and overall progress toward instrument integration and test.
KEYWORDS: Stars, Coronagraphy, Calibration, Space telescopes, Planets, Signal to noise ratio, Visibility, Monte Carlo methods, Optical filters, Standards development
The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope’s (Roman) Coronagraph Instrument is a technology demonstration equipped to achieve flux contrast levels of up to 10−9. This precision depends upon the quality of observations and their resultant on-sky corrections via an absolute flux calibration (AFC). Our plan utilizes 10 dim and 4 bright standard photometric calibrator stars from Hubble Space Telescope’s (HST) CALSPEC catalog to yield a final AFC error of 1.94% and total observation time of ∼22 minutes. Percent error accounts for systematic uncertainties (filters, upstream optics, quantum efficiency) in Roman component instrumentation along with shot noise for a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 500.
The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (formerly WFIRST) will be launched in the mid-2020s with an onboard Coronagraph Instrument which will serve as a technology demonstrator for exoplanet direct imaging. The Roman Coronagraph will be capable of detecting and characterizing exoplanets and circumstellar disks in visible light at an unprecedented contrast level of ~10-8 or better at small separations. Such a contrast level, which is 2 to 3 orders of magnitude better than state-of-the-art visible or near-infrared coronagraphs, raises entirely new challenges that will be overcome using a combination of hardware, calibration and data processing. In particular, the Roman Coronagraph will be the first space-based coronagraphic instrument with active low- and high-order wavefront control through the use of largeformat (48x48) deformable mirrors, and its electron-multiplying Charge Coupled Device (EMCCD) detector will enable faint signal detection in photon-counting mode. The Roman Coronagraph successfully passed its critical design review in April 2021 and its system integration review in June 2022. It is now well on its path to demonstrate many core technologies at the levels required for a future exo-Earth direct imaging mission.
NASA’s next flagship mission, the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, is a 2.4-meter observatory set to launch no later than May 2027. Roman features two instruments: the Wide Field Imager and the Coronagraph Instrument. The Roman Coronagraph is a Technology Demonstration that will push the current capabilities of direct imaging to smaller contrast ratios (∼10−9) and inner-working angles (3 λ/D). In order to achieve this high precision, Roman Coronagraph data must be calibrated to remove as many potential sources of error as possible. Here we present a detailed overview of the current plans for the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Coronagraph Instrument Observation Calibration Plan, including identifying potential sources of error and how they will be mitigated via on-sky calibrations.
The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (formally WFIRST) will be launched in the mid-2020’s with an onboard coronagraph instrument which will serve as a technology demonstrator for exoplanet direct imaging. The Roman Coronagraph will be capable of detecting and characterizing exoplanets and circumstellar disks in visible light at an unprecedented contrast level of ~10-8 or lower. Such a contrast level, which is several magnitudes better than state-of-the-art visible or near-infrared coronagraphs, raises entirely new challenges that will be overcome using a combination of hardware, calibration and data processing. In particular, the Roman Coronagraph will be the first space-based coronagraphic instrument with real-time active wavefront control through the use of large format deformable mirrors, and its EMCCD detector will enable faint signal detection in photon-counting mode. The Roman Coronagraph instrument passed its critical design review successfully in April 2021, and is now well on its path to demonstrate many core technologies at the levels required for future exo-Earth direct imaging missions.
The Star-Planet Activity Research CubeSat (SPARCS) is a 6U CubeSat under construction that is devoted to the photometric monitoring of M stars in the far-UV (FUV) and near-UV (NUV), to measure the time-dependent spectral slope, intensity and evolution of low-mass star high-energy radiation. We report on the progress made in the assembly, integration and test of the instrument payload at Arizona State University using a custom TVAC chamber and optical stimulus that provides calibration light sources and the custom contamination control environment that the FUV demands. The payload consists of a custom 90mm clear aperture telescope developed by Hexagon/Sigma Space, combined with a dichroic plate to separate the FUV and NUV beams developed by Teledyne Acton and Materion, married with twin focal plane array cameras separately optimized for their bandpasses as developed by JPL.
The Coronagraph Instrument (CGI) on the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will demonstrate the highcontrast technology necessary for visible-light exoplanet imaging and spectroscopy from space via direct imaging of Jupiter-size planets and debris disks. This in-space experience is a critical step toward future, larger missions targeted at direct imaging of Earth-like planets in the habitable zones of nearby stars. This paper presents an overview of the current instrument design and requirements, highlighting the critical hardware, algorithms, and operations being demonstrated. We also describe several exoplanet and circumstellar disk science cases enabled by these capabilities. A competitively selected Community Participation Program team will be an integral part of the technology demonstration and could perform additional CGI observations beyond the initial tech demo if the instrument performance warrants it.
The Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) Coronagraph Instrument (CGI) is a high-contrast imager and integral field spectrograph that will enable the study of exoplanets and circumstellar disks at visible wavelengths. Future flagship mission concepts aim to image Earth analogues with visible light flux ratios greater than 10^10, and CGI is a critical intermediate step toward that goal. CGI will have ~3 months of observing time during the first 18 months of the mission (its "tech demo phase") to demonstrate its technology objectives and to determine whether its as-built performance justifies additional science observing time during the remainder of the mission. We present the CGI portion of the preliminary WFIRST Design Reference Mission (DRM). We describe the suite of anticipated observing and calibration tasks, the preliminary target list, and a schedule with realistic observing constraints and exposure times. We expect that during the tech demo phase CGI will image multiple planets and circumstellar disks in reflected light and take a spectrum of a mature Jupiter analog in reflected light. Furthermore, CGI is expected to be more sensitive than any previous instrument to extrasolar zodiacal dust and has the potential to study very young (proto)planetary systems.
KEYWORDS: Ultraviolet radiation, Stars, Atmospheric modeling, Space operations, Space telescopes, Planets, Telescopes, Sensors, Exoplanets, Control systems
Roughly 40 billion M dwarfs in our galaxy host at least one small planet in the habitable zone (HZ). The stellar ultraviolet (UV) radiation from M dwarfs is strong and highly variable, and impacts planetary atmospheric loss, composition and habitability. These effects are amplified by the extreme proximity of their HZs (0.1–0.4 AU). Knowing the UV environments of M dwarf planets will be crucial to understanding their atmospheric composition and a key parameter in discriminating between biological and abiotic sources for observed biosignatures. The Star-Planet Activity Research CubeSat (SPARCS) will be a 6U CubeSat devoted to photometric monitoring of M stars in the far-UV and near-UV, measuring the time-dependent spectral slope, intensity and evolution of low-mass star high-energy radiation.
NESSI (New Mexico Exoplanet Spectroscopic Survey Instrument) was originally conceived, designed and built under a NASA NM-EPSCoR funded effort as a near-infrared multi-object spectrograph for characterizing exoplanet transits at the Magdalena Ridge Observatory. With the help of funding from JPL, we are moving NESSI to its new home on the Hale telescope in early 2018. Salient features of the New NESSI include a 6.5 arc minute field-of-view, low (R~250) or moderate (R~1100) spectral resolutions across J, H and/or K bands, the ability to stare at transits with high frame-rates, and finally a suite of on-board filters for imaging applications. We present the new design of NESSI, lessons learned in the refurbishment process, as well as an update for next steps in the process.
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