Samarinda is one of the big cities on Kalimantan Island, which is also the capital of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The proximity with the prospective new Indonesia State Capital, Penajam Paser Utara, and increasingly massive urban activities can potentially increase considerable changes in green open space in the future. The availability of trees in green open spaces has an important role in mitigating climate change because of its ability to store carbon stock. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out an inventory, monitoring, and evaluate the above ground carbon stock value in Samarinda. This study aims to find a suitable vegetation index for carbon stock estimation, as well as determine the total and spatial distribution of carbon stocks using the best vegetation index in green open space vegetation in Samarinda City using Sentinel-2 imagery. Sentinel-2 L2 MSI imagery was utilized to build a carbon stock model based on field sample calculation. Empirical modeling with the allometric equation was carried out, wherein carbon stocks at points of samples correlate with the index value of each transformation selected by the ability to assess vegetation (DVI, EVI2, GNDVI, NDVI, OSAVI, SARVI, and SARVI). Statistical analysis performed is normality test, correlation analysis with Pearson Product Moment method, and regression using simple linear analysis. The significance test was carried out using the ANOVA Test and Partial T-Test, while the accuracy-test used the Standard error of estimate (SEE) method on independent validation samples. The results showed that the best vegetation indices were GNDVI with the highest coefficient of determination of 0.552. Moreover, the significance test shows that all indices significantly affect the estimation of carbon stocks in Samarinda. The accuracy test shows that GNDVI has a maximum accuracy of 55.816% by an estimated error of 1.775 tons/pixel.
Floods that occurred in the Citarum watershed are caused by land degradation and environmental damage following the population and economic pressure on its surrounding. To overcome this problem, proper planning and uninterrupted observation on the physical characteristics of the watershed are needed. This study aims to: 1) identify the physical characteristics of the Citarum Hilir Sub-Watershed that affect the flow coefficient; 2) calculate the flow coefficient by considering the physical characteristics of the sub-watershed; 3) provide management recommendations of the Citarum Hilir Sub-Watershed for flood control. The method to identify the flood characteristics is by calculating the coefficient of river flow using Cook method which incorporates parameters of slope, soil infiltration, land use, and drainage density, deducted from DEM SRTM and Landsat-8. Using Multiparametric GIS Analysis, the result shows that the physical characteristic of land use contributed the most, which is 34.55% to the flow coefficient assessment. The slope parameter has an influence of 25.44%, soil infiltration is 11.42%, and drainage density is 28.60%. The total flow coefficient value is 52.32%, so it is classified as high criteria. Therefore, this area has high flood potential that are prioritized for handling flood control. This area covers a land unit with high to extreme flow coefficient values, which is 73.96% of the total area. Several efforts can be made to follow up the flood control on these priority areas, such as land use management, forest and land rehabilitation, soil and water conservation, and integrated watershed management. Land use planning must refer to this analysis to determine the suitability of land use for water and forest conservation to remediate those high to extreme flow coefficient values. The evaluation on Regional Planning Map of West Java Province in 2009-2029, is needed as a recommendation to control the flood and enhance the Citarum Hilir management.
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