We report on the results of a study investigating the color perception characteristics of people with red-green color
confusion. We believe that this is an important step towards achieving Color Universal Design. In Japan, approximately
5% of men and 0.2% of women have red-green confusion. The percentage for men is higher in Europe and the United
States; up to 8% in some countries. Red-green confusion involves a perception of colors different from normal color
vision. Colors are used as a means of disseminating clear information to people; however, it may be difficult to convey
the correct information to people who have red-green confusion. Consequently, colors should be chosen that minimize
accidents and that promote more effective communication. In a previous survey, we investigated color categories
common to each color vision type, trichromat (C-type color vision), protan (P-type color vision) and deuteran (D-type
color vision). In the present study, first, we conducted experiments in order to verify a previous survey of C-type color
vision and P-type color vision. Next, we investigated color difference levels within "CIE 1976 L*a*b*" (the CIELAB
uniform color space), where neither C-type nor P-type color vision causes accidents under certain conditions (rain
maps/contour line levels and graph color legend levels). As a result, we propose a common chromaticity of colors that
the two color vision types are able to categorize by means of color names common to C-type color vision. We also offer
a proposal to explain perception characteristics of color differences with normal color vision and red-green confusion
using the CIELAB uniform color space. This report is a follow-up to SPIE-IS & T / Vol. 7528 7528051-8 and SPIE-IS
& T /vol. 7866 78660J-1-8.
The present study investigates the tendency of individuals to categorize colors. Humans recognize colors by categorizing
them using specific color names, such as red, blue, and yellow. When an individual with a certain type of color vision
observes an object, they categorize its color using a particular color name and assume that other people will perceive the
color in an identical manner. However, there are some variations in human color vision as a result of differences in
photoreceptors in the eye, including red and green confusion. Thus, another person with a different type of color vision
may categorize a color using a completely different name. To address this issue, we attempted to determine the
differences in the ranges of color that people with different types of color vision observe. This is an important step
towards achieving Color Universal Design, a visual communication method that is viewer-friendly irrespective of color
vision type. Herein, we report on a systematic comparison among individuals with trichromat (C-type), protan (P-type)
and deutan (D-type) color vision. This paper is a follow-up to SPIE-IS & T / Vol. 7528 752805-1.
The present study investigates the tendency of individuals to categorize colors. Humans recognize colors by categorizing
them with specific color names such as red, blue, and yellow. When an individual having a certain type of color vision
observes an object, they categorize its color using a particular color name and assume that other people will perceive the
color in an identical manner. However, there are many variations in human color vision caused by photoreceptor
differences in the eye, including red and green confusion. Thus, another person with a different type of color vision may
categorize the color using another name. To address this issue, we attempt to determine the differences in the ranges of
colors that people with different types of color vision categorize using particular color names. In the modern urban
environment, most visual information, including warning signs and notice boards, is coded by color. Finding the
common color categories among different types of color vision is an important step towards achieving Color Universal
Design, a visual communication method that is viewer-friendly irrespective of color vision type. Herein we report on a
systematic comparison between people with common (C-type) and deutan (D-type) color vision. Analysis of protan (P-type)
color vision will follow in a subsequent report.
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