A dynamic cardiac phantom can play a significant role in the evaluation and development of ultrasound and cardiac
magnetic resonance (MR) motion tracking and registration methods. A four chamber multimodal cardiac phantom has
been designed and built to simulate normal and pathologic hearts with different degrees of “infarction” and “scar
tissues”. In this set up, cardiac valves have been designed and modeled as well. The four-chamber structure can simulate
the asymmetric ventricular, atrial and valve motions. Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) is used as the principal material since it
can simulate the shape, elasticity, and MR and ultrasound properties of the heart. The cardiac shape is simulated using a
four-chamber mold made of polymer clay. An additional pathologic heart phantom containing stiff inclusions has been
manufactured in order to simulate an infracted heart. The stiff inclusions are of different shapes and different degrees of
elasticity and are able to simulate abnormal cardiac segments. The cardiac elasticity is adjusted based on freeze-thaw
cycles of the PVA cryogel for normal and scarred regions. Ultrasound and MRI markers were inserted in the cardiac
phantom as landmarks for validations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first multimodal phantom that models a
dynamic four-chamber human heart including the cardiac valve.
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