Cancers of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract remain a major contributor to the global cancer risk. This study uses a diffuse reflectance spectroscopic probe for tissue characterisation. Optical tracking of the DRS probe is used to aid histology correlation. Supervised classification algorithms are used for discrimination between tumour and non-tumour tissue and evaluated in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the curve. A live augmented view with all the tracked and classified biopsy sites is presented, providing visual feedback to the surgeons. Thus, the system provides real-time tissue discrimination, whilst clinical outcomes for patients are optimised.
Significance: Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) allows discrimination of tissue type. Its application is limited by the inability to mark the scanned tissue and the lack of real-time measurements.
Aim: This study aimed to develop a real-time tracking system to enable localization of a DRS probe to aid the classification of tumor and non-tumor tissue.
Approach: A green-colored marker attached to the DRS probe was detected using hue-saturation-value (HSV) segmentation. A live, augmented view of tracked optical biopsy sites was recorded in real time. Supervised classifiers were evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy. A developed software was used for data collection, processing, and statistical analysis.
Results: The measured root mean square error (RMSE) of DRS probe tip tracking was 1.18 ± 0.58 mm and 1.05 ± 0.28 mm for the x and y dimensions, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of the system to classify tumor and non-tumor tissue in real time was 94% for stomach and 96% for the esophagus.
Conclusions: We have successfully developed a real-time tracking and classification system for a DRS probe. When used on stomach and esophageal tissue for tumor detection, the accuracy derived demonstrates the strength and clinical value of the technique to aid margin assessment in cancer resection surgery.
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