Interest in variable-focus lenses is growing due to their dynamic optical power control and reduced spatial demands for focusing and/or zooming functions. Most variable-focus lenses are limited to small apertures (< 10mm), limiting their application scenarios. In this work, we designed and fabricated a 42mm large-aperture variable-focus lens based on a liquid-membrane-liquid (LML) structure. This design surpasses the typical limitations of small aperture sizes in variable-focus lenses. Experiments show that the prototype achieves consistent optical power actuation range in [−3D, +3D], high repeatability during the actuation process, and 82.1622% transmittance using a ~630nm laser beam. After constructing an imaging system incorporating the proposed prototype, the imaging tests yield average modulation transfer function (MTF) values of 0.7904 at 17.204lp/mm spacial frequency and 0.5439 at 34.409lp/mm in the region where no obvious distortion occurs. The prototype demonstrates potential applications in fields requiring large aperture and high-quality imaging capabilities, such as wearable devices and machine vision.
Based on the liquid lens focus mechanism, the optical tactile sensor and its signal acquisition system are designed. To balance the relationship the manufacturing complexity, perceptual precision and sensitivity, perceptual stability, and robustness of the tactile sensor, they are important components of smart devices. Some of them, such as robots, smart wearable devices, etc., because they can intuitively reflect the interaction state of the man-machine-environment. Firstly, according to the liquid-film lens structure, the sensing structure of the optical tactile sensor was designed, and its tactile perception mechanism was explored; secondly, the signal acquisition system for the sensor was designed to improve the integration of the tactile sensing system; finally, the optical tactile sensor performance test and application demonstration platform was designed-built to test-calibrate the sensor system performance, and explore its application potential in touch force detection. Experiments show that the sensor has an effective range from 0.01 to 1.2 N, a sensitivity of up to 0.1654 V/N (range from 0.01 to 0.4 N), and a linear goodness of fit of up to R2 = 0.996 (range from 0.01 to 0.4 N). Good perceptual stability and responsiveness (loading response time: 0.078 s), can achieve accurate measurement of the target mass, with an error of less than 0.02 N.
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