We propose a perceptual fog density prediction model based on natural scene statistics (NSS) and “fog aware” statistical
features, which can predict the visibility in a foggy scene from a single image without reference to a corresponding
fogless image, without side geographical camera information, without training on human-rated judgments, and without
dependency on salient objects such as lane markings or traffic signs. The proposed fog density predictor only makes use
of measurable deviations from statistical regularities observed in natural foggy and fog-free images. A fog aware
collection of statistical features is derived from a corpus of foggy and fog-free images by using a space domain NSS
model and observed characteristics of foggy images such as low contrast, faint color, and shifted intensity. The proposed
model not only predicts perceptual fog density for the entire image but also provides a local fog density index for each
patch. The predicted fog density of the model correlates well with the measured visibility in a foggy scene as measured
by judgments taken in a human subjective study on a large foggy image database. As one application, the proposed
model accurately evaluates the performance of defog algorithms designed to enhance the visibility of foggy images.
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