There is no universally accepted grading system for the classification of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) although the diagnosis of DCIS has increased (2-20%) with screening mammography. (1) At present there are more than six different classifications and grading systems. Infrared spectroscopy is a non-invasive, rapid and specific technique used to analyse biological tissue. Spectral analysis of the chemical fingerprint within the duct would reveal spectral differences according to absorption and transmission characteristics of different grades of DCIS. An existing model of histopathological classification which is locally accepted has been tested and evaluated in this study. 19 ducts from different biopsy specimens were marked on H&E stained sections by two breast pathologists, according to the locally accepted classification. A consecutive unstained 20μm section was subjected to infrared analysis (Perkin-Elmer). Principal component analysis was undertaken using Matlab. Pseudocolor maps of the principal component scores delineated morphological features of the ducts. Peaks in the corresponding principal component loads were identified to enable understanding of the biochemical changes associated with different grades of DCIS. A 4-group cross-validated classification model was developed using multivariate statistical analysis with selected spectra from different grades of DCIS. The classification model demonstrated good separation of the different grades of the DCIS with a sensitivity of 80-99% and specificity of 92-98%. Infrared spectroscopy is a highly sensitive and specific technique for the demonstration of biochemical changes within the proliferative duct. It could aid in reclassifying the grades of DCIS in accordance with the biochemical and morphological changes that occur with proliferation. Infrared spectroscopy has potential as an added tool for the pathologist to diagnose in vitro.
Atypical lesions of the breast have potential to turn malignant. The diagnosis of these lesions has increased considerably with screening mammography. A good understanding of their progression to invasive cancer is yet to be proved. Using Raman spectroscopy to study their chemical finger printing at different stages of proliferation a clear picture of whether a progression exists between lesions could be made. At present there is no clear recognition of the biochemical changes that distinguish between the different proliferative lesions of the breast. Our aim is to understand these changes through Raman mapping studies.
Raman spectroscopy is a highly sensitive and specific technique for demonstration of biochemical changes in different atypical proliferative lesions of the breast. The technique could be used to classify the different grades and analyse progression of pathology in the proliferative lesions of the breast.
Breast pathologists carefully marked 50 ducts and classified the different pathology on H and E sections from biopsy samples. Raman spectra were measured, using a Renishaw Raman Spectrometer, on a 20-micron thick consecutive frozen section. Principal component analysis was undertaken using Matlab. Pseudocolor maps of the principal components scores have been generated. The peaks of the corresponding loads were identified enabling visualisation of the biochemical changes associated with proliferative lesions. Proliferative lesions of the duct were grouped according to the existing standard pathological classification and formed four major groups-HUT, ADH, DCIS and IDC.
Spectra of biochemical constituents were fitted to mean spectra from selected regions, taken from maps of each pathology, to identify the relative concentration of the constituents.
The study gave an insight into chemical make up of the ducts in each pathology group and showed similar results to earlier studies in progression but no clear-cut demarcation or continuum of the proliferative disease.
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