The hyperspectral imaging system (HIS) using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer is one of the key technologies for detection and identification of chemical warfare agents (CWAs). Recently, various detection algorithms based on machine learning techniques have been studied. These algorithms are robust against performance degradation caused by noise signatures generated by FTIR instruments. However, interference signatures from background materials degrade detection performance. In this paper, we propose an efficient algorithm that uses a support vector machine (SVM) classifier to detect CWAs. In contrast to the conventional algorithms that use measured spectra to train the SVM classifier, the proposed algorithm trains the SVM classifier using CWA signatures obtained by removing background signatures from measured spectra. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is robust against the performance degradation induced by interference signatures from background materials. Experimental results verify that the algorithm can detect CWA clouds effectively.
A passive Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer is an instrument that can detect and identify chemical contaminants. An FTIR spectrometer exploits the infrared radiation of the surrounding terrain as a light source and receives a mixed signal of background signal, gas signal, and noise. The performance of most detection algorithms for detecting gaseous plumes, such as the normalized matched filter (NMF) and adaptive subspace detector (ASD), deteriorates due to the noise generated by an FTIR spectrometer. In this paper, a noise reduction algorithm based on the maximum noise fraction (MNF) transform to improve the performance of hazardous gas detection algorithms is proposed. We apply the MNF transform to the measured spectra and remove the high noise fraction component. Then the noise-reduced spectra are restored by conducting the inverse MNF transform. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the noise and enhances the gas detection performance.
Recently, a hyperspectral imaging system (HIS) with a Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometer has been widely used due to its strengths in detecting gaseous fumes. Even though numerous algorithms for detecting gaseous fumes have already been studied, it is still difficult to detect target gases properly because of atmospheric interference substances and unclear characteristics of low concentration gases. In this paper, we propose detection algorithms for classifying hazardous gases using a deep neural network (DNN) and a convolutional neural network (CNN). In both the DNN and CNN, spectral signal preprocessing, e.g., offset, noise, and baseline removal, are carried out. In the DNN algorithm, the preprocessed spectral signals are used as feature maps of the DNN with five layers, and it is trained by a stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm (50 batch size) and dropout regularization (0.7 ratio). In the CNN algorithm, preprocessed spectral signals are trained with 1 × 3 convolution layers and 1 × 2 max-pooling layers. As a result, the proposed algorithms improve the classification accuracy rate by 1.5% over the existing support vector machine (SVM) algorithm for detecting and classifying hazardous gases.
A hyperspectral imaging system (HIS) with a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer is an excellent method for the detection and identification of gaseous fumes. Various detection algorithms can remove background spectra from measured spectra and determine the degree of spectral similarity between the extracted signature and reference signatures of target compounds. However, given the interference signatures caused by FTIR instruments, it is impossible to extract the spectral signatures of target gases perfectly. Such interference signatures degrade the detection performance. In this paper, a detection algorithm for gaseous fumes using a multiclass support vector machine (SVM) classifier is proposed. The proposed algorithm has a training step and a test step. In the training step, the spectral signatures are extracted from measured spectra which are labeled. Then, hyperplanes which classify gas spectra are trained and the multiclass SVM classifier outcomes are calculated using the hyperplanes. In the test step, spectral signatures extracted from unknown measured spectra are substituted to the SVM classifier, after which the detection result is obtained. This multiclass SVM classifier robustly responds to performance degradation caused by unremoved interference signatures because it trains not only gaseous signatures but also the related interference signatures. The experimental results verify that the algorithm can effectively detect hazardous clouds.
In this paper, we propose multiple demeaning filters for small target detection in infrared (IR) images. The use of
a demeaning filter is a promising method which detects a small object by removing the background components
with a mean filter. The main factors in the design of a demeaning filter are two types of demeaning methods
and the size of its window. We compare two demeaning methods, the sliding window method and the grid
method, and we analyze the trade-off between the window size and the performance of the demeaning filters and
present limitations related to their use. To overcome the drawbacks of a conventional demeaning filter, the use
of multiple demeaning filters with filters of various sizes is considered. The proposed method not only has the
advantage of being able to detect a small object in a densely cluttered environment, but it also can be used with
low complexity with an integral image. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness and stability of the
proposed multiple demeaning filters with low computational complexity compared with conventional methods.
In this paper, we propose a denoising method for hyperspectral images using a joint bilateral filter. The joint bilateral
filter with the fused image of hyperspectral image bands is applied on the noisy image bands. This fused image is a
single grayscale image that is obtained by the weighted summation of hyperspectral image bands. It retains the features
and details of each hyperspectral image band. Therefore the joint bilateral filter with the fused image is powerful in
reducing noise while preserving the characteristics of the individual spectral bands. We evaluated the performance of the
proposed noise reduction method on hyperspectral imaging systems, which we developed for visible and near-infrared
spectral regions. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional approaches, such as
the basic bilateral filter.
This paper presents an extended bilateral filter with spectral angles and a visualization scheme for hyperspectral image
data. The conventional bilateral filter used to be implemented using a position vector and a luminance value at each pixel
in the scene. Since hyperspectral image data can provide a spectrum vector that has hundreds of bands at each pixel, we
propose an extended bilateral filter using spectral angles. The proposed bilateral filter can be used for extracting and
preserving the spectrum edges of the hyperspectral image. A visualization scheme for hyperspectral images exploiting
the proposed bilateral filter has been also proposed. When objects that have the similar tristimulus intensity but different
spectrums are mixed, they can be separated through the proposed visualization scheme. The resulting images show that
the proposed scheme facilitates anomaly detection in the hyperspectral scenes.
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