River flow is the main source of dissolved and suspended substances entering to the sea, including products of anthropogenic pollution. Coming from the river to the sea, the continental waters form submesoscale structures adjacent to the estuary, distinguished by low salinity and temperature different from the surrounding, and also, increased turbidity, high content of suspended matter and dissolved organics. Such structures are called "Plumes". Traditionally, we can divided two research methods - contact (in-situ/ship measurements) and non-contact (remote sensing data). But, basically the joint use of in-situ measurements and remote sensing data in existing scientific works - is nominally, each source of information is used separately, and more often direct (in-situ) measurements are preferred, and remote sensing data is used as an auxiliary method for qualitative descriptive works. And there is still no reliable information on the extent to which quantitative estimates can be trusted, obtained from remote sensing data, especially in such difficult estuary areas. In this paper, we present the results of verification satellite data in the optical range with the aim of comparing quantitative data in the river-mouth area obtained by contact (field measurements near river mouth in northeastern part of Black sea) and contactless methods.
Waters from a closed Vistula lagoon actively influences the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea (offshore Kaliningrad region). When entering the Baltic Sea lagoon waters become a perfect tracer to track different hydrodynamic and biological processes with the help of Ocean Color Data. The research is primarily based on remote sensing data being a first step to determine properties and propagation boundaries of the outflow into the open Baltic Sea. During research we could analysis different types of remote sensing data including color composite images from MODIS Terra/Aqua, OLI/TIRS Landsat 8; MSI Sentinel 2; OLCI Sentinel 3. The oceanographic experiments include CTD transects and determination of turbidity and CHL-a concentration in outflow waters to describe water properties of the outflow and provide verification of satellite data. Results of a combined experiment for determination of the Vistula Lagoon outflow distinctive features with the use of satellite images from optical sensors and oceanographic in-situ data are shown.
Vortex structures of different types are common in the Southeastern Baltic Sea. Intensive western winds, a complex coastline and an absence of steady currents make this region very appealing for studying the nature of vortex processes. These processes are clearly identified from Space. We present results of a multi-year satellite monitoring of mesoscale and submesoscale vortex structures in the Southeastern part of the Baltic Sea and of supporting field studies. An important part of our work was accumulation of remote sensing data as the first step in evaluation of circulation patterns and vortex structures presented on the sea surface. An analyzed remote sensing data include color composite images from MSI Sentinel-2, OLI Landsat-8 and ETM+ Landsat-7 as well as radar images from Sentinel-1 and Radardsat-2 that also provide a powerful tool for an identification of circulation processes on the sea surface. Continuous monitoring of the Southeastern Baltic Sea with an analysis of satellite visual and radar images show that the Gulf of Gdańsk is the most frequent area with mesoscale and submesoscale eddies. They appear in this area mostly in summer and mainly under the atmospheric influence. Some eddies remain stable for at least of 8 days and could be easily tracked on color composite images. The other area of the vortex structure was determined to the north of the Cape Taran. In summer months from 2014 to 2018, we performed oceanographic concurrent experiments in the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea. Field studies of spatial and temporal characteristics of vortex structures proved results found by an analysis of satellite images.
Satellite radar (SAR) and visible band data from Envisat ASAR, ERS-2 SAR, Lansat-5,7,8 sensors were used to investigate internal waves (IWs) in the Black Sea. The three main areas of the Black Sea where surface manifestations of internal waves (SMIWs) were mostly observed are: the Danube Delta, Crimea Peninsula and the northeastern region near Novorossiysk. The main goal of our investigation was to define the mechanisms of IW generation in the non-tidal sea. In the first area, IWs are observed rather often due to surface intrusions of fresh waters of the Danube River. In contrast to usual soliton-like IW trains caused by river plumes, soliton trains near the Danuba Delta propagate in different directions and often subject to nonlinear interactions. The interrelation between location and orientation of IW trains and fresh water fronts is discussed. In the area off Crimea, in our opinion, IWs are generated mainly by upwelling relaxation and interaction between internal inertial waves and bottom topography features. SMIW in the northeastern part of the Black Sea are scarce, though IWs are regularly revealed by in-situ measurements. Field measurements were conducted in the northeastern part of the Black Sea from a small boat and from scientific sea platform near Crimea employing CTD probes, thermistor chain and Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP). ADCP measurements allowed us to detect a number of IW trains. Their amplitudes were estimated to reach 5-8 m. Joint analysis of satellite SAR and subsatellite data gave an assessment of their typical wavelength at 90-100 m.
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