There are many solutions in the world used to combat unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in a non -kinetic way. Considering the costs associated with the kinetic control of UAV, technological development makes it possible to replace such annihilation of the threat in favor of non-kinetic control. However, the degree of complexity in developing effective non-kinetic control does not allow the easy introduction of appropriate solutions to ensure high efficiency. An important element of combat systems UAVs is to detect threats, but the use of appropriate measures to combat the threat depends on the effectiveness. Considering the latest technical solutions, UAVs systems have interference-proof control systems, enabling them to return to the starting place, as well as other elements hindering their eradication. There are few solutions in the world combining kinetic and non-kinetic control. Considering the degree of technical sophistication of such systems, there is not much of such systems in the world. The most common are manual systems that enable electromagnetic pulse interaction or the transmission of appropriate interference signals. In the civil market, UAVs systems most often use frequencies close to Wi-Fi. Connectivity relationships can easily be distorted by commercially available Wi-Fi interfering devices. A more difficult issue is military UAVs systems. The possibility of communication between the operator and the aircraft expands to more available radio spectrum, as well as technologies to boost their immunity. Therefore, the article presents an analysis of current methods do not kinetic combat UAVs systems. Next, the solutions of non-kinetic UAV control were reviewed to present the conclusions from the multifaceted tactical and technical analysis of the possibilities of currently used solutions in the subject area. Based on the knowledge from the area of the advantages and disadvantages of these systems it is possible to submit a proposal to increase the resistance against the destructive non-kinetic combat UAVs.
The megawatt pulsed power magnetron operating in the L-band was designed based on magnetrons produced in the past at Kubara Lamina. Unlike its predecessors, it is characterized by much higher operating parameters: supply voltage and anode current, which translates into an increase in the obtained output power. The magnetron was designed using software for numerical simulations of the interaction of an electric charge with an alternating electromagnetic field (Particle in Cell - PiC). Aspects such as microwave matching of individual components of the device and thermal resistance of the entire system, including the appropriate type of cooling, have also been subjected to numerical analysis. In order to obtain the proper parameters of power supply of the tube, a dedicated impulse modulator powered by supercapacitors was build. The modifications allowed to obtain a power signal with a sharp and stable edge and a pulse length of the length of single microseconds. Obtaining the optimal power source had a key impact on the tube’s operation. The measurements of tube output power in the waveguide system with dummy load were carried out, during which the output power of the megawatts range was obtained. This magnetron is a tube with the highest output power among the microwave tubes ever designed in the Kubara Lamina Company and probably throughout Poland.
The strategy of secure communication originating from the NNEC (NATO network Enabled Capability) concept assumes the use of effective and safe transport mechanisms at various levels of the heterogonous C2 (Command and Control) NATO systems. SCIP (Secure Communication Interoperability Protocol) is the basic solution introduced by NATO for secure communication of different network devices through networks with restricted bandwidth. SCIP technology is designed to provide interoperable end-to-end connectivity in a variety of communication systems, from military radio communication, traditional telephone communication system through satellite communication channels to VoIP and various types of mobile telephony standards. It is designed to operate at the application layer with minimal dependency on the characteristics of the lower layers. The implementation of the SCIP protocol in various devices requires the unification of transmission and signaling procedures as well as the methods of coding the speech signal. Therefore, the main challenge associated with this issue is the provision of high security, high availability and high quality of service (QoS). The implementation of any encryption algorithm in nowadays heterogenous networks with restricted bandwidth can lead to degradation of the voice quality due to increased loss packets and packet latency. This paper will investigate how the end-to-end SCIP encryption impacts on QoS of voice communication. The quality of voice call is assessed in terms of lost packet ratio, latency and jitter with and without SCIP algorithm. Research is performed using the MultiDSLA tester and PESQ and POLQA methods. The results of laboratory tests indicate what effect SCIP encryption-based security has on the voice call quality.
Kubara Lamina is working on the development of a new type of pulsed-power magnetron with megawatts output power operating in the L-band. An important part of the design work are computer simulations of electromagnetic interactions with an electric charge. In order to get the most reliable results, the task was carried out with the help of specialized calculation software from two independent producers - CST Studio Suite and MAGIC Tool Suite. The results obtained with the help of both programs were similar, but there were differences between them resulting from the specific features of the software. The differences concerned the time needed to create an electron spokes in the interaction area between the cathode and anode of the tube as well as the threshold voltage at which the generation of high frequency oscillation began. On the basis of numerical simulations, the optimal geometrical dimensions of individual details were obtained and the magnetron prototype was created. The tube was subjected to laboratory tests under dynamic conditions. To ensure proper input power parameters, a dedicated impulse modulator powered from supercapacitors batteries was constructed. The energy of the electromagnetic wave generated during the dynamic operation of the device was absorbed in the waveguide ended with high power load. The test results obtained under the experimental conditions allowed to verify the structure of the model designed using simulation software. Tests in the available power range of the power supply confirmed very good compatibility of the tube parameters with the results of electromagnetic simulations. An additional advantage of carrying out the simulation was the shortening of the design process, because the first model of the device already worked in accordance with the technical assumptions.
One of the most important aspects in contemporary alliance and coalition communication is to ensure an adequate level of security for data and voice transmission. Continuous technological development is a factor that significantly hinders the development of the coalition standard aimed at protecting real-time data transmission (audio and video) in a reliable and safe way. For a long period of time, the coalition nations encountered problems connected with establishing a correct transmission between national systems. In order to achieve interoperability of communication systems, the United States government has made available and presented the standard FNBDT (Future Narrowband Digital Terminal) which in the course of time took the name SCIP (Secure Communication Interoperability Protocol). This protocol is being developed to this day by working groups consisting of representatives of scientific institutions and companies from the armed industry of NATO countries. Thanks to international cooperation the Protocol was adopted as standard STANAG 5068. It allows the use of cryptographic mechanisms to block the transmission of voice and data in a standardized way, ensuring interoperability of existing and newly formed allied and coalition communication systems for voice transmission. The SCIP protocol is based on two speech codecs: MELPe and G.729D. The article will discuss the current work carried out in NATO working groups on the definition of the COMSEC function and the way it is implemented in broadband radio stations to develop a broadband waveform for coalition activities. Also, the national waveform to secure communication in the broadband radio station will be presented. In the next chapter there will be the presentation of selected experimental results of broadband radio R-450C with the above-mentioned implemented mechanisms to protect voice communication. The obtained results will allow to evaluate the implemented mechanisms in terms of security. The developed analysis and obtained measurement results may be helpful both for people organizing radio communication using broadband radios as well as for those responsible for the proper operation of electronic warfare systems.
The rapid development of sophisticated military command and control systems causes the dynamic demand for broadband services including the transmission of video in real time by using telecommunications links. One way to resolve the problem of limited bandwidth in used military wireless systems is to use modern broadband radio stations. Broadband radio stations in addition to undoubted advantages such as increased system bandwidth, have also some limitations – in comparison to narrowband radios, broadband radios offer a smaller range and work in a wide band and high transmitter activity associated with the generation of maintenance traffic, which makes it easier to detect radio emission by the opponent. Modern electronic warfare systems can track down such systems and overpower them. That is why one of the main tasks, which currently are facing designers of advanced broadband radio communication systems, is to develop mechanisms to immunize broadband radio stations on the targeted interference. In this article the method of implementation of the national waveform allowing for securing the transmission in broadband radio stations will be presented. Transmission modes of the radio station (TDMA, CSMA/SC, CSMA/MC) will be discussed considering advantages and disadvantages of each of the above-mentioned modes of operation. In the next chapter selected results of experimental studies of broadband radio station R-450C with the above-mentioned implemented operating modes and universal defeat device for generation of diverse broadband interference will be presented. The obtained results will allow to assess the implemented modes of radio stations for resistances of broadband radio communication system on selected targeted interference. The developed analysis and obtained measurement results may be helpful both for people organizing radio communication using broadband radios as well as for those responsible for the proper operation of electronic warfare systems.
One of the most important parameters that characterize microwave tubes with crossed fields, both amplifiers (CFA), and generating tubes like magnetrons is the noise level. This type of tubes are characterized by relatively high noise levels, which is the main factor limiting their current use in radar transmitters. The main source of noise in microwave tubes of this type is the dispersion of the energy of electrons that are in phase with the spatial wave of the electromagnetic field propagating in the delay line (in case of an amplitron) or in the resonant structure (in case of a magnetron).The results of the research presented in the article concern the technique of determination of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) based on the analysis of results obtained during the numerical simulations of the effect of electric charge on a high frequency electromagnetic field. Signal to noise ratio was determined by analysing in-phase and quadrature data recorded in the high frequency simulation. In order to assess the accuracy of the method under investigation, the results from the noise analysis obtained from numerical calculations were compared with the results obtained from real tube measurements performed by a spectrum analyser. On the basis of the research, it appears that performing analysis of noise generated in the interaction area may be useful for preliminary evaluation of the tube at the design stage.
A magnetron as a generation lamp is a groundbreaking invention. Magnetrons can achieve high power in both continuous and impulse mode. In addition, their characteristic feature and at the same time a great advantage is the high efficiency in the decimeter frequency range. Moreover, they have a very good ratio of power generated to mass compared to semiconductor solutions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of the oven magnetron in terms of emission of undesirable signals. The aim of magnetrons of this type is to produce a continuous electromagnetic wave with stable oscillations of 2.45 GHz. During experimental research, additional spurious frequency of 4.3 GHz was observed in some cycles. Such spuria adversely affect the stability of the generated signal and disturb the surroundings. To find out why the signal is generated, the oven magnetron is examined. After that the numerical analysis was performed on this basis. The analysis shows that the magnetron operates in a different mode than the basic mode π. Numerical studies in the form of computer simulations were carried out in the CST program. To do this magnetron geometry was implemented in to the program. For experimental measurements, a commercially available oven magnetron was used. During the tests, the operation of a continuous wave generator with a frequency of 2.45 GHz and operating in the power range of 200-800W.
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