Dr. Anders M. Jorgensen Profile

Dr. Anders M. Jorgensen

Associate Professor at New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (45)

Proceedings Article | 26 August 2022 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

The Navy Precision Optical Interferometer: large-aperture observations and infrastructure improvements

Gerard van Belle, James Clark, Henrique Schmitt, David Noble, Anders Jorgensen, David Mozurkewich, J. Thomas Armstrong, Ellyn Baines, Merrick DeWitt, Ty Martinez, Sergio Restaino, Jordan Stone, Thomas Coleman, Ben Hardesty, Wyatt Clark, Khristian Jones, Bradley Kingsley, Erin Maier, Solvay Blomquist, Nicholas Green, Peter Kurtz

Proceedings Volume 12183, 1218304 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2630572

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Interferometers, Observatories, Adaptive optics, Mirrors, Precision optics, Interferometry, Control systems, Stars

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Proceedings Article | 26 August 2022 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Automation upgrades at the navy precision optical interferometer

Anders Jorgensen, Khristian Jones, David Noble, James Clark, Henrique Schmitt, Gerard van Belle

Proceedings Volume 12183, 121830O (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2630129

KEYWORDS: Switches, Control systems, Safety, Precision optics, Interferometers, Analog electronics, Computer programming, Stepper motor drivers, Logic, Power supplies

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2020 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

The Navy Precision Optical Interferometer: two years of development towards large-aperture observations

Gerard van Belle, James Clark, J. Thomas Armstrong, Ellyn Baines, Ty Martinez, Sergio Restaino, Henrique Schmitt, Anders Jorgensen, David Mozurkewich, Teznie Pugh, Wyatt Clark, Nicholas Green, Khristian Jones, Bradley Kingsley, Peter Kurtz, Adam Schilperoort

Proceedings Volume 11446, 1144608 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2562806

KEYWORDS: Precision optics, Interferometers, Telescopes, Imaging systems, Electron multiplying charge coupled devices, Cameras, Image processing, Interferometry, Image restoration, Adaptive optics

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Proceedings Article | 13 May 2019 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Status of ELROI satellite license plate demonstration on the CubeSat NMTSat

Rebecca Holmes, Sawyer Gill, James Harris, Joellen Lansford, Riley Myers, Charles Weaver, Aaron Zucherman, Anders Jorgensen, David Palmer

Proceedings Volume 10978, 1097808 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2519906

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Signal detection, Sensors, Clocks, Semiconductor lasers, Prototyping, Photodetectors, Telescopes, Rockets, Photon counting

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Proceedings Article | 9 July 2018 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Coherent integration: theory and practice

D. Mozurkewich, Anders Jorgensen

Proceedings Volume 10701, 107011N (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2311817

KEYWORDS: Visibility, Data modeling, Calibration, Performance modeling, Signal to noise ratio, Data processing, Stars, Data integration, Telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 9 July 2018 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Many interesting things are afoot at the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer

G. van Belle, J. Armstrong, J. Benson, E. Baines, R. Bevilacqua, T. Buschmann, J. Clark, W. DeGroff, J. Hall, R. Hindsley, A. Jorgensen, A. Lindgren, D. Mozurkewich, M. Muterspaugh, S. Pooler, S. Restaino, H. Schmitt, P. Shankland, R. Zavala

Proceedings Volume 10701, 1070105 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2314204

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Interferometers, Mirrors, Electron multiplying charge coupled devices, Observatories, Avalanche photodetectors, Precision optics, Interferometry, Beam splitters

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Proceedings Article | 14 May 2018 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Progress on ELROI satellite license plate flight prototypes

Rebecca Holmes, Sawyer Gill, James Harris, Joellen Lansford, Riley Myers, Charles Weaver, Aaron Zucherman, Anders Jorgensen, David Palmer

Proceedings Volume 10659, 106590M (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2306091

KEYWORDS: Semiconductor lasers, Satellites, Sensors, Photodetectors, Clocks, Receivers, Solar cells, Diodes, Diffusers

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Proceedings Article | 4 August 2016 Paper

Paper

The new classic instrument for the navy precision optical interferometer

A. Jorgensen, H. Schmitt, J. T. Armstrong, E. Baines, R. Hindsley, D. Mozurkewich, G. van Belle

Proceedings Volume 9907, 990725 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232682

KEYWORDS: Precision optics, Interferometers, Computing systems, Electronics, Human-machine interfaces, Signal to noise ratio, Telescopes, Ultraviolet radiation, Stars, Spectrographs

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Proceedings Article | 4 August 2016 Paper

Paper

Multi-baseline chain bootstrapping with new classic at the NPOI

A. Jorgensen, D. Mozurkewich, J. T. Armstrong, H. Schmitt, E. Baines, G. van Belle

Proceedings Volume 9907, 99072C (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2234389

KEYWORDS: Interferometers, Precision optics, Visibility, Spectrographs, Stars, Telescopes, Signal to noise ratio, Spatial frequencies, Analytical research, Observatories

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Proceedings Article | 24 July 2014 Paper

Paper

The new classic data acquisition system for NPOI

B. Sun, A. Jorgensen, M. Landavazo, D. Hutter, G. van Belle, David Mozurkewich, J. Armstrong, H. Schmitt, E. Baines, S. Restaino

Proceedings Volume 9146, 914620 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2057013

KEYWORDS: Data acquisition, Field programmable gate arrays, Photons, Imaging systems, Spectrographs, Computing systems, Observatories, Clocks, Detection and tracking algorithms, Analytical research

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Proceedings Article | 24 July 2014 Paper

Paper

Design and implementation of the NPOI database and website

K. Newman, A. Jorgensen, M. Landavazo, B. Sun, D. Hutter, J. Armstrong, David Mozurkewich, N. Elias, G. van Belle, H. Schmitt, E. Baines

Proceedings Volume 9146, 914630 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2057186

KEYWORDS: Databases, Stars, Interfaces, Precision optics, Interferometers, Binary data, Observatories, Analytical research, Astronomical imaging, Astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 24 July 2014 Paper

Paper

Photometric calibration of NPOI visibilities

Henrique Schmitt, David Mozurkewich, J. Thomas Armstrong, Anders Jorgensen, Ellyn Baines

Proceedings Volume 9146, 91462Q (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2057197

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Visibility, Telescopes, Stars, Interferometers, Beam splitters, Precision optics, Interferometry, Spectrographs, Solids

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Proceedings Article | 24 July 2014 Paper

Paper

6-station, 5-baseline fringe tracking with the new classic data acquisition system at the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer

M. Landavazo, A. Jorgensen, B. Sun, K. Newman, David Mozurkewich, G. van Belle, Donald Hutter, H. Schmitt, J. Armstrong, E. Baines, S. Restaino

Proceedings Volume 9146, 914621 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2057278

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Data acquisition, Interferometers, Precision optics, Spectrographs, Detection and tracking algorithms, Optical tracking, Image resolution, Imaging systems, Stars

Read Abstract +

The Navy Precision Optical Interferometer (NPOI) has a station layout which makes it uniquely suited for imaging. Stellar surface imaging requires a variety of baseline lengths and in particular long baselines with resolution much smaller than the diameter of the target star. Because the fringe signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is generally low on such long baselines, fringe-tracking cannot be carried out on those baselines directly. Instead, baseline bootstrapping must be employed in which the long baseline is composed of a number of connected shorter baselines. When fringes are tracked on all the shorter baselines fringes are also present on the long baseline. For compact sources, such as stellar disks, the shorter baselines generally have higher SNR and making them short enough that the source is unresolved by them is ideal. Thus, the resolution, or number of pixels across a stellar disk, is roughly equal to the ratio of the length of the long baseline to the length of the short baselines. The more bootstrapped baselines, the better the images produced. If there is also a wide wavelength coverage, wavelength bootstrapping can also be used under some circumstances to increase the resolution further. The NPOI is unique in that it allows 6-station, 5-baseline bootstrapping, the most of any currently operating interferometer. Furthermore, the NPOI Classic beam combiner has wavelength coverage from 450 nm to 850 nm. However, until now, this capability has not been fully exploited. The stellar surface imaging project which was recently funded by the National Science Foundation is exploiting this capability. The New Classic data acquisition system, reported separately, is the hardware which delivers the data to the fringe-tracking algorithm. In this paper we report on the development of the fringe-tracking capability with the New Classic data acquisition system. We discuss the design of the fringe tracking algorithm and present performance results from simulations and on sky observation.

Proceedings Article | 24 July 2014 Paper

Paper

Progress toward unprecedented imaging of stellar surfaces with the Navy precision optical interferometer

A. Jorgensen, D. Mozurkewich, H. Schmitt, G. van Belle, D. Hutter, J. Clark, J. Armstrong, E. Baines, K. Newman, M. Landavazo, B. Sun, S. Restaino

Proceedings Volume 9146, 91460A (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2055789

KEYWORDS: Visibility, Stars, Telescopes, Interferometers, Data acquisition, Image resolution, Signal to noise ratio, Spectrographs, Precision optics, Imaging arrays

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We present progress on the stellar surface imaging project recently funded by the U. S. National Science Foun- dation. With the unique layout of the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer (NPOI) in combination with data acquisition and fringe-tracking upgrades we expect to be able to substantially exceed the imaging fidelity and resolution of any other interferometer in operation. The project combines several existing advances and infras- tructure at NPOI with modest enhancements. For optimal imaging there are several requirements that should be fulfilled. The observatory should be capable of measuring visibilities on a wide range of baseline lengths and orientations, providing complete Fourier (UV) coverage in a short period of time. It should measure visibility amplitudes with good SNR on all baselines as critical imaging information is often contained in low-amplitude visibilities. It should measure the visibility phase on all baselines. The technologies which can achieve this are the NPOI Y-shaped array with (nearly) equal spacing between telescopes and an ability for rapid configuration. Placing 6-telescopes in a row makes it possible to measure visibilities into the 4th lobe of the visibility function. By arranging the 12 available telescopes carefully we can switch, every few days, between 6 different 6-station chains which provide symmetric coverage in the Fourier plane without moving any telescopes, only by moving beam relay mirrors. The 6-station chains are important to achieve the highest imaging resolution, and switching rapidly between station chains provides uniform coverage. Coherent integration techniques can be used to obtain good SNR on very small visibilities. Coherently integrated visibilities can be used for imaging with standard radio imaging packages such as AIPS. The commissioning of one additional station, the use of new data acqui- sition hardware and fringe tracking algorithms are the enhancements which are making this project a reality. The New Classic data acquisition system, based on a powerful Stratix FPGA and fast Direct Memory Access module, upgrades the existing Classic beam combiner to allow for continuous data recording across all baselines available with 6 telescopes. It also provides the computing power and software environment necessary for im- plementing the 6-station, 5-baseline fringe-tracking algorithms. In separate papers we discuss the New Classic data acquisition system and the fringe-tracking algorithms in greater detail. In this paper we will focus on an overview of the project. We will describe the observation planning, logistics of the observations, and discuss the current status of the project including preliminary results and simulations of expected future results.

Proceedings Article | 24 July 2014 Paper

Paper

Multi-baseline bootstrapping at the Navy precision optical interferometer

J. Armstrong, H. Schmitt, D. Mozurkewich, A. Jorgensen, M. Muterspaugh, E. Baines, J. Benson, Robert Zavala, D. Hutter

Proceedings Volume 9146, 91460K (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2055209

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Stars, Precision optics, Interferometers, Observatories, Chemical elements, Ocean optics, Interferometry, Sensors, Electronics

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2012 Paper

Paper

Calibration of coherently integrated visibilities

T. Hall, A. Jorgensen, D. Mozurkewich, J. Armstrong, H. Schmitt, E. Baines, D. Hutter

Proceedings Volume 8445, 84453G (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925818

KEYWORDS: Visibility, Signal to noise ratio, Photons, Solids, Calibration, Analytical research, Precision optics, Interferometers, Interference (communication), Integrated optics

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2012 Paper

Paper

A new, fast, data acquisition system for the NPOI

Matthew Brown, A. Jorgensen, T. Buschmann, D. Hutter, J. Armstrong

Proceedings Volume 8445, 844530 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925918

KEYWORDS: Field programmable gate arrays, Spectrographs, Clocks, Receivers, Modulation, Data acquisition, Photons, Digital recording, Fringe analysis, Control systems

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2012 Paper

Paper

Precise stellar diameters from coherently averaged visibilities

J. T. Armstrong, A. Jorgensen, H. Neilson, D. Mozurkewich, E. Baines, H. Schmitt

Proceedings Volume 8445, 84453K (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.926508

KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Atmospheric modeling, Visibility, Spatial frequencies, Stars, Visual process modeling, Optical interferometry, Spherical lenses, Signal to noise ratio, Interferometry

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2012 Paper

Paper

Coherent integration in optical interferometry

A. Jorgensen, H. Schmitt, G. van Belle, D. Mozurkewich, D. Hutter, J. T. Armstrong, E. Baines, S. Restaino, T. Hall

Proceedings Volume 8445, 844519 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925898

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Visibility, Photons, Coherence imaging, Optical interferometry, Phase measurement, Calibration, Interferometers, Telescopes, Stars

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2012 Paper

Paper

Full stokes beam combination for optical interferometry

D. Mozurkewich, N. Elias, A. Jorgensen, H. Schmitt, D. Hutter

Proceedings Volume 8445, 84452A (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.926660

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Calibration, Wave plates, Telescopes, Beam splitters, Interferometers, Polarimetry, Sensors, Interferometry, Visibility

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2012 Paper

Paper

Calibration and imaging algorithms for full-Stokes optical interferometry

Nicholas Elias, David Mozurkewich, Luke Schmidt, Colby Jurgenson, Stanislav Edel, Carol Jones, Robert Halonen, Henrique Schmitt, Anders Jorgensen, Donald Hutter

Proceedings Volume 8445, 84451X (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925781

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Polarimetry, Calibration, Interferometers, Stars, Interferometry, Optical interferometry, Data acquisition, Visibility, Atmospheric modeling

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2012 Paper

Paper

Navy precision optical interferometer database

K. Ryan, A. Jorgensen, T. Hall, J. Armstrong, D. Hutter, D. Mozurkewich

Proceedings Volume 8445, 84453H (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925940

KEYWORDS: Databases, Spectrographs, Stars, Precision optics, Interferometers, Ocean optics, Astronomical imaging, Mining, Analytical research, Binary data

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2012 Paper

Paper

Simulated imaging with an interferometer on a boom

Henrique Schmitt, David Mozurkewich, J. Thomas Armstrong, Anders Jorgensen, Ellyn Baines, Sergio Restaino, Robert Hindsley, Gerard van Belle

Proceedings Volume 8445, 84452P (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.926707

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Asteroids, Interferometers, Interferometry, Stars, Optical fibers, Device simulation, Satellite imaging, Satellites, Image resolution

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2012 Paper

Paper

Interferometric imaging of geostationary satellites: signal-to-noise considerations

A. Jorgensen, H. Schmitt, D. Mozurkewich, J. Armstrong, S. Restaino, R. Hindsley

Proceedings Volume 8445, 84452M (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925953

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Interferometers, Telescopes, Satellite imaging, Signal to noise ratio, Interferometry, Astronomy, Image resolution, Astronomical telescopes, Photons

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2012 Paper

Paper

Coherent integration of optical interferometric data on a graphics processor

M. Paiz, A. Jorgensen

Proceedings Volume 8445, 844532 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925931

KEYWORDS: Interferometry, Signal to noise ratio, Genetic algorithms, Integrated optics, Visualization, Visibility, Detection and tracking algorithms, Optimization (mathematics), Profiling, Genetics

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Proceedings Article | 25 May 2012 Paper

Paper

Interferometric imaging of geostationary satellites

J. T. Armstrong, E. Baines, R. Hindsley, H. Schmitt, S. Restaino, A. Jorgensen, D. Mozurkewich

Proceedings Volume 8385, 83850D (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.919381

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Interferometry, Satellites, Interferometers, Satellite imaging, Visibility, Spatial frequencies, Space telescopes, Optical interferometry, Fourier transforms

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Proceedings Article | 6 April 2012 Paper

Paper

Mechanical design of a Langmuir probe for a QuadSat PnP satellite

Jordan Klepper, Andrei Zagrai, Anders Jorgensen

Proceedings Volume 8345, 83454N (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.918636

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Satellites, Plasma, Mechanical engineering, Space operations, Electrodes, Epoxies, System integration, Electronics, Interfaces

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 2011 Paper

Paper

An imaging interferometer for compact sources

D. Mozurkewich, J. T. Armstrong, R. Hindsley, A Jorgensen, S. Restaino, H. Schmitt

Proceedings Volume 8165, 81650X (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.893476

KEYWORDS: Interferometers, Satellites, Telescopes, Optical fibers, Wavefront sensors, Signal to noise ratio, Space telescopes, Sensors, Interferometry, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 2011 Paper

Paper

Simulated optical interferometric observations of geostationary satellites

Henrique Schmitt, David Mozurkewich, Sergio Restaino, J. Thomas Armstrong, Ellyn Baines, Robert Hindsley, Anders Jorgensen

Proceedings Volume 8165, 81650T (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.893863

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Satellites, Space telescopes, Satellite imaging, Earth observing sensors, Interferometry, Interferometers, Optical simulations, Image resolution, Optical arrays

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 2010 Paper

Paper

Observations of binaries with the NPOI

Henrique Schmitt, J. Thomas Armstrong, Anders Jorgensen, Ellyn Baines, Robert Hindsley

Proceedings Volume 7734, 77343G (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.858307

KEYWORDS: Binary data, Calibration, Visibility, Stars, Phase measurement, Spectrographs, Optical interferometry, Analytical research, Prototyping, Interferometers

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 2010 Paper

Paper

Coherent integration results from the NPOI

A. Jorgensen, H. Schmitt, J. Armstrong, D. Mozurkewich, E. Baines, R. Hindsley, D. Hutter, S. Restaino

Proceedings Volume 7734, 77342Q (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.858298

KEYWORDS: Visibility, Signal to noise ratio, Stars, Solids, Phase measurement, Spectrographs, Calibration, Spectral resolution, Data modeling, Precision measurement

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 2010 Paper

Paper

Coherent integration: to real time or not to real time? That is the question.

Anders Jorgensen, Dave Mozurkewich

Proceedings Volume 7734, 773426 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.858277

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Sensors, Visibility, Filtering (signal processing), Solids, Quantum efficiency, Interferometry, Electronic filtering, Infrared radiation, Interferometers

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Proceedings Article | 28 July 2008 Paper

Paper

Measurements of binary stars with coherent integration of NPOI data

Anders Jorgensen, H. Schmitt, R. Hindsley, J. T. Armstrong, T. Pauls, D. Mozurkewich, D. Hutter, C. Tycner

Proceedings Volume 7013, 701342 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.790290

KEYWORDS: Stars, Visibility, Calibration, Binary data, Phase measurement, Data modeling, Solids, Data integration, Interferometers, Spectrographs

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Proceedings Article | 28 July 2008 Paper

Paper

Solving the imaging problem with coherently integrated multiwavelength data

H. Schmitt, T. Pauls, J. T. Armstrong, D. Mozurkewich, A. Jorgensen, R. Hindsley, C. Tycner, R. Zavala, J. Benson, D. Hutter

Proceedings Volume 7013, 70131H (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.789487

KEYWORDS: Stars, Visibility, Calibration, Coherence imaging, Radio optics, Data integration, Interferometry, Radio interferometry, Observatories, Integrated optics

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Proceedings Article | 28 July 2008 Paper

Paper

NPOI: recent progress and future prospects

Donald Hutter, James Benson, Tim Buschmann, Michael DiVittorio, Robert Zavala, Kenneth Johnston, J. Thomas Armstrong, Robert Hindsley, Henrique Schmitt, James Clark, Sergio Restaino, Christopher Tycner, Anders Jorgensen, Sam Davis

Proceedings Volume 7013, 701306 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.787486

KEYWORDS: Stars, Interferometry, Control systems, Visibility, Telescopes, Observatories, Mirrors, Interferometers, Calibration, Coating

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Proceedings Article | 28 July 2008 Paper

Paper

Event-based simulation of fringe tracking in an optical interferometer

Anders Jorgensen

Proceedings Volume 7013, 701347 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.789823

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Interferometers, Device simulation, Modulators, Atmospheric modeling, Computer architecture, Telescopes, C++, Data modeling, Optical tracking

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Proceedings Article | 28 July 2008 Paper

Paper

Practical coherent integration with the NPOI

Anders Jorgensen, Dave Mozurkewich, Henrique Schmitt, Robert Hindsley, J. Thomas Armstrong, Thomas Pauls, D. Hutter

Proceedings Volume 7013, 70131E (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.790305

KEYWORDS: Visibility, Stars, Calibration, Phase measurement, Signal to noise ratio, Atmospheric modeling, Sensors, Photons, Solids, Interferometers

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Proceedings Article | 29 June 2006 Paper

Paper

Characterization of the NPOI fringe scanning stroke

Anders Jorgensen, Dave Mozurkewich, James Murphy, Marc Sapantaie, J. Thomas Armstrong, G. Charmaine Gilbreath, Robert Hindsley, Thomas Pauls, Henrique Schmitt, Donald Hutter

Proceedings Volume 6268, 62684A (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.672839

KEYWORDS: Metrology, Visibility, Heterodyning, Solids, Interferometers, Laser metrology, Spectrographs, Bragg cells, Polarization, Data acquisition

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We report on the results of an experiment to characterize the fringe scanning stroke on the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer (NPOI) Fast Delay Line (FDL) strokes. The measurements were carried out during three days April 11-13, 2005 at the NPOI site near Flagstaff, AZ. The NPOI uses a heterodyne metrology laser system in its operations. It consists of a HeNe laser with a 2 MHz heterodyne component generated by an Acousto-Optic Modulator (AOM). One polarization is used as the 2 MHz clock, and the other is sent through the feed system twice and bounces off the piezo stroke modulators. We sampled both signals at 50 MHz, and obtained stroke and cart combined motion at the frequency of the stroke modulated 2 MHz heterodyne signal. By counting zero-crossings in the reference and feed system signals, a rough position (to a wavelength) can be obtained. This can be further refined to the few-nanometer level by measuring the relative phases of the reference and feed system signals. This results in approximately 4000 positions measurements per 2 ms stroke with a precision of approximately 1 nm. We recorded stroke positions for approximately 500 strokes (1 s), for all but one of the six FDLs, under a variety of conditions: different stroke amplitudes, different cart speeds, and different cart positions in the FDLs. We then analyzed these data from a total of 100 tests to understand the deviation of the actual stroke from the ideal stroke. We found that the mean stroke differs from the ideal stroke, and that consecutive strokes differ from each other. We computed the effect of the non-ideal stroke on the science data. A non-ideal stroke results in leakage of fringe power between fringe frequencies. This leakage is not significant during most normal operations of the NPOI. However, when the squared visibilities of baselines on the same spectrograph differ by large amounts (a factor of 10), care should be taken. Ideally, High- and low-visibility baselines should be placed on different spectrographs.

Proceedings Article | 28 June 2006 Paper

Paper

Using differential phases in optical interferometry

Henrique Schmitt, Thomas Pauls, Christopher Tycner, J. Thomas Armstrong, James Benson, James Clark, Robert Hindsley, Donald Hutter, Deane Peterson, Anders Jorgensen, David Mozurkewich, G. Charmaine Gilbreath, Robert Zavala

Proceedings Volume 6268, 62683B (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.672396

KEYWORDS: Stars, Calibration, Phase interferometry, Optical interferometry, Observatories, Beryllium, Interferometers, Analytical research, Prototyping, Phase measurement

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Proceedings Article | 27 June 2006 Paper

Paper

Toward complex visibilities using optical interferometry: multiwavelength phase referencing

Thomas Pauls, Henrique Schmitt, Christopher Tycner, J. Thomas Armstrong, James Benson, James Clark, G. Charmaine Gilbreath, Robert Hindsley, Donald Hutter, Anders Jorgensen

Proceedings Volume 6268, 62680W (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.671881

KEYWORDS: Stars, Visibility, Beryllium, Calibration, Optical interferometry, Interferometers, Phase interferometry, Observatories, Interferometry, Prototyping

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Proceedings Article | 27 June 2006 Paper

Paper

Coherent integrations, fringe modeling, and bootstrapping with the NPOI

Anders Jorgensen, Dave Mozurkewich, Henrique Schmitt, J. Thomas Armstrong, G. Charmaine Gilbreath, Robert Hindsley, Thomas Pauls, Deane Peterson

Proceedings Volume 6268, 62681H (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.672829

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Visibility, Atmospheric modeling, Calibration, Phase measurement, Solids, Stars, Instrument modeling, Data modeling, Interferometers

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Atmospheric turbulence is a major impediment to ground-based optical interferometry. It causes fringes to move on ms time-scales, forcing very short exposures. Because of the semi-random phase shifts, the traditional approach averages exposure power spectra to build signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This incoherent average has two problems: (1) A bias of correlated noise is introduced which must be subtracted. The smaller the visibility/the fainter the target star, the more diffcult bias subtraction becomes. SNR builds only slowly in this case. Unfortunately, these most difficult small visibility baselines contain most of the image information. (2) Baseline phase information is discarded. These are serious challenges to imaging with ground based optical interferometers. But if we were able to determine fringe phase, we could shift and integrate all the short exposures. We would then eliminate the bias problem, improve the SNR, and we would have preserved most of the phase information. This coherent averaging becomes possible with multi-spectral measurements. The group delay presents one option for determining phase. A more accurate approach is to use a time-dependent model of the fringe. For the most interesting low-visibility baselines, the atmospheric phase information can be bootstrapped from phase determinations on high-visibility baselines using the closure relation. The NPOI, with 32 spectral channels and a bootstrapping configuration, is well-suited for these approaches. We will illustrate how the fringe modeling approach works, compare it to the group-delay approach, and show how these approaches can be used to derive bias-free visibility amplitude and phase information. Coherent integration provides the highest signal-to-noise (SNR) improvement precisely in the situations where SNR builds most slowly using incoherent averaging. Coherent integration also produces high-SNR phase measurements which are calibration-free and thus have high real uncertainties as well. In this paper we will show how to coherently integration on NPOI data, and how to use baseline visibilities and calibrate coherently integrated visibility amplitudes.

Proceedings Article | 23 August 2005 Paper

Paper

Optical correction using fourier transform heterodyne

Bryan Laubscher, Robert Nemzek, Bradly Cooke, Nicholas Olivas, Anders Jorgensen, J. Smith, Nina Weisse-Bernstein

Proceedings Volume 5896, 58960E (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.620138

KEYWORDS: Spatial light modulators, Heterodyning, Sensors, Optical testing, Optical calibration, Signal detection, Wavefronts, Fourier transforms, Beam splitters, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 20 October 2004 Paper

Paper

Fringe fitting for coherent integrations with the NPOI

Anders Jorgensen, David Mozurkewich, J. Armstrong, Robert Hindsley, Thomas Pauls, G. Gilbreath, Sergio Restaino

Proceedings Volume 5491, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.552279

KEYWORDS: Visibility, Calibration, Stars, Data modeling, Solids, Fringe analysis, Signal to noise ratio, Fourier transforms, Optical interferometry, Error analysis

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Proceedings Article | 30 April 2001 Paper

Paper

Bio/chemical microsystem designed for wafer scale testing

Anders Jorgensen, Klaus Mogensen, Weimin Rong, Pieter Telleman, Joerg Kutter

Proceedings Volume 4407, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.425298

KEYWORDS: Microfluidics, Photodiodes, Semiconducting wafers, Silicon, Diodes, Microsystems, Diffusion, Sensors, Ions, Etching

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Proceedings Article | 18 August 2000 Paper

Paper

Integration of waveguides for optical detection in microfabricated analytical devices

Joerg Kutter, Klaus Mogensen, Peter Friis, Anders Jorgensen, Nickolaj Petersen, Pieter Telleman, Joerg Huebner

Proceedings Volume 4177, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.395677

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Integrated optics, Microfabrication, Microfluidics, Germanium, Luminescence, Absorbance, Channel projecting optics, Channel waveguides, Network architectures

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