The identification of white blood cells was important as it provided diagnosis information of different kinds of diseases. However, traditional light microscopy based leukocyte cells recognition and segmentation methods usually inaccurate. This paper proposed a hybrid algorithm applied mathematical support vector machine cells screening algorithm combined with BandMax and spectral angle mapping for white blood cell segmentation, that was, it treated BandMax and spectral angle mapping as a new preprocessing method to divide the boundaries between cells, and then used support vector machine cells screening algorithm to segment the hyperspectral cell images more efficiently and precisely than traditional segmentation algorithms. Experimental results shown that the hybrid algorithm provided higher classification accuracy than traditional methods on improving the classification accuracy and effective extraction of white blood cells. By combing both spatial and spectral features, this strategy had been successfully tested for classifying objects among leukocytes, erythrocytes and serums in raw samples, including spectral features reached higher accuracy than any single algorithm cases, with a maximum improvement of nearly 26.82%.
KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Sensing systems, Reflectors, Aluminum, Ferroelectric materials, Connectors, Amplitude modulation, Avalanche photodetectors, Linear filtering, Signal to noise ratio
Phase sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) has been widely used in many applications for its distributed sensing ability on weak disturbance all along the sensing fiber. However, traditional Φ-OTDR cannot make quantitative measurement on the external disturbance due to the randomly distributed position and reflectivity of scatters within the optical fiber. Recently, some methods have been proposed to realize quantitative measurement of dynamic strain. In these literatures, the fiber with or without FBGs in practice was easily damaged and with difficulty of maintenance. PZT is employed to generate strain event in the fiber. There is a large gap compared with the real detecting environment, which will not reveal the full performance of the sensing system. In this paper, a distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) system for dynamic strain measurement based on artificial reflector is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The fiber under test (FUT) is composed by four 20-meter long single mode optical fiber patch cords (OFPCs), which are cascaded with ferrule contactor/physical contact (FC/PC) connectors via fiber flanges. The fiber facet of FC/PC connector forms an artificial reflector. When the interval between the two reflectors is changed, the phase of the interference signal will also be changed. A symmetric 3×3 coupler with table-look-up scheme is introduced to discriminate the phase change through interference intensity. In our experiment, the center 10m section of the second OFPC is attached to the bottom of an aluminum alloy plate. An ordinary loudspeaker box was located on the top of the aluminum alloy plate. The dynamic strain generated by the loudspeaker box is transmitted from the aluminum alloy plate to the OFPC. Experimental results show that the proposed method has a good frequency response characteristic up to 3.2 kHz and a linear intensity response of R2=0.9986 while the optical probe pulse width and repetition rate were 100ns and 10 kHz respectively. Meanwhile, triangle and cosine amplitude-modulated (AM) dynamic strain applied on the fiber are successfully discriminated. The artificial reflectors based on FC/PCs were easily assembled and maintained, and the method of vibration transmission closely resembled the real circumstance than PZT. Therefore, these advantages will extend the potential of this Φ-OTDR technology in structure health monitoring.
Optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) is one of the most successful diagnostic tools for nondestructive attenuation measurement of a fiber link. To achieve better sensitivity, spatial resolution, and avoid dead-zone in conversional OTDR, a single-photon detector has been introduced to form the photon-counting OTDR (ν-OTDR). We have proposed a ν-OTDR system using a gigahertz sinusoidally gated InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche detector (SPAD). Benefiting from the superior performance of a sinusoidal gated SPAD on dark count probability, gating frequency, and gate duration, our ν-OTDR system has achieved a dynamic range (DR) of 33.4 dB with 1 μs probe pulse width after an equivalent measurement time of 51 s. This obtainable DR corresponds to a sensing length over 150 km. Our system has also obtained a spatial resolution of 5 cm at the end of a 5-km standard single-mode fiber. By employing a sinusoidal gating technique, we have improved the ν-OTDR spatial resolution and significantly reduced the measurement time.
Phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) has been widely used in various applications for its distributed measurement capability of dynamic disturbance along the entire sensing fiber. Commonly, the sensing system is considered to be only sensitive to the phase change and capable of detecting multiple vibration events. In application, once any of the vibration events leads to a local birefringence change, the polarization evolution of the signal will be disturbed along the following fiber, which will result in the generation of polarization-related noise and the failure of identification for multipoint vibration events. We will reveal the polarization-dependence of Φ-OTDR both theoretically and experimentally. To suppress the polarization-dependence of Φ-OTDR, an orthogonal-state of polarization pulse pair method has been proposed, making the sensing system purely phase-sensitive. The experiment result has shown that maximum noise suppression ratio of 11.2 dB and mean noise suppression ratio of 4.9 dB could be achieved, which confirmed the validity of the proposed method.
Phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) has been widely used in various applications for its distributed measurement capability of dynamic disturbance. However, traditional Φ-OTDR cannot realize quantitative measurement of the strain variation introduced by the external disturbance. Recently, an ultra-weak fiber Bragg grating (UWFBG) array-based Φ-OTDR system has been proposed to realize quantitative measurement. Unfortunately, the spatial resolution in this system is not satisfactory, since spatial resolution is equal to UWFBGs interval and the interval cannot be too small. We have proposed an enhanced system to realize quantitative strain measurement and high spatial resolution monitoring by combining ordinary Φ-OTDR system with the UWFBG array-based Φ-OTDR system. Experimental results showed that quantitative strain measurement at the end of a 5-km long sensing fiber could be realized with a spatial resolution of 4 m while the interval between adjacent UWFGBs was 50 m.
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