KEYWORDS: Safety, Fiber optics sensors, Reflectometry, Signal processing, Signal detection, Interference (communication), Optical amplifiers, Bragg cells, Knowledge management, Signal to noise ratio
High-speed railway is being developed rapidly; its safety, including infrastructure and train operation, is vital. This paper presents a railway-subgrade vibration monitoring scheme based on phase-sensitive OTDR for railway safety. The subgrade vibration is detected and rebuilt. Multi-dimension comprehensive analysis (MDCA) is proposed to identify the running train signals and illegal constructions along railway. To our best knowledge, it is the first time that a railway-subgrade vibration monitoring scheme is proposed. This scheme is proved effective by field tests for real-time train tracking and activities monitoring along railway. It provides a new passive distributed way for all-weather railway-subgrade vibration monitoring.
High side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) and higher optical power output of frequency
converted lightwave is successfully realized by single side band injection locking of distributed feedback laser (DFB). This method is of great potential in the application of fast optical frequency sweep signal generation. Compared to that acquired from direct carrier suppressed single sideband (CS-SSB), the
SMSR of the injection locked slave laser by single sideband injection locking is much higher (32.5dB to 12dB at best), and the power of the injection locked slave laser output is 11dB higher (-22dBm to -33.5dBm) than converting directly from CS-SSB. The variation of SMSR and locking bandwidth of the
slave laser as optical injection ratio changes is also researched.
Polarization fading is a phenomenon observed often in BOTDR distributed sensors, which greatly reduces signal-to-noise ratio of the detected signal. We proposed a scheme based on injecting optical pulse probes with orthogonal polarization states, which is generated by a delay Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) composed of two polarization beam splitters (PBS). The principle is analyzed and the effect of reducing polarization fading is demonstrated experimentally. The method uses simple and passive components and is suitable for practical applications.
A novel high sampling rate multi-pulse phase-sensitive OTDR (Φ-OTDR) employing frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is proposed to increase the sampling rate of the long distance sensor system. Compared with the conventional Φ- OTDR, the new system owns much higher detection bandwidth as more probe pulses are allowed simultaneously traveling in the sensing fiber. The feasibility of the technique is experimentally verified. By multiplexing four different frequencies, we realize a experimental system with 20kHz vibration detection bandwidth over 10km sensing range.
KEYWORDS: Signal detection, Signal to noise ratio, Light scattering, Fiber lasers, Digital signal processing, Rayleigh scattering, Ferroelectric materials, Modulation, Laser scattering, Oscillators
The digital coherent detection method is employed into the φ-OTDR. The heterodyne detection offers very high optical
gain while the digital signal processing serves as an effective tool to rebuild the instantaneous electric field of Rayleigh
scattering light by analyzing the beating signal. Both amplitude and phase signal are obtained in our experiment. PZT
vibration measurement verifies that the phase difference signal well represents the external perturbation signal and also
with higher SNR. The proposed newφ-OTDR system shows a good application foreground in the area of distributed
vibration measurement.
Because of its own structure's limitation, the beam divergence angle of the semiconductor laser is very large. In the fastaxis
direction, the beam plays good quality and can be collimated less than 1° by using cylindrical micro-lens. However,
in the slow-axis direction, the beam quality is too poor to be collimated to a small pattern. This could limit its application
in the fields which need high beam quality. For high-power laser diode array (LDA), external-cavity technique can make
all the emitters working in the same wavelength, and can improve their beam quality. In this paper, direct feedback
method was employed to achieve cross-injection between 25 emitters of a LD bar by using a stripe mirror. At a certain
cavity length, after the reflection of the external-cavity mirror's reflective stripe, the beam with large slow-axis
divergence angle will feedback to the spacer region between the emitters and lose its energy, or would exactly feedback
to the neighbor emitter. Simultaneously, the beam with small divergence angle would output from the transparent stripe
of the external-cavity mirror. The slow-axis divergence of the stacks with two bars was suppressed from 6°to 2°by using
this technique.
An anti-noise subpixel algorithm of phase-shifting of fundamental frequency was presented based on the phase-shifting
of Fourier transform and the anti-noise characteristics of low-frequency part of the phase spectrum of the image. The
essence of the algorithm is that the displacement caculation of the image is replaced by the movement caculation of the
coordinate, which makes the phase of the fundamental frequency zero under different coordninates when image position
changes. Under the circumstances that the image of the CCD autocollimator is polluted by the noises caused by
tempreture, the measuring accuracies of the normally-used barycenter, edge detection, Gaussian fitting algorithm and the
algorithm presented in this paper were compared. Experiment results show, the subpixel algorithm demonstrated here has
the advantages of strong anti-noise ability and high precision. The reliability of the algorithm is also disproved by the
peak location of the reconstructed image after the removal of higher harmonics. When applied to the one-dimensional
CCD photoelectric autocaollimator used in field conditions, fine linearity and ±3// measurement accuracy were
simutaneously obtained in the whole ±3600// measurement range when the temperature varies between -400C-600C.
A competitive homemade two-coordinate autocollimator is presented, which is able to measure the angle along the
horizontal and vertical axis by using a single linear CCD to detect the three image point positions of the N shape
reticle on the CCD, with total measurement error no greater than 5urad in the measurement range of ±2100urad
and the dynamic response frequency 2KHz.
A dissolved oxygen sensor based on U-shape plastic optical fiber (POF) was described. Analyte-sensitive fluorophore
are entrapped into ormosil film by using Sol-gel method. Phase modulation technique is used to measure fluorescence
lifetime. The influence of oxygen indictor concentration, annealing time and U-shaped POF curve radius on the systems
sensitivity is studied.
A dissolved oxygen sensor based on ruthenium(Ru) fluorescence and U-shape plastic optical fiber (POF) was described.
Dichlorotris (1, 10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) was used as an oxygen indicator, which was coated on to the surface
of a 1mm diameter U-shaped POF. Phase modulation technique is used to measure fluorescence lifetime. The phase
difference between 100% and 0% dissolved oxygen is 1.78 degree. By using the nonlinear assumption, we also calculate
that the there are only 20% thickness of the sensor material is affected by DO.
Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) optical scattering communication (OSC) is studied theoretically and experimentally. Making
use of single scattering propagation model, properties of NLOS optical scattering channel are simulated numerically under some
typical condition. The results show that the path loss of the channel is quite large, and becomes larger as apex angle of the transmitter
and receiver increases. The results also show that the pulse transmitted from the source is broadened significantly after propagating in
the NLOS optical scattering channel. It will limit the available bandwidth of the channel, and probably cause intersymbol interference
in digital communication systems. Moreover, some elementary experimental facilities of NLOS UV communications are constructed.
A UV digital communication system based on 254nm low pressure mercury lamp has been set up, and the BER of the system is about
~10-4 when the transmitter apex angle is 60 degree and bit rate is 1200bits/s. and NLOS light propagation experiments were conducted
by exploiting a 370nm UV light-emitting diode (LED). With the progress of devices based on semiconductor in UV band, NLOS
optical scattering communication with small volume and low power may be achieved in future.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Multiplexers, Extremely high frequency, Picosecond phenomena, Microwave radiation, Radio over Fiber, Signal generators, Dispersion, Numerical simulations, Radio optics
A novel scheme is proposed to generate a millimeter-wave (MMW) optical pulse by combining optical time division
multiplexing (OTDM) technology and temporal Talbot effect (TTE). A n:1 time multiplexer is used for OTDM, and an
LCFG plays a role of TTE. The basic principle is analyzed by using a Gaussian input short pulse, and its characteristics
are discussed by numerical simulation. It is shown that the proposed scheme is feasible for MMW signal generation and
has potential merits for practical application of Radio over Fiber (ROF) technology.
A novel scheme is proposed to transform an optical pulse to a millimeter-wave frequency modulation pulse by using a
fiber Bragg grating in radio-over-fiber system. The Fourier transformation method is used to obtain the required
spectrum response function of FBG. Based on this target spectrum response function, the cases for a weak fiber grating
and strong fiber grating are analyzed and the corresponding refractive index distributions are obtained. The performances
of the fiber gratings are also studied by a numerical simulation method for an ultra-short pulse transmission.
An organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel material by using Tetraethylorthosilicate(Teos) and phenyltriethoxysilane(Phtes) as precursors was synthesized, and a planar optical waveguide was fabricated by using spin-coating on silicon substrate. A rib waveguide was formed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). A relation between refractive index and composition of the precursors was obtained by M-line method; the optical loss of the planar waveguide was measured to be 0.23dB/cm at 632.8nm wavelength. A directional coupler was also realized.
An optical switch by Sagnac interferometers (FSI) structure is described in this paper. An analysis shows that the switching properties of the device are polarization-independent. An experimental setup was achieved by using a PLZT electro-optical (EO) ceramic as the control unit. By using this setup, the theoretical analysis model is proved by experiments with different input polarization states. At the same time, the typical performances of the switch realized less than -22dB cross talk and less than 1 switching time. In addition, the Kerr coefficient of the PLZT compound used in experiments was measured about , and the insertion loss of it was found increasing rapidly when external electric field is larger than 600KV/m.
The dispersion compensation theory of the chirped fiber grating (CFG) in externally modulated CATV lightwave system is analyzed by using the time-domain form of the field envelope wave equation, and the analytic expression of the composite second order (CSO) distortion is obtained. The results show that the requirement of dispersion compensation in externally modulated CATV lightwave transmission system is different from that in common digital optical fiber communication system. Moreover, to a certain fiber transmission link, the dispersion compensation effect is not same for different dispersion compensation position of CFG and it exists an optimal position.
The polarization characteristics of electro-optical (EO) switches using fiber Sagnac interferometers (FSI) structures are theoretically investigated. Analytical solutions of output fields are presented when the twists and birefringence in a Sagnac loop is considered. Numerical calculations show that the twists of fiber, the orientation of the inserted phase retarder and the splitting ratio of the coupler will influence both the output intensity and the output polarization properties of the proposed switch. A polarization independent EO switch based on hybrid integration of a Sagnac interferometer and a PLZT retarder was experimentally implemented, which showed good coincidence with the analytical results. The experiment showed a switch with -22dB crosstalk and less than 31 ns switching time.
The frequency selectivity of integrated optical ring resonators makes them key components for many devices, including filters, switches and sensors. The ion-exchange technique is an economical and simple method to fabricate good quality optical waveguides and useful devices. In this paper, with the mixed melt salt of AgNO3 and KNO3 used as the source of exchanging ions, a racetrack waveguide resonator was fabricated in K9 glass. The reflection and transmission spectra of the resonator were measured, and the coupling ratio and propagation loss were derived by an improved method. The phase shift of 2π was realized by using thermo-optical effect within 16 degree change of temperature. The resonator is a promising device for filtering, sensing and other applications.
Highly uniform multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber ring laser with a sinusoidal phase modulator and line intervals of 0.45 nm is demonstrated. The flat and stable output distribution is realized by optimizing modulation voltage and frequency for the sine phase modulator. Simultaneous 30 lasing lines are obtained in power difference less than 2 dB. In addition, the implemented cavity structure can support unidirectional operation even without optical isolators. The power difference between clockwise and counterclockwise direction is higher than 20 dB, almost independent of pumping powers and lasing wavelengths in lasing operation.
A novel fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor is proposed and experimentally demonstrated with a long-period grating as a linear response edge filter to convert wavelength into intensity-encoded information for interrogation. The sensor is embedded into an aluminum substrate with a larger coefficient of thermal expansion to enhance its temperature sensitivity. A large dynamic range of 110 °C and a high resolution of 0.02 °C are obtained in the experiments. The technique can be used for multiplexed measurements with one broadband source and one long-period grating, and therefore is low cost.
We propose using a novel multifunction optical filter with cascaded sagnac circuits for future smart wavelength division multiplexed
network system applications. The coupling coefficients of the couplers in cascaded sagnac circuits are apodized according to the
Gaussian function. By properly adjusting only two parameters, the coupling coefficients are convex-apodized or concave-apodized.
For the former, we can obtain passband filter and improve response functions such as flatness and steepness; for the latter, it is
possible to gain comb-like transmitted responses.
Some research results on tunable fiber gratings and their applications are presented in this paper. Dynamic characteristics of thermal tuned FBG by surface coated heater are described. Tuning characteristics and effects of friction in compression tuning packaging are analyzed. Tuning behaviors of LPG in Panda fiber are described and discussed. A pressure sensor by LPG is presented. And demodulation for sensor systems by using tunable FBG is proposed.
In this paper, a novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensor system with low cost demodulation mechanism was proposed. The broadband light source was demodulated by a long period fiber grating (LPG) with an appropriate attenuation band. The sensing FBG was encapsulated with aluminum groove to make the FBG have a higher thermal expansion coefficient. The sensor with enhanced sensitivity 0.02°C was realized.
The influence of the position and the length of the Bragg grating written into conventional 2×2 fused couplers on its spectral response is numerically investigated and analyzed. It is possible to realize optical add and drop multiplexers with conventional fused couplers as well as with photosensitive couplers, and there is an optimized position and appropriate length of grating to obtain high reflectivity from drop port. In order to improve the characteristics of the component, a nonlinear chirped grating is proposed to be written into the coupler. According to the parameters in simulation, component with larger than 10dB reflectivity and bandwidth >1nm is obtained by inscribing a uniform Bragg grating in fusion region of the 3dB coupler experimentally.
this paper, the strain and temperature responses of long-period Bragg grating written on Panda fiber are presented. Both the strain and temperature responses show a good linear characteristics at a strain range of 0-2500 ?? and a temperature range of 50-100 °C . The temperature-tuning characteristics of the LPG by using a thin film metal coating on the nude surface of the fiber as a heater are also demonstrated. In the range of 0- 150 mA the response curve of the LPG have good linearity with the square of the current, while the loss change is less than 0.3dB.
In this paper, we report, for the first time to our knowledge, a new decreasing Q-switched pulse width method. We can reduce the pulse width of the MZI Q-switched by moving the pulse of ECL (whose pulse width is narrower than the MZI Q-switched pulse) into the MZI Q-switched pulse. And in our experiment, the pulse width of the MZI Q-switched is 4? s, the ultimate pulse width is O.8? s. So the ultimate pulse width is one fifth of the MZI Q-switched.
Long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) are usually used as the spectrally selective loss filter in optical fiber communication networks and sensor systems. In this paper, we investigate the characteristics of a tunable filter based on metal-coated long-period fiber grating. By applying different current to the metal coat, the resonance wavelengths can be tuned, with the spectrum shape changing little. The experimental results and theoretical analysis indicate that the metal-coated LPFGs may find interesting applications such as tunable and adjustable filters.
Insertion loss characteristics of sampled fiber Bragg gratings were investigated theoretically and experimentally. The experiment results show that the LPG effect greatly influences the characteristics of insertion loss at the Bragg reflection wavelength when the LPG effect caused loss peak is coincide with the Bragg wavelength. This phenomenon will be obvious in the case of high duty-cycle of sampled fiber Bragg grating, for example, more than 1:9. Bending the SFBG will move the LPG-like loss peak and will then change the loss of SFBG reflection band. In experiment a reduction from 6.08dB to 2.56dB was obtained under a bend radius 17mm in a typical SFBG with duty-cycle 1:9.
Scintillation and beam drifting are the two main issues, which influence the performance of optical wireless communication system. Multiple propagation paths average effect could be used to alleviate scintillation to these considerations, a 155-622 Mb/s optical wireless communication system was dilation, auto tracking can be used to compensate the beam drifting caused by mirage-like effect. Developed using multiple 800nm laser diode transmitters and auto tracking. Block diagram of design and main elements of the key optics, mechanics, and server control system are presented, and link performances of 155Mb/sand 622 Mb/s digital data transmission by using 3 transmitters over 1 .3 km are illustrated in this paper.
The high power fiber laser is one of the hot topics in the laser science and technology recent years. It shows good application prospects in the field of communication, printing, medicine, sensing and so on. Double-cladding rare- earth-doped fiber lasers are currently a preferred choice for high power performance. This paper reports the theoretical and experimental research of Yb-doped double- cladding fiber laser pumped by a 915-nm broad-stripe laser diode. An F-P cavity configuration was adopted by using an output mirror with 95% reflectivity at 1020 nm to approximately 1100 nm, and a dichromatic mirror for pump coupling. A slope efficiency of 51%, and a total optical-to- optical conversion efficiency of 24% were obtained experimentally.
In this paper a new structure all fiber Q-switched Erbium-doped fiber laser by using all-fiber wavelength selective intensity modulator based on fiber grating loop mirror (FGLM) was reported. This Q-switched scheme not only modulates loss of the cavity but also selects wavelength. Stable optical pulse with 3 dB linewidth of 0.07 nm, pulse width of 1.4 microsecond(s) , average power of 14.2 mW, and peak power of 1.267 W at 80 mW pump power and 8 KHz repetition rates was obtained in experiments. The generation of single laser pulses and its stability were discussed.
A study of cladding mode loss behaviors of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) by applying stresses is described in this paper. Under an axial compressive stress the amplitude of cladding mode losses decreased from 1.44 dB to 0.88 dB with a peak wavelength shift of 0.04 nm to shorter wavelength, while under an axial tensile stress they kept unchanged. The variation of cladding mode loss of FBG under different curvatures of bending was also studied. It was observed that the extent to which the cladding mode loss changes was related to bending directions, which indicates a non-uniform index perturbation distribution. The experimental results were explained by analyzing the mode coupling.
Chirped fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is one of most attractive components for chromatic dispersion compensation. In this paper, we discuss the possible factors that affect the characteristics of chirped fiber grating made by phase mask technique, including collimating of writing laser beam, growing rate and using non-zeroth-order suppression diffraction phase-mask. Meanwhile, the experimental results show that a 10cm-long chirped fiber grating fabricated through this processing was reasonably feasible for chromatic dispersion compensation in 10 Gbit/s transmission system.
A novel interleave filter using Mach-Zehnder-Based sampled fiber gratings was proposed and fabricated. The interleaver demonstrates channel spacing of 100GHz and isolation >15dB.
We have found that the optical power of a laser diode does not change with the injected light intensity that is modulated when its injection current is at some specified values. The amplitude of optical power change of the LD varies periodically with the increase of the injection current. It is made clear through the theoretical analysis that these phenomena are caused by gain compression and interband carrier absorption of the LD that depend on the longitudinal mode competition, bandgap-shrinkage effects, thermal conduction, and so on. Our experimental results make it get easy to eliminate optical power change of LDs. We only need to choose a proper value of the injection current.
A method of measuring the group time-delay of chirped fiber grating g(CFG) is presented in this paper. This approach is based on mode-mocking technique. An F-P cavity LD and a linearly CFG under test compound together to be an external cavity laser. Group time-delay can be investigated by measuring adjusted RF frequency and corresponding lasing wavelength.
In the laser diode interferometer with a photothermal wavelength modulation which is used for optical fine measurement, intensity fluctuations of light source cause measurement errors through the fluctuations decrease greatly as compared with the injection current modulation of wavelength. In this paper, we investigated the effect of photothermal modulation parameters of wavelength on the intensity fluctuations of light source. Choosing appropriate photothermal-modulation parameters, we measured microdisplacements of object with a high measurement accuracy.
The measurements of refractive index and thickness of various transparent plates and films are very important for quality control. Additionally, the knowledge of refractive index, and thickness is significant in biomedicine for the treatment of many kinds of tumors. In this paper, we propose a new method for noninvasive and simultaneous measurement of refractive indices and physical thickness of specimens, which consist of surrounding and interior components with different refractive indices. In our experiment, we measure the refractive index and the physical thickness of a multimode fiber and a lotus root with a hollow hole, respectively. The experimental results verify the feasibility of this method.
An optical coherence tomography system capable of imaging subsurface objects in turbid media is described and the obtained cross-sectional image of a small region of lotus root by OCT is presented. The deconvolution algorithm with wiener filter was implemented to reconstruct this cross-sectional image. The imaging mechanism of OCT is investigated by Monte Carlo method.
A lattice random walk model based on walkers wandering on discrete lattice of scattering space by discrete spatial and temporal step is presented. The discrete Green's function for infinite homogeneous turbid medium deduced by inductive method from the lattice random walk model is used with the method of images to describe the photon density distribution in two dimensional semi-infinite and finite slab homogenous turbid media such as tissue. The scattering matrix and linking matrix of the lattice random walk are obtained to describe the scattering and absorption processes in homogeneous and inhomogeneous turbid media. All the results obey the principle of causality.
The influence of buffer layer on the growth of GaN epilayer was investigated. Five matching orientations were identified when GaN was directly grown on the sapphire (0001) plane. The use of low-temperature buffer layer significantly improved the epitaxial film quality and the surface morphology. The optimal thickness of buffer layer was about 18 nm - 20 nm in the present growth condition.
In this letter, we report the MBE growth of GRIN-SCH ALGaAs single quantum well lasers. In order to obtain high quality laser materials, superlattice among GaAs buffer and n-AlGaAs cladding layer was incorporated. Reduced Be dopant concentration in the p-AlGaAs cladding layer near the GRIN region was adopted, which is believed to be benefit to the control of p-n junction places and reduction of the oxygen incorporation. High power broad-area lasers were fabricated. The typical threshold current density is 300A/cm2 and the minimum threshold current density is 220A/cm2 for the 500 micrometers cavity length lasers. High slope efficiency of 1.3W/A for 1000 micrometers cavity length lasers was obtained, recorded CW output power at room temperature has reached 2.3W. The measured characteristics temperature T(subscript 0$. is as high as 185K.
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