The phase-generated carrier (PGC) algorithm is one of the most commonly employed demodulation schemes in optical fiber sensors. It exhibits high sensitivity in detecting weak signal and is less susceptible to fluctuations in light source intensity. However, the inevitable uneven frequency response of photoelectric detection will lead to distortion in the harmonic amplitudes, subsequently resulting in demodulation errors in the PGC scheme. This significantly jeopardizes the precision and accuracy of optical fiber sensors. This paper analyzes the demodulation errors in the PGC algorithm caused by non-uniform frequency response and proposes a correction method. In this method, only a correction factor is introduced in the final step of the PGC algorithm, without introducing additional complex computations. In comparison to conventional correction algorithms such as linear regression, function fitting, and neural networks, this method is simple, effective, and resource-friendly for DSP systems with limited resources. Experimental validation of this method is conducted using a fiber optic gyroscope prototype. The results demonstrate a remarkable reduction of 33-fold in demodulation error within the measurement range of -6 to +6 radian, reducing it from 610 parts per million (ppm) to a mere 18.3 ppm.
The measurement of rotational components in seismic waves holds significant importance in various fields, including seismic early warning, subsurface structure inversion, and the study of Earth's internal dynamic processes. The interferometric fiber optic gyroscope (IFOG) is a kind of sensor that measures the rotational velocity of an object based on the Sagnac effect. In this study, a synchronous four-state modulation scheme based on a light source sharing configuration is employed to suppress RIN. Moreover, this work extensively investigates the impact of shot noise and Johnson-Nyquist noise. By adjusting the modulation depths of the two minimum configurations, the influence of shot noise and Johnson-Nyquist noise is well-handled while achieving RIN suppression. Furthermore, this scheme avoids introducing any external feedback, thereby preventing a decrease in sensitivity caused by the dead zone issue. In a test on detecting the rotation rate of the Earth, a self-noise level of 55 nrad/s/Hz1/2 and an angular random walk of 1.5 × 10−4 deg/h1/2 are achieved with an enclosed area of only 25.5 m2. Compared to the minimum configuration using the conventional phase generated carrier algorithm, the scheme realizes a 20-fold reduction in self-noise and an 18- fold reduction in angular random walk.
We propose and implement a source-sharing configuration based on fiber-optic gyroscopes for differential-mode and common-mode measurements. By adopting suitable values of the modulation parameters, the effect of relative intensity noise and thermal phase noise can be suppressed. Experimental results show that this configuration can achieve a maximum of 5.78 times self-noise suppression. We also show that the deviation of the modulation frequency from the eigenfrequency or its harmonics leads to an increase of the self-noise level. A deviation of 400 Hz can lead to a degradation of the self-noise level by up to 2.38 times. Finally, we prove the ability of suppression the environmental disturbance through an observation with the effect of natural vibrations.
In recent years, with the development of rotation direct measurement instruments, rotational seismology has gradually become a hot field, and it is proposed that observation needs high sensitivity. The rotational seismometer based on fiber optic gyroscopes (FOG) has gradually become the preferred choice for seismic rotation observation due to its insensitivity to translational motion, fully solid state and high sensitivity. In order to meet the demands of multi station observation network in seismic exploration, the FOG which is the core sensing element of the rotational seismometer, needs to have the characteristics of high sensitivity and low cost. In this paper, a budget-friendly dual-polarization FOG scheme based on a Lyot depolarizer is proposed, and the ports difference method is employed to suppress the short-time noise and improve the sensitivity. The experiment adopts 2km polarization maintaining fiber ring, and the two ports have stable output. After the difference of the two port signals, the self-noise over 0.03Hz~50Hz is reduced from 260nrads-1Hz-1/2 to 120nrads-1Hz-1/2. It shows that the rotational seismometer using this structure has low cost and high sensitivity, and has a good application prospect.
We propose a structure based on fiber-optic gyroscopes for gravity measurement in accordance with the tilt-coupling effect, where Sagnac effect can remove the coupling between translational and rotational motion in the tilt-coupling effect. A fiber-optic gyroscope with a sensitivity of 2 × 10−11 rad/s2/√ HZ in sub-millihertz frequencies is reported, which can be utilized to measure the rotational motion in gravity measurement. The application of dual-polarization configuration improves the adaptability of exploration environment.
Interferometric fiber optical gyroscopes (IFOGs) have become one of the widely used sensors of inertial technology and rotational seismology, owing to their high precision and stability. In recent years, the dual-polarization IFOG, which allows two orthogonal polarization to work simultaneously, has been proved to achieve better measurement performance than the conventional minimum configuration through mutual compensation. In this work, a prototype of dualpolarization fiber-optic gyroscope is designed and realized. Laboratory tests show the self-noise has reached 9 nrad/s/sqrt(Hz) over the frequency from 0.01 to 125 Hz and the angular random walk has achieved 2.6×10-5 deg/sqrt(hr). For an Open-loop IFOG, which does not need a confiscated feedback control system, it avoids the dead-zone of closedloop IFOG. However, limited by the measurement range, as a result of the periodic and nonlinear response of open-loop demodulation, the scale factor of open-loop IFOG varies around 100~1000 parts per million (ppm) conventionally, which hinders its detection accuracy. In this work, with new measurement extension and linearity compensation methods, the prototype achieves an outstanding precision with scale factor nonlinearity up to 5 ppm within ±10 deg/s, and shows the potential of dual-polarization IFOGs for rotational seismology.
Weakly-coupled mode division multiplexing (MDM) over few-mode fiber (FMF) for short-reach transmission has attracted great interest, which can avoid multiple-input-multiple-output digital signal processing (MIMO-DSP) by greatly suppressing modal crosstalk. In this paper, step-index FMF supporting 4 linearity polarization (LP) modes for MIMO-free transmission is designed and fabricated for the first time. Modal crosstalk of the fiber is suppressed by increasing the mode effective refractive index differences. The same fabrication method as standard single-mode fiber is adopted so that it is practical and cost-effective. The mode multiplexer/demultiplexers (MUX/DEMUX) consists of cascaded mode-selective couplers (MSCs), which are designed and fabricated by tapering the proposed FMF with single-mode fiber (SMF). The mode MUX and DEMUX achieve very low modal crosstalk not only for the multiplexing/demultiplexing but also for the coupling to/from the FMF. Based on the fabricated FMF and mode MUX/DEMUX, we successfully demonstrate the first simultaneous 4-modes (LP01, LP11, LP21 & LP31) 10-km FMF transmission with 10-Gb/s intensity modulation and MIMO-free direct detection (IM/DD).
Mode division multiplexing (MDM) has been widely investigated to enhance the capacities of passive optical networks (PONs), and weakly coupled transmission schemes are highly preferred to reduce the cost and complexity. In this paper, we have proposed an evolution scheme of the cascaded mode division multiplexing PON (MDM-PON) and conventional Gigabit PON (GPON), which supports bidirectional 1310/1490-nm transmission. This scheme is enabled by wavelength-insensitive weakly coupled (WIWC) few-mode fiber (FMF) and optical components. The bidirectional MDM-GPON transmission scheme with 2.5 Gb/s on-off-keying (OOK) modulation and simple direct detection over 10-km FMF and 10-km single-mode fiber (SMF) are experimentally demonstrated. The proposed MDM-GPON evolution scheme can achieve maximum compatibility by maintaining both the optical distribution network (ODN) and the optical network units (ONUs).
KEYWORDS: Switching, Optical fibers, Eye, Single mode fibers, Optical switching, Digital signal processing, Signal detection, Receivers, Lithium, Networks
We propose and experimentally demonstrate an all-fiber optical mode switching structure supporting independent switching, exchanging, adding, and dropping functionalities in which each mode can be switched individually. The mode switching structure consists of cascaded mode selective couplers (MSCs) capable of exciting and selecting specific higher order modes in few-mode fibers with high efficiency and one multiport optical switch routing the independent spatial modes to their destinations. The data carried on three different spatial modes can be switched, exchanged, added, and dropped through this all-fiber structure. For this experimental demonstration, optical on-off-keying (OOK) signals at 10-Gb/s carried on three spatial modes are successfully processed with open and clear eye diagrams. The mode switch exhibits power penalties of less than 3.1 dB after through operation, less than 2.7 dB after exchange operation, less than 2.8 dB after switching operation, and less than 1.6 dB after mode adding and dropping operations at the bit-error rate (BER) of 10−3, while all three channels carried on three spatial modes are simultaneously routed. The proposed structure, compatible with current optical switching networks based on single-mode fibers, can potentially be used to expand the switching scalability in advanced and flexible short-reach mode-division multiplexing-based networks.
Optical burst switching (OBS) is thought to be the best way to adapt the bursty IP traffic over optical WDM networks.
It provides statistical multiplexing gains and avoids long end to end setup time of traditional virtual circuit configuration.
However, under the current and foreseeable limitations of optical technology, performance of OBS is mainly hampered
at network nodes by burst contention. The contention is serious constraints on the capacity of OBS networks. A leading
source of contention is the congestion at congested links where a limited number of wavelengths are shared by a lot of
bursts. These congested links are stemming from burst routing algorithms. In this paper, we studied on routing path
competition phenomenon. We proposed a differentiated QoS aware multipath routing algorithm for OBS networks. This
algorithm is evaluated through extensive numerical studies over a typical topology--the 14-node NSFnet. Results show
that it outperforms the existing algorithms in terms of burst blocking probability and link utilization.
In TCP over OBS networks, the parameters from both of TCP and OBS layers will affect the network performance when
supporting the upper layer applications, such as Grid application. According to our previous work, we found that TCP
window is the key limitation for such a network to support Grid application. The embedded AIMD model of TCP is too
conservative. Especially in the network with high bandwidth-delay product scenario, it will take TCP a long time to
increase the TCP window according to the slow start and the congestion avoidance rules. In this paper, according to the
established analytical model, the TCP window size is optimized in Grid over OBS network. The analytical results show
that the optimization of TCP window can improve the TCP throughput significantly.
OBS is envisioned as a promising infrastructure for the next generation optical network, and TCP is likely to be the
dominant transport protocol in the next generation network. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of
TCP over OBS networks. The assembly at the ingress edge nodes will impact the network performance. There have been
several Fixed Assembly Period (FAP) algorithms proposed. However, the assembly period in FAP is fixed, and it can not
be adjusted according to the network condition. Moreover, in FAP, the packets from different TCP sources are
assembled into one burst. In that case, if such a burst is dropped, the TCP windows of the corresponding sources will
shrink and the throughput will be reduced. In this paper, we introduced a flow-oriented Dynamic Assembly Period (DAP)
algorithm for TCP over OBS networks. Through comparing the previous and current burst lengths, DAP can track the
variation of TCP window, and update the assembly period dynamically for the next assembly. The performance of DAP
is evaluated over a single TCP connection and multiple connections, respectively. The simulation results show that DAP
performs better than FAP at almost the whole range of burst dropping probability.
Optical burst switching (OBS) is proposed as a high speed, flexible and transparent switching technology. It
facilitates the efficient integration of both IP and WDM. And it provides statistical multiplexing gains and avoids
long end to end setup time of traditional virtual circuit configuration. However, under the current and foreseeable
limitations of optical technology, performance of OBS networks is mainly hampered at the network nodes by
resource contention. Due to the fact that the random access memory is not available in the optical domain, there
exists a real possibility that bursts may contend with one another at a switching node. Therefore, many contention
resolutions are proposed, such as fiber delay lines, wavelength conversion, and deflection routing, etc. These
resolutions are focus on the node design. They are increase the complexity of the node. But they can not always
take some significant effect and make notable gains in cost-efficiency. In this paper, unlike these schemes are focus
on the node design, we proposed a novel link architecture named dual-fiber-link (DFL) for OBS networks. We also
proposed a relative media access control protocol. We have developed some scenarios to evaluate this architecture.
Simulation results show that the proposed link can decrease packet drop probability in terms of orders of
magnitude in OBS networks without optical buffers and wavelength conversions.
Future WDM optical networks are foreseen to be more dynamic and sensitive to failures. Therefore, dynamic service
provisioning with network survivability becomes a critical requirement for network planning and management. The
concept of protected working capacity envelope (PWCE) is attractive because it does not need protection resources to be
dynamically configured thereby simplifying network management and reducing processing overheads. In this paper, we
consider a p-Cycle-based Strategy for adaptive PWCE (protected working capacity envelope) design where PWCE can
adaptively change with dynamically changing traffic. The blocking performance of this new strategy is compared to that
of p-Cycle-based PWCE under a dynamic and non-uniform traffic model. The results show that the new strategy can
adapt well to dynamic traffic demands that are non-uniform among the network nodes.
Under the current and foreseeable limitations of optical technology, performance of the next generation optical network is mainly hampered at the network node by resource contention. Existing work addresses contention resolution mostly in the wavelength domain (as wavelength conversion, WC), the time domain (buffering by using fiber delay lines, FDLs, the space domain (as deflection routing), and the burst domain (as segmentation). In this paper, a new architecture of optical networks-the server view based on optical networks is proposed. From the point of this new architecture, the network can be modeled as a server system with three type servers-the access server, the node server and the link server. The network performances such as cost, energy consume and network capacity can be affected by the capability of these three type servers. Unlike existing research activities that are focused on the node server design, we present the Dual fiber link (the link server solution) and IP calking (the access server solution) to ease the resource contention. To evaluate the performance of the proposed methods, computer simulations are conducted. The simulation results show these solutions can reduce the contention effectively with existing commercial devices.
In this paper, the different properties of bursts of bypass traffic and bursts of local adding traffic were emphasized in
Optical Burst Switching (OBS) networks. Based on this phenomenon, a hybrid analytic model of burst loss probability
was developed. The simulation results show that our model is more accurate than the previous models.
A Passive Ring Resonator Gyroscope with high-order dispersion is proposed. In the system, the shift of frequency can be larger than conventional ones as the phase difference in the Ring Resonator is changed by high-order dispersion. It is shown that the sensitivity of gyroscopes with high-order dispersion may be several orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional gyroscopes. And equivalent dispersion which is controllable can be obtained by using a phase modulator inserted into a passive ring resonator.
Optical burst switching (OBS) is thought to be the best way to adapt the bursty IP traffic over optical
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. OBS technology facilitates the efficient integration of both
IP and WDM, and it provides statistical multiplexing gains and avoids long end to end setup time of traditional
virtual circuit configuration. However, burst contention is inescapable in OBS for connectionless transmission
and the absence of optical random-access memory. So many contention resolution methods are proposed. In this
paper, a novel decrease contention scheme--IP calking was proposed for optical burst switched networks. IP
calking method uses IP packets to carry single-hop traffic and the burst to carry multihop traffic as well, filling
gaps between bursts by stuffing IP packets between adjacent nodes. A statistical analysis model was developed
to analyze the performance of this method. In an arbitrary network, the analyses indicate that the decrease of
packet dropping probability is directly proportional to the link number and almost inversely proportional to the
square of the node number. The theoretical results are validated through extensive simulations. Simulation
results show that IP calking decreases about 50 % data drop probability of the no calking scheme and the link
utilization is improved 5~25% which varying with the offered load in a simple network.
We proposed a novel drop policy in the core nodes which is combined with the determinant strategy in the ingress edge
nodes. The proposed drop policy is based on the field of Hop Number (HN) taken by the burst control packets, which is
introduced to determine which burst should be dropped when the contention happened in the core nodes. In the drop
policy, the long-hop traffic is given the high priority, and most of the retransmitted traffic is left to be short-hop traffic.
Therefore, there is a trade-off between the short-hop traffic and the long-hop traffic. The determinant strategy in the edge
nodes is an initialized threshold, Retransmission Number Threshold (RNT), which is introduced to determine whether to
start a retransmission operation when NAK is received. The unnecessary retransmissions in the network are limited, and
the burst loss rate is reduced. The mechanism also takes the upper layer, TCP layer, into account. When the network has
already been in the state of real congestion, the retransmission will only deteriorate the network performance. In the case,
the combined mechanism leaves the retransmission process to the TCP layer. It can improve the network performance
cost-effectively.
In this paper, three dimensions of the retransmission in OBS networks, including time, wavelength and routing, are
proposed. The performance of each dimension is compared by simulation, and the results show that the alternative
routing scheme has the lowest burst loss probability.
KEYWORDS: Network architectures, Broadband telecommunications, Stochastic processes, Internet, Statistical analysis, Local area networks, Data modeling, Superposition, Process modeling, Performance modeling
Understanding network traffic behavior is essential for all aspects of network design and operation, e.g.
component design, protocol design, provisioning, operations, administration and maintenance (OAM). A careful
study of traffic behavior can lead to improvements in underlying protocols to attain greater efficiencies and
higher performance. Many researches have shown that traffic in Ethernet and other networks, either in local or
wide area networks, exhibit properties of self-similarity. Several empirical studies on network traffic indicate
that this traffic is self-similar in nature. However, the network modeling methods used in current networks have
been primarily designed and analyzed under the assumption of the traditional Poisson arrival process. These
"Poisson-like" models suggest that the network traffic is smooth, which is inherently unable to capture the self-similar
characteristic of traffic. In this paper, after introduce the high performance broadband information
network (3Tnet) of China, an aggregation model at access convergence router (ACR) is proposed and analyzed
in 3Tnet. We studied the impact of large-scale aggregation applied at the edge of 3Tnet in terms of the self-similarity
level observed at the output traffic in presence of self-similar input traffic. Two formulas were
presented to describe the changes of Hurst parameter. Using OPNET software simulator, changes of traffic
characteristics after large-scale aggregation in 3Tnet was extensive studied. The theoretic analysis results were
consistent with the simulation results.
Dynamic Assembly Period (DAP) is a novel assembly algorithm, which is based on the dynamic TCP window. The
assembly algorithm can track the variation of the current TCP window aroused by the burst loss events, and update the
assembly period dynamically for the next assembly. The analytical model provides the theoretical foundation for the
proposed assembly algorithm. Nowadays, there are several kinds of TCP flavors proposed to enhance the performance of
TCP, such as Default, Tahoe, Reno, New Reno, SACK, etc., which are adopted in the current internet. In this paper, we
evaluated the performance of DAP under the different TCP flavors. The simulation results show that the performance of
DAP under Default TCP flavor is the best. The difference in the performance of DAP under such flavors is correlated
with the inside mechanism of the flavors. We also compared the performance of DAP and FAP under the same TCP
flavor. It indicates that the performance of DAP is better than that of FAP in a wide range of burst loss rate.
The explosion of Internet traffic has brought about an acute need for high-performance networks. The
bandwidth available on a single fiber has increased dramatically by the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
technologies. How to use the huge bandwidth flexibly and efficiently is one of the hot topics of optical networks.
It is high time that the high-performance switches/routers should be designed. All-optical switching network is a
networking platform with effective and agile utilization of the available optical bandwidth. Some promising
optical switching networks, such as optical packet switched, optical burst switched, and optical label switched
networks are proposed. The benefit of these networks compared to the existing optical WDM networks rises
from the higher network utilization at sub-wavelength granularity and from the supporting of more various
services. However, there are still a lot of challenges. One challenge of them is contention. Due to the fact that the
viable optical random access memory is not available in the optical domain so far, there exists a real possibility
that packets may contend with one another at a switching node. In this paper, a novel node architecture called
packet calking switch is proposed for all-optical switching networks. The proposed architecture is accompanied
by a signaling protocol for packet-based traffic handling. This proposed node architecture is introduced into a
simple network and a mesh network through simulation. The simulation results show that it is suitable for
prioritized packet transmission. And it is more cost-effective than the existing node architectures because it
requires much smaller optical switches and wavelength conversion to achieve nearly the same packet drop
performance as the node configured partial wavelength conversion.
Optical burst switching (OBS) is proposed as a high-speed, flexible, and transparent technology. It is thought
to be the best way to adapt the bursty IP traffic over optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks.
OBS technology facilitates the efficient integration of both IP and WDM. It provides statistical multiplexing
gains and avoids long end to end setup time of traditional virtual circuit configuration. However, there are still a
lot of challenges, one of which is burst contention. Owing to the fact that random access memory like buffering
is not available in the optical domain at present, there exists a real possibility that bursts may contend with one
another at a switching node. Many contention resolutions are proposed. The major contention resolutions in
literature are wavelength conversion, fiber delay lines, and deflecting routing. In this paper, a new data burst
scheduling scheme, called group scheduling based on control-packet batch processing (GSCBP) was proposed to
reduce burst contention. Like transmission control protocol, GSCBP has a batch processing window. Control
packets which located in the batch processing window are batch processed. A heuristic scheduling algorithm
arranges the relevant bursts' route based on the processing result and the network resource. A new node
architecture supporting group scheduling was presented. The GSCBP algorithm is combined with wavelength
converter and/or fiber delay lines which is shared by some data channels. Meanwhile, an extended open shortest
path first (E-OSPF) routing strategy was proposed for OBS. Both GSCBP and E-OSPF are introduced into
14-node national science foundation network by means of simulations. The ETE delay, burst blocking probability,
as well as burst dropping probability were attained. Results show that the GSBCP lead to the higher-priority
traffic drop rate decrease one order of magnitude, if drop rate and ETE delay of lower priority traffic is sacrificed.
In this paper, the architecture of the optical networks based on Time-Space Label (TSL) Switching is described in detail,
including Time-Space Label and Time-Space Routing algorithm. The switching mode is more flexible and scalable. The
labels can be changed to fit for different kinds of optical switching technologies, such as Optical Circuit Switching
(OCS), Optical Burst Switching (OBS) and Optical Packet Switching (OPS). The TSL switching has a very wide range
of applications in the optical networks. In the existing signaling protocols of OBS, the routing and the signaling are
separated. However, TSL switching combines both of them together. Moreover, the resource reservations are realized in
a two-dimension Time-Space plane, and the blocking probability is reduced greatly. The mature electronic processing
technologies and the high-speed optical transport are cooperated effectively in the TSL switching. On the other hand,
Multi-Granularity (MG) Switching can groom the vast bypass traffic in the optical networks effectively, with which the
core nodes are simplified, and the throughput is increased significantly. When MG switching is combined with TSL
switching, the performance of the entire network will be improved greatly. A test system built for validating the MG
switching based on TSL is described, and the results show the switching performance of different granularities correctly.
We discuss the relationship between Sagnac effect and "slow light" phenomenon, and point out that although the medium and waveguide dispersion can in no way affect the magnitude of Sagnac effect, the highly dispersive structure is still beneficial to the enhancement of Sagnac effect and can be utilized to detect absolute rotation for navigation purpose.
Based on the EIT-like property of coupled resonator structure, a miniature highly sensitive gyroscope is possible. This EIT-like phenomenon occurs through a classical mean in a coupled resonator structure due to all-optical classical interference, called coupled resonator induced transparency (CRIT). With the analogy between optical and atomic parameters, we treat Sagnac effect as a phase perturbation to resonators' optical parameters, and then analyze Sagnac effect in a CRIT structure with a transfer function approach and derive the explicit expression of relative Sagnac phase shift. We find that Sagnac effect is enhanced as a factor as light slows, and can be tailored by adjusting the optical parameters of structure.
Furthermore, as a potential highly sensitive, compact size rotation sensor, some issues for the implementation of CRIT structure based gyroscope are discussed and considered, such as the fabrication possibility, line-width, shot noise limit sensitivity and integration issues. With the improvement of micro-fabrication technique, this gyroscope should have all-solid configuration, compact size and also be expected to achieve comparable sensitivity to common optic-fiber gyroscope. It would be easily integrated to all-optical application and construct a high performance rotation sensor.
A novel contention resolution scheme for optical burst switching (OBS) networks is proposed. Traffic payload is classified into two types at the edge nodes, and they are transferred through the core nodes using two different routing algorithms—least-hop first routing and shortest-path first routing, respectively, leading to balanced traffic loads among fiber links. By using this contention resolution scheme, active avoidance of burst contention is achieved. Performance evaluation and simulation results indicate that the new scheme outperforms the commonly used shortest-path first routing and is robust under both Poisson and self-similar traffic. Furthermore, the new scheme can provide quality-of-service (QOS) differentiation when used with wavelength conversion, and the implementation of this scheme is easy, which makes OBS technology more applicable in network engineering.
With fiber being cheaper and cheaper, the core fiber bandwidth utilization is not the key factor of the network, how to use the huge bandwidth flexibly and efficiently is one of the hot topics of optical networks. Optical burst switching (OBS) is the best choice to statistically use the optical resources, OBS based transparent optical network attracting attentions. We proposed an integrated policy by using dual fiber links server model along with traffic spacing mechanism (TSM) by address differentiating and transmitting those traffics between adjacent nodes by IP directly, the others by OBS mechanism. The theoretical results show that this method can improve network performance and be practically used in fields.
Considering the state of the art of wavelength conversion technology, it is likely to dictate a more limited and sparse deployment of wavelength converters in the optical burst switching (OBS) networks. Without wavelength conversion capabilities at optical switches, the start wavelength selection method becomes an important issue to avoid burst contention. We present a new start wavelength selection method, the minimum relative group combined interference level (Min-RGCIL) algorithm, which is a modified version of a proposed method called first-fit-TE (traffic engineering). The performance study indicates that the new method achieves better performance than the original one and is robust under Poisson and self-similar traffic.
Many recent studies have convincingly demonstrated that network traffic exhibits a noticeable self-similar nature, and most studies of optical burst switching (OBS) networks are under a fundamental assumption that full wavelength conversion is available throughout the network. In practice, however, economic and technical considerations are likely to dictate a more limited and sparse deployment of wavelength converters in the optical network. Therefore, we present a novel scheme for OBS Networks, called logical cascaded private subnet with start wavelength assignment policy. We define the concept of canoe relative to cluster in self-similar traffic, and introduce a new device named payload segregator at the edge node as a gateway to the OBS core node. According to the changes in the edge node framework, we put forward the concept of cluster private subnet and canoe private subnet in OBS core node correspondingly. Due to the absence of wavelength conversion capabilities, we assign start wavelengths to both private subnets before network start operation. A new start wavelength assignment policy is proposed for the absence of wavelength conversion capabilities in the core node of OBS Networks. The analytical results clearly show that logical cascaded private subnet scheme can yield better performance in terms of block probability than traditional OBS Networks, and logical cascaded private subnet with start wavelength assignment policy has the potential to improve the block probability by more than one order of magnitude compared with traditional OBS Networks, helping reduce the performance gap with respect to full wavelength conversion.
We have proposed and demonstrated a novel signal-pump double-pass distributed Raman fiber amplifier (RFA) by using a three-port optical circulator as a reflective mirror. This unique RFA architecture not only doubles the amount of dispersion compensation, but also enhances the pumping efficiency. In comparison with the conventional signal-pump single-pass scheme, the proposed RFA has a 2.0-dB gain improvement and a 3.7-dB equivalent noise figure suppression, measured at 1598 nm. The proposed RFA may find wide applications in long-haul transmission and optical networks, where dispersion compensation is of great concern.
The network architecture where each node integrates an IP router and an OXC (optical cross-connect) is an attractive paradigm for the next generation optical Internet. LP wavelength routing or POW (packet over wavelengths) is based on this kind of architecture. The goal of this architecture is to switch as much traffic as possible directly by means of OXCs, because IP forwarding is relatively expensive and causes large end-to-end delay by comparison. Based on analyzing the problems and shortcomings of the previous node structure, a novel node structure is proposed to overcome the problems encountered by the previous scheme. Then two IP switching protocols, IFMP (Ipsilon Flow Management Protocol) and GSMP (General Switch Management Protocol), are extended to support [P wavelength routing networks. Finally, the performance of an IF wavelength routing network is analyzed with self-similar network traffic model. The simulated results show that the higher the network traffic self-similar degree, the higher switching gain the network gets.
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