Manganese nodules, widely distributed across the deep-sea floor, are emerging as a significant potential mineral resource. Addressing the need for improved exploration and classification methods, this study explores the application of underwater hyperspectral imaging technology for the detection and classification of manganese nodule ore and other rock types. The system, operating within a spectral range of 400 - 1000 nm and achieving a spectral resolution of less than 5 nm, captures the spectral characteristics and spatial information of manganese nodule ores. Different classifiers, including Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Convolutional Neural Networks (2D-CNN and 3DCNN) to analyze the spectral data. Our results indicate that the four classifiers can effectively achieve ore classification, and CNN-based classifiers significantly outperform traditional SAM and SVM methods. The 2D-CNN model achieved the highest OA at 92.27%, closely followed by the 3D-CNN model at 91.77%. Our findings demonstrate the potential of underwater hyperspectral imaging combined with advanced machine learning techniques in marine mineral detection and environmental monitoring.
The optical rogue wave (RW), known as a short-lived extraordinarily high amplitude dynamics phenomenon with small appearing probabilities, plays an important role in revealing and understanding the fundamental physics of nonlinear wave propagations in optical systems. The random fiber laser (RFL), featured with cavity-free and “modeless” structure, has opened up new avenues for fundamental physics research and potential practical applications combining nonlinear optics and laser physics. Here, the extreme event of optical RW induced by noise-driven modulation instability that interacts with the cascaded stimulated Brillouin scattering, the quasi-phase-matched four-wave mixing as well as the random mode resonance process is observed in a Brillouin random fiber laser comb (BRFLC). Temporal and statistical characteristics of the RWs concerning their emergence and evolution are experimentally explored and analyzed. Specifically, temporally localized structures with high intensities including chair-like pulses with a sharp leading edge followed by a trailing plateau appear frequently in the BRFLC output, which can evolve to chair-like RW pulses with adjustable pulse duration and amplitude under controlled conditions. This investigation provides a deep insight into the extreme event of RWs and paves the way for RW manipulation for its generation and elimination in RFLs through adapted laser configuration.
Aiming at the characteristics of vortex beam and plane wave interference, as well as vortex beam self-conjugate interference, this report presents methods for microscopic displacement measurements using petal-like interferograms of vortex beam interference, which has been validated by theoretical analysis, simulations and experiments. On the basis of verifying the linear relationship between interference fringe Angle and micro-displacement through experiments, further, the information processing of petal-like interferogram is explored, and the corresponding fringe extraction method and error correction method are proposed, which provides a new detection scheme and technical approach for eddy light interference detection to be applied to nano level micro-displacement measurement.
With construction of the Maritime Silk Road, maritime trade activities between China and the rest of the world are becoming much more frequent. The number of ships operating in the sea areas around China increases significantly, bringing grand challenges to unmanned monitoring of maritime areas. Based on the short-wave- infrared (SWIR) imaging, a ship-carried SWIR imager with intelligent recognition of maritime vessels is designed and implemented in this paper. The SWIR imager has the function of self-stabilizing, real-time intelligent recognition and a controllable return of images for target suspicious. We have made full use of the advantages of SWIR such as great abilities for the identification of ship camouflage, and better fog penetration capabilities than visible light. The SWIR imager also has detailed information and good sensitivity to semi-submersible objects in comparison with long wave infrared imaging. The field experimental results showed that the imager can effectively overcome the influence of the fog and the waves shaking. It can operate stably without supervision for a long time, having good in-site recognition effect with high recognition rate.
Stimulated polariton scattering (SPS) is one of the most important non-collinear phase-matching nonlinear process. In SPS, the angle between the THz and pump waves is as large as 65°, so it is necessary to study the spatial intensity distributions of the pump, Stokes and THz waves effected by the non-collinear phase-matching. In this work, we take the injection-seeded terahertz wave parametric generator (is-TPG) as an example to obtain the numerical solutions of the coupled-wave equations. The simulation results are focused on the spatial-temporal intensity distributions and the energy input-output characteristics. It is notable that the spatial intensity distributions of the pump and Stokes beams along the THz-wave propagation direction are not uniform as the inputs. The pump wave is depleted along the THz-wave propagation direction while the Stokes wave is increasing at the same time.
Diode-pumped CW and passively Q-switched lasers of Nd:GdLuAG mixed garnet at 1123 nm were demonstrated. The maximum average output power of CW operation was 4.13 W. For Q-switched operation, the average output power was 800 mW, the corresponding single pulse energy was 133.8 μJ. The Nd:GdLuAG laser emitting at 1123 nm was obtained for the first time to the best of our knowledge, which proves that the Nd:GdLuAG mixed garnet has a better ability of energy storage than Nd:YAG in 1123 nm oscillation.
This paper presents the tunable Stokes laser characteristics based on the stimulated polariton scattering in KTiOAsO4 crystal. With a given pumping laser wavelength of 1064.2 nm, discontinuously tunable first-Stokes wave was obtained from 1077.9 to 1079.0 nm, from 1080.1 to 1080.8 nm, from 1082.8 to 1083.6 nm, from 1085.5 to 1085.8 nm, from 1086.8 to 1088.4 nm. With a pumping pulse energy of 125.0 mJ, the maximum first-Stokes laser pulse energy at 1078.6 nm was 24.7 mJ. The second-Stokes wave at 1093.4 nm was obtained and investigated as well.
Photonic crystal (PhC) is a new class of material which has a periodic modulation of dielectric constant. PhC will exhibit superprism effect, negative refraction and self-collimating ultra-low group velocity due to the anomalous dispersion of PhC . We can utilize the characters of photonic bandgap(PBG), defect band, pass band and band edge to control the propagation of the light .This research was to investigate the refraction and superprism effect of photonic crystals .The study background and the basic theories of photonic crystals were introduced. The refraction of photonic crystals and superprism effect were discussed with the correlating knowledge and the computing methods. A new theory of light refraction at the surface of a photonic crystal was put forward and simulated. The simulating results of this application for negative refraction and superprism effect were demonstrated by some simulating figures. These may bring about important potential applications in some areas.
Keywords: photonic crystal, superprism effect, simulation
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.