This paper proposes a digital image analysis method to support quantitative pathology by automatically segmenting the hepatocyte structure and quantifying its morphological features. To structurally analyze histopathological hepatic images, we isolate the trabeculae by extracting the sinusoids, fat droplets, and stromata. We then measure the morphological features of the extracted trabeculae, divide the image into cords, and calculate the feature values of the local cords. We propose a method of calculating the nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear density, and number of layers using the local cords. Furthermore, we evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method using surgical specimens. The proposed method was found to be an effective method for the quantification of the Edmondson grade.
The analysis of hepatic tissue structure is required for quantitative assessment of liver histology. Especially, a cord-like
structure of liver cells, called trabecura, has important information in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
However, the extraction of trabeculae is thought to be difficult because liver cells take on various colors and appearances depending on tissue conditions. In this paper, we propose an approach to extract trabeculae from images of hematoxyline and eosin stained liver tissue slide by extracting the rest of trabeculae: sinusoids and stromal area. The sinusoids are simply extracted based on the color information, where the image is corrected by an orientation selective filtering before segmentaion. The stromal area mainly consists of fiber, and often includes lymphocytes densely. Therefore, in the proposed method, fiber region and lymphocytes are extracted separately, then, stromal region is determined based on the extracted results. The determination of stroma is performed based on superpixels, to obtain precise boundaries. Once the regions of sinusoids and stroma are obtained, trabeculae can be segmented as the remaining region. The proposed method was applied to 10 test images of normal and HCC liver tissues, and the results were evaluated based on the manual segmentation. As a result, we confirmed that both sensitivity and specificity of the extraction of trabeculae reach around 90%.
Previously, we proposed a color enhancement method, which enhances the spectral features in multispectral images
without changing the average color distribution, since the natural color of the object is sometimes important. In the
proposed method, a user can specify both the spectral band to extract the spectral feature and the color to be visualized,
respectively. This method can visualize spectral features even if the wavelength of the specified spectral band is in non-visible
range or the image has a large number of spectral bands. That is, the enhancement method is also effective for
hyperspectral images which are often used in remote sensing applications. If we can find the meaningful spectral features
in them, those features might be employed as novel indices. In this paper, we apply the enhancement method to
hyperspectral images of rice paddy and trees. We observed the enhanced results of these images, and could find the
spectral features which might be useful to discriminate different species and even the different conditions in the same
species. The results showed that these features might be utilized for novel indices or other applications in remote sensing.
In this paper, we present a multispectral image (MSI) compression method using a lossless and lossy coding scheme, which focuses on the seamless coding of the RGB bit stream to enhance the usability of the MSI. The proposed method divides the MSI data into two components: RGB and residual. The RGB component is extracted from the MSI by using the XYZ color matching functions, a color conversion matrix, and a gamma curve. The original MSI is estimated by an RGB data encoder and the difference between the original and the estimated MSI, which is referred to as the residual component in this paper. Next, the RGB and residual components are encoded by using JPEG2000, and progressive decoding is achieved from the losslessly encoded code stream. Experimental results show that a high-quality RGB image can be obtained at a low bit rate with primary encoding of the RGB component. In addition, by using the proposed method, the quality of a spectrum can be improved by decoding the residual data, and the quality is comparable to that obtained by using JPEG2000. The lossless compression ratio obtained by using this method is also similar to that obtained by using JPEG2000 with the integer Karhunen-Loeve transform.
The video capture of surgery is becoming widely used but the colors reproduced by conventional RGB-based video
systems differ from the original. In this work, 6-band multispectral video was applied to the open surgery for highfidelity
color reproduction, and medical doctors visually evaluated the reproduced image quality. As a result, 1) the 6-
band video system was rated significantly higher in "color reproducibility," "fidelity," and "material appearance." 2) The
perceived color differences between 6-band/RGB and 6-band/3-band were significant. 3) Color videos from 6-band data
were transmitted via network, and approximately enough quality was obtained with 15Mbps bit rate. These results show
the potential of multispectral technology for the improvement of surgical video quality.
In this paper we propose a multispectral image compression based on lossy to lossless coding, suitable for both
spectral and color reproduction. The proposed method divides a multispectral image data into two groups, RGB
and residual. The RGB component is extracted from the multispectral image, for example, by using the XYZ
Color Matching Functions, a color conversion matrix, and a gamma curve. The original multispectral image
is estimated from RGB data encoder, and the difference between the original and the estimated multispectral
images, referred as a residual component in this paper, is calculated in the encoder. Then the RGB and the
residual components are encoded by JPEG2000, respectively a progressive decoding is possible from the losslessly
encoded code-stream. Experimental results show that, although the proposed method is slightly inferior to
JPEG2000 with a multicomponent transform in rate-distortion plot of the spectrum domain at low bit rate,
a decoded RGB image shows high quality at low bit rate with primary encoding of the RGB component. Its
lossless compression ratio is close to that of JPEG2000 with the integer KLT.
KEYWORDS: Color reproduction, Visualization, Light emitting diodes, Switching, LED displays, Control systems, Telecommunications, Optimization (mathematics), Integrating spheres, Standards development
In the conventional color reproduction based on the colorimetric match for a standard observer, color mismatch can be perceived if the color matching functions of the observer deviate from those of the standard observer; this phenomenon is known as observer metamerism. Recently, multi-primary display, using more than three-primary colors, has attracted attention as a color reproduction media because of its expanded gamut and its possibility to reduce the color mismatch caused by observer metamerism. In this paper, a new color conversion method for multi-primary display that reduces the observer metamerism is proposed. The proposed method gives the multi-dimensional control value of a display device to minimize the spectral approximation error under the constraints of tristimulus match. Reproduced spectrum by a seven-primary display is simulated and evaluated by the color matching functions of Stiles's 20 observers. The results confirmed that the proposed method reduces the color reproduction error caused by observer variability compared to the other seven-primary reproduction and conventional three-primary reproduction. The preliminary visual evaluation results with a seven-primary display using light-emitting diodes are also introduced.
KEYWORDS: Liquids, Control systems, LCDs, Digital Light Processing, Signal generators, Cameras, Quantization, Color difference, Detection and tracking algorithms, Printing
Multi-primary displays, which enable to expand their color gamut, have a degree of freedom in the selection of the device control signals to reproduce a set of tristimulus values. To reproduce a given tristimulus values on a multi-primary display, we need a color conversion algorithm which gives a unique set of device control signals; several algorithms with different characteristics have been proposed. However, they do not guarantee that control signals change smoothly even when tristimulus values change smoothly. Such signal discontinuity is pointed out as a cause of pseudo contour appeared in smooth tonal change when color matching functions of observers are deviated from the standard one or when device profiles include some error. In this article, first, the relation between signal discontinuity and pseudo contour is theoretically analyzed. Then a comparative evaluation is performed on the smoothness of the gradation patterns among three color conversion algorithms. As a result of the comparison, it was confirmed that a method that generates smooth signal all over the color gamut gave the smoothest gradation both objectively and subjectively.
Color reproduction systems using multispectral imaging techniques make it possible to accurately reproduce the color of the original object under various viewing illuminants. In this paper, a multispectral image compression method for high fidelity color reproduction is proposed in consideration of color degradation. In the proposed method, a spectral transform and a nonlinear quantization designed to reduce colorimetric error are combined with the discrete wavelet transform in JPEG2000. Through the experiments using some 16-band multispectral images, it is confirmed that the
proposed method reduces the average and the maximum color differences in L*a*b* color space in comparison with the conventional methods.
Multispectral imaging is receiving attention in medical color imaging, as high-fidelity color information can be acquired by the multispectral image capturing. On the other hand, as color enhancement in medical color image is effective for distinguishing lesion from normal part, we apply a new technique for color enhancement using multispectral image to enhance the features contained in a certain spectral band, without changing the average color distribution of original image. In this method, to keep the average color distribution, KL transform is applied to spectral
data, and only high-order KL coefficients are amplified in the enhancement.
Multispectral images of human skin of bruised arm are captured by 16-band multispectral camera, and the proposed color enhancement is applied. The resultant images are compared with the color images reproduced assuming CIE D65 illuminant (obtained by natural color reproduction technique). As a result, the proposed technique successfully visualizes unclear bruised lesions, which are almost invisible in natural color images. The proposed technique will
provide support tool for the diagnosis in dermatology, visual examination in internal medicine, nursing care for preventing bedsore, and so on.
Multispectral imaging is significant technology for the acquisition and display of accurate color information. Natural color reproduction under arbitrary illumination becomes possible using spectral information of both image and illumination light. In addition, multiprimary color display, i.e., using more than three primary colors, has been also developed for the reproduction of expanded color gamut, and for discounting observer metamerism. In this paper, we present the concept for the multispectral data interchange for natural color reproduction, and the experimental results using 16-band multispectral camera and 6-primary color display. In the experiment, the accuracy of color reproduction is evaluated in CIE (Delta) Ea*b* for both image capture and display systems. The average and maximum (Delta) Ea*b* = 1.0 and 2.1 in 16-band mutispectral camera system, using Macbeth 24 color patches. In the six-primary color projection display, average and maximum (Delta) Ea*b* = 1.3 and 2.7 with 30 test colors inside the display gamut. Moreover, the color reproduction results with different spectral distributions but same CIE tristimulus value are visually compared, and it is confirmed that the 6-primary display gives improved agreement between the original and reproduced colors.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.