For semi-active shock and vibration mitigation systems using magnetorheological energy absorbers (MREAs), the
minimization of the field-off damper force of the MREA at high speed is of particular significance because the damper
force due to the viscous damping at high speed becomes too excessive and thus the controllable dynamic force range that
is defined by the ratio of the field-on damper force to the field-off damper force is significantly reduced. In this paper, a
bi-annular-gap MREA with an inner-set permanent magnet is proposed to decrease the field-off damper force at high
speed while keeping appropriate dynamic force range for improving shock and vibration mitigation performance. In the
bi-annular-gap MREA, two concentric annular gaps are configured in parallel so as to decrease the baseline damper
force and both magnetic activation methods using the electromagnetic coil winding and the permanent magnet are used
to keep holding appropriate magnetic intensity in these two concentric annular gaps in the consideration of failure of the
electric power supply. An initial field-on damper force is produced by the magnetic field bias generated from the inner-set
permanent magnet. The initial damper force of the MREA can be increased (or decreased) through applying positive
(or negative) current to the electromagnetic coil winding inside the bi-annular-gap MREA. After establishing the
analytical damper force model of the bi-annular-gap MREA using a Bingham-plastic nonlinear fluid model, the principle
and magnetic properties of the MREA are analytically validated and analyzed via electromagnetic finite element analysis
(FEA). The performance of the bi-annular-gap MREA is also theoretically compared with that of a traditional single-annular-
gap MREA with the constraints of an identical volume by the performance matrix, such as the damper force,
dynamic force range, and Bingham number with respect to different excitation velocities.
KEYWORDS: Receivers, Aerodynamics, Fourier transforms, Connectors, Aerospace engineering, Signal attenuation, Smart structures, System integration, Current controlled current source, Astatine
This paper presents the feasibility of semi-active magnetorheological (MR) refueling probe systems for the aerial
refueling events through theoretical work. The semi-active smart refueling probe system consists of probe, a coil spring,
and an MR damper. The dynamics of the smart refueling probe system using an MR damper was derived and
incorporated with the hose-drogue dynamics so as to theoretically evaluate the overload reduction of the refueling hose
at the drogue position. The simulated responses of the smart refueling probe system using an MR damper were
conducted at different peak closure velocities of 1.56 and 5 ft/s and different tanker flight speeds of 185 and 220 knots.
The harmonic steady-state responses of an MR seat isolator, designed and fabricated at the University of Maryland
for the driver/commander seat of the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV), are measured over a temperature
range from 100°C to 1000°C, and the damper behavior is characterized using a variant of the nonlinear
Bingham plastic model. The effect of damper self-heating on the model parameters is investigated and the trends
with temperature variation are presented. Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate seat isolation performance
across a broad frequency spectrum as temperature and payload vary. Conclusions are drawn about the
performance robustness to temperature variations of the semi-active skyhook control algorithm typically utilized
in vibration isolation problems.
This paper presents an effective design strategy for a magnetorheological (MR) damper using a nonlinear flow model. The MR valve inside a flow mode MR damper is approximated by a rectangular duct and its governing equation of motion is derived based on a nonlinear flow model to describe a laminar or turbulent flow behavior. Useful nondimensional variables such as, Bingham number, Reynolds number, and dynamic (controllable) range are theoretically constructed on the basis of the nonlinear model, so as to assess damping performance of the MR damper over a wide operating range of shear rates. First, the overall damping characteristics of the MR damper are evaluated through computer simulation and, second, the effects of important design parameters on damping performance of the MR damper are investigated. Finally, the effective design procedure to meet a certain performance requirement is proposed. A high force-high velocity damper is fabricated and tested, and the resulting model and design procedure are experimentally validated.
KEYWORDS: Control systems, Commercial off the shelf technology, Device simulation, Motion models, Active isolation, Actuators, Systems modeling, Electronic components, Defense technologies, Defense and security
This paper addresses the feasibility and applicability of a semi-active magnetorheological (MR) damper shock isolation
system to replace a passive friction damper-based shock isolation system for commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS)
equipment. To the end, a shock isolation system using an MR damper was theoretically configured and its mechanical
model was developed. From the mechanical model, the governing equation of motion for the shock isolation system with
the MR damper was derived and semi-active controls such as skyhook and sliding mode control were formulated based
on the derived governing equation of the system. Simulated control responses of the semi-active MR damper shock
isolation system with either skyhook, or sliding mode control, were evaluated and compared to those of the passive
friction shock isolation system under two different representative shock loads for COTS equipment.
This paper presents a wheel slip control via sliding mode controller for a new anti-lock brake system (ABS) of a passenger vehicle using electrorheological (ER) valve pressure modulator. The principal design parameters of the ER valves and hydraulic booster are appropriately determined by considering braking pressure variation during ABS operation. An electrically controllable pressure modulator using the ER valves is then constructed and its governing equations are derived. Subsequently, the pressure control performance of the new pressure modulator is experimentally evaluated. The governing equations of motion for a quarter car wheel model are derived and the sliding mode controller is formulated for wheel slip control. Hardware in the loop simulation (HILS) for braking performance evaluation is undertaken in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ABS associated with the ER valve pressure modulator.
In this work, two different mounts fabricated from two different smart materials are proposed for the vibration control of a flexible structure subjected to external disturbances. A semi-active magneto-rheological(MR) mount is firstly devised and its damping force controllability by the current intensity is evaluated. Subsequently, an active piezoceramic mount is devised and its field-dependent inertial force is experimentally evaluated. Each mount is then installed on the flexible structure and the corresponding control model is established. The LQG controller is designed for each mount system and empirically realized. Control responses of each control system such as acceleration and displacement are investigated in the frequency domain.
This study investigates biodynamic response mitigation to three different excitations of sinusoidal and random vibrations and shock load using a magnetorheological (MR) seat suspension. In doing so, an MR seat suspension model for military vehicles, with a detailed lumped parameter model of the human body, was developed. The lumped parameter model of the human body consists of four parts: pelvis, upper torso, viscera and head. From the model, the governing equation of motion of the MR seat suspension considering the human body was derived. Based on this equation, a semi-active nonlinear optimal control algorithm appropriate for the MR seat suspension was developed. The simulated control performance of the MR seat suspension was evaluated under three different excitations of sinusoidal and random vibration and tremendous shock load due to a mine explosion. In addition, the mitigation of injuries to humans due to such shock load was also evaluated and compared with the passive seat suspension using a passive hydraulic damper.
A key aspect of application of electrorheological (ER) and magnetorheological (MR) fluids is the characterization of rheological properties. For this purpose, two rotational viscometers are theoretically analyzed. One is a rotational coaxial cylinder viscometer, and the second is a rotational parallel disk viscometer. A key goal is to determine the shear stress and shear rate of ER/MR fluids for both viscometers from the torque and angular velocity data. To do this, the equations between shear stress and torque as well as shear rate and angular velocity are derived on the basis of the Bingham-plastic, biviscous, and Herschel-Bulkley constitutive models. For simplicity in mathematical form, the Bingham-plastic model is used to describe the flow behavior of ER/MR fluids. The biviscous model characterized by static and dynamic yield stresses is used to capture the preyield behavior. The preyield region where the local shear stress is smaller than the static yield stress has much larger viscosity than the postyield region. In order to account for the shear thinning or thickening in postyield region, the Herschel-Bulkley constitutive model is used in this study. The shear stress for a rotational coaxial cylinder viscometer can be calculated directly from measured torque. However, three approximation methods are applied to determine the shear rate. For rotational parallel disk viscometers, the shear rate and shear stress can be obtained directly from the torque and angular velocity data. In order to comprehensively understand the flow behavior of ER/MR fluids with respect to the constitutive models, the nondimensional analyses are undertaken in this study.
KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Modeling, Mathematical modeling, Electrodes, Actuators, Head, Electronic filtering, Systems modeling, Control systems design, Smart structures
This paper presents experimental and theoretical analysis of an electrorheological (ER) damper. To describe the practical damper characteristics on force vs. velocity and force vs. displacement responses, a new alternative to existing models is proposed. On the basis of an Eyring model, Eyring-plastic model is constructed by the combination of simple nonlinear functions. Therefore, the Eyring-plastic model has the advantage to be simple in its design and formulation, even though it is in the form of a nonlinear function. In addition, the Eyring-plastic model can capture quite well the practical damper responses, particularly, in both the preyield and the postyield states. An ER damper is configured and its damping force under various electric fields and excitation frequencies is experimentally tested. On the basis of the damper response tested, the Eyring-plastic model is constructed and its validation is proved by comparing the experimental and predicted damper data on force vs. velocity and force vs. displacement responses.
This paper theoretically presents Bingham characteristics of ER (electrorheological)/MR (magnetorheological) fluids with respect to different rotational viscometers through comparative analysis. For doing so, two different types of rotational viscometers are introduced and configured for ER/MR fluids; one is a rotational coaxial cylinder viscometer and the other is a rotational parallel disk viscometer. In order to determine the shear stress and shear rate of fluids tested in both viscometers, the fundamental equations between shear stress and torque as well as shear rate and angular velocity are derived on the basis of the biviscous constitutive model. The biviscous model is characterized by a yield stress: when the shear stress is less than this yield stress, the preyield viscosity is relatively large compared to the postyield viscosity when shear stress is greater than the yield stress. For rotational coaxial cylinder viscometers, the shear stress can be calculated directly from the measured torque. However, for the determination of the shear rate, some strategies are required. In this study, different methods of determining the shear rate are developed and their accuracy is assessed. In the case of rotational parallel disk viscometers, the calculation of the shear rate is straightforward from angular velocity measurements, but the shear stress requires a relatively complicated calculation. In this study, for simplicity, the shear stress is approximated and the error of this approximation is evaluated with respect to important rotational parallel disk viscometer geometry. Finally, the Bingham characteristics of ER/MR fluids at two different rotational viscometers are theoretically presented and compared in the shear stress vs. shear rate response.
This paper presents experimental and theoretical analysis of a vibration isolation system using MR fluid-based semi-active isolators. In doing so, a vibration isolator using MR fluids is designed and manufactured in this study. A new nonlinear hysteresis model with simplicity in form is proposed to describe the hysteresis force characteristics of the MR isolator. The damping forces of the MR isolator with different excitation frequency and current input are measured and compared with that resulting from the hysteresis model for the verification of the theoretical analysis. A vibration isolation system with the MR isolator is constructed and its dynamic equation of motion is derived. A simple skyhook controller is formulated to attenuate the vibration of the system. Controlled performances of the vibration isolation system are experimentally and theoretically evaluated in the frequency and time domains.
Electrorheological (ER) and magnetorheological (MR) fluids show similar field-dependent rheological characteristics from a bulk fluid perspective. However, the implementation of ER and MR fluids in devices may require different strategies because of the inherent properties of ER and MR fluids such as density, viscosity and the strength of the yield stress. Therefore, in this study, we explore the dynamic performance ranges and time response characteristics of ER and MR fluid-based systems in order to comprehensively understand each system. So far, quasi-steady fluid flow model has been widely used in the performance evaluation of ER and MR fluid-based systems. However, the quasi-steady fluid flow model can predict the dynamic performance range of the system, but does not give any information about time response characteristics of the system. Moreover, research on comparative analysis between ER and MR fluid-based systems is considerably rare. Therefore, in this study, comparative analysis for the characteristics of ER and MR fluid-based systems is undertaken based on considering the time response phenomena. For doing so, a set of nondimensional analysis based on parallel plate geometry to characterize the field-dependent properties of ER and MR fluid-based systems is developed and experimental test for ER and MR dampers are done in order to evaluate the validity of the analysis.
Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are a promising class of devices for the control of civil structures for earthquake hazard mitigation. MR dampers exhibit both viscous damping and friction damping, where the friction damping level is controlled by an applied magnetic field. This unique characteristic, as well as low power requirements, high force capacity, and mechanical simplicity, lends them to be very suitable devices for the semi-active control of such seismically loaded structures. This study investigates semi- active control methods and their application to MR dampers. Skyhook control and a 'clipped' Continuous Sliding Mode (CSM) control are simulated both numerically and experimentally. The results show that control of civil structures with semi- actively controlled MR braces is very effective.
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