The pixels will be remapped when a pattern is projected by a Digital Light Processing (DLP) projector with diamondshaped pixels. In order to achieve high-quality 3D shape measurement in fringe projection profilometry (FPP) system consists of this type of projector, the influence of different pixel remapping method on measurement accuracy was studied. The sinusoidal fringes with diamond-shaped zigzag, column interleaved diamond straight-line and rectangular straight-line pixel arrangements were designed for experiments according to the actual pixel remapping rule. The phase measurement error of 12 projector-camera pixel size ratios (from 0.5 to 85) and under different defocusing degree were investigated. The phase of the fringe was calculated using the standard four-step phase-shifting algorithm. The experimental results show that when the projector-camera pixel size ratio (PPSR) is high (e.g., 5), the phase measurement error of diamond-shaped zigzag sinusoidal fringe is significantly larger than the other two, and the phase measurement error of column interleaved diamond straight-line sinusoidal fringe is larger than that of rectangular straight-line sinusoidal fringe. It is concluded that the highest 3D measurement accuracy can be achieved by projecting column interleaved diamond straight-line sinusoidal fringe based on the structure of FPP system and the phase-height mapping relationship. These research results provide important reference value for the design of high-resolution FPP systems.
In the fringe projection 3D measurement system in which the camera pixel size is much smaller than the projector pixel size, the pixel arrangement of projector will have a significant impact on the measurement results. The main reason for this problem is that the sinusoidal property of the fringes captured by the camera deteriorates. This can be improved by defocusing the projector. In this paper, the influence of projector pixel arrangement on 3D measurement error under different defocusing degree is studied by experiments. According to the actual pixel structure of DMD projector, sinusoidal fringes with zigzag and linear pixel arrangement are designed for experiments. The fringes with a period of 8 pixels are adopted for experiment, and the phase of the fringe is calculated by four-step phase-shifting algorithm. Experimental results demonstrated that the measurement error is a tendency which increases first and then decreases with increasing projector defocusing degree. When the degree of defocus is small, the phase measurement error of linear pixel array is significantly smaller than that of zigzag array. And when the degree of projector defocus increases to a certain extent, the phase measurement error of zigzag pixel array is smaller than that of linear pixel array. The experimental results are valuable for the design of high-resolution 3D measurement system.
Aiming at the requirement of remote acquisition of sound wave in transparent sound insulation screen, a method using common-path digital holography (DH) is proposed. The expanded and collimated laser illuminates on the reflector near the sound source in the sound insulation screen. The reflected light is divided into two beams in the receiving optical path. One of them is the object light, and the other is the reference light which is filtered by a spatial low-pass filter to retain the zero-order light. Then, a hologram is formed by interference of reference and object light on the surface of image sensor. A high-speed camera is used to capture the time series of hologram. The captured holograms are processed to obtain the phase distribution of the reflected light field. The remote acquisition of sound wave in the sound insulation screen is realized by selecting the phase of a certain point in the phase distribution map to form a phase time series, which represents the sound wave emitted by the sound source. Due to the common-path system, the detecting results are not affected by the airflow disturbance and environmental noise in the propagation path of the probe light. At the same time, there is no optical path length matching problem between the reference and object light. The experimental system is built with a high-speed camera with speed of 4230fps to verify the proposed approach. The experimental results show that the sound wave in the transparent sound insulation screen at a distance of 10m is successfully obtained by
KEYWORDS: 3D acquisition, Cameras, Phase unwrapping, 3D metrology, Feature extraction, Deformation, 3D modeling, Projection systems, 3D vision, Stereo vision systems
ynamic 3D face acquisition has been widely used in the fields of real-time expression capture, face recognition, plastic surgery and film entertainment. High-precision 3D shape can be obtained by fringe projection 3D measurement technology. However, the phase ambiguity is one of the key issues must be solved. According to the features of human face, a method based on feature point matching and active binocular vision is proposed to address this problem. The specific method is as follows: 1) Project three sinusoidal fringes with a phase difference of 2π/3. Capture the deformed fringes by the left and right cameras simultaneously. 2) According to the phase shift method, calculate the corresponding intensity images and the wrapping phase maps from the deformed fringes captured by the left and right cameras respectively. 3) Detect the face feature points in the left and right intensity images respectively. 4) Create the rough face disparity map by matching the feature points of human face in the left and right intensity images. 5) On the basis of rough disparity map, obtain the dense and high-precision disparity map by directly matching the wrapping phase of the left and right images. And then reconstruct the 3D face. Compared with the traditional method, the proposed method does not need the spatial phase unwrapping, nor does it need the projection of additional patterns to assist the phase unwrapping, which shortens the acquisition time while ensuring the measurement reliability. A DLP projector and two cameras with resolution of 1.3 megapixels and speed of 210fps were used to build an experimental system to verify the proposed method. The experimental results show that the proposed method is robust and the 3D face acquisition speed reaches 70fps.
A novel algorithm for phase unwrapping with the assistance of similar model of scene is proposed. The major steps of proposed algorithm are as follows. (1) Obtain wrapped phase and modulation of fringe by phase shift method. (2) Extract feature points of scene from background of fringe. (3) Obtain scaling and motion parameters of model from 2D and 3D coordinates of feature points. (4) Calculate reference phase from model by motion parameter and shape of model according to camera model. (5) Retrieve absolute phase by wrapped phase of scene and reference phase. The experimental results are demonstrated. If the similar model of scene is available, the proposed algorithm is efficient for phase unwrapping in phase measurement profilometry without additional patterns, even though the scene contains isolated parts.
The methods based on spatial and frequency domain processing for resizing the reconstructed image of digital hologram are studied. The first kind of methods for resizing reconstructed image is to resample the hologram. The reconstructed image is reduced by up-sampling or interpolating the hologram and the reconstructed image is magnified by down-sampling hologram. But its viewing angle is reduced. An approach is proposed to preserve the viewing angle. The second kind of method for resizing reconstructed image is to resample selected region in frequency domain of hologram. The reconstructed image is resized by this method without changing its viewing angle.
An additional phase shift is produced when the 3D shape of dynamic scene is measured by phase shifting method. The phase distribution measured by traditional method is distorted and the recovered 3D shape is distorted as well. The Gerchberg iteration algorithm and the windowed Fourier assisted phase shifting method were proposed to reduce the distortion. The main ideal of these methods is to accurately estimate the phase shift between two fringe patterns. The accuracy of phase shift estimation is low near the edge where the frequency of fringe changes suddenly. We proposed a method to increase the accuracy of phase shift estimation. The edge of frequency sudden change is found out and then the fringe pattern is divided into different regions. The Gerchberg iteration algorithm is adopted to extend the fringe to outside of every region. The windowed Fourier analysis is adopted to estimate phase of every region and then the phase distribution of whole pattern is obtained. The phase shift between two fringe patterns is obtained by subtracting the estimated phase of first pattern from that of second pattern. Finally, the accurate phase distribution is obtained from the fringe patterns and the estimated phase shifts by least square method. The comparative experiments were carried out to evaluate the proposed method. The experimental results show that the accuracy of measured phase by proposed method is higher than that by windowed Fourier assisted phase shifting method.
In the 3D measurement system based on light-source-stepping method, phase shift changes with the depth of the object changes. The phase distribution recovered by N-step phase shifting method is distorted and then the recovered 3D shape is distorted. Fujigaki proposed the whole-space tabulation method to obtain 3D shape without distortion. The moving stage is used to calibrate the system and then the whole-space look-up tables are constructed. It is inconvenient to calibrate the measurement system. We proposed a new method to calibrate the system without moving stage. Firstly, the camera is calibrated by Zhang’s method. Secondly, a reference plane with sparse marks is placed at different depth of measurement volume. The fringes are projected on the plane and the images are captured at the same time. Thirdly, the phase of different depth is worked out by improved Fourier transform profilometry method. The phase of marker is estimated by local curve fitting. The image coordinates of markers are detected. The projection matrix from reference plane to image plane is worked out from the image coordinates and world coordinates of markers and the inner parameters of camera. The 3D coordinates of every pixel of reference plane are worked out from their image coordinates and the projection matrix. Fourthly, a whole-space look-up table is constructed. This method does not need precise moving stage to calibrate the relationship between phase and 3D coordinates. The hardware requirement for system calibration is simplified. Experiments are carried out to verify the proposed method.
In this research, a color grating projection system is designed to effectively and flexibly display spatially sampled large size and high resolution color Fresnel hologram. The sampled color Fresnel hologram is placed in the image plane of projection system. The parameters of color grating are adjusted for 3D color display. Specifically, one effective scheme of spatially sampled color Fresnel hologram is used for reducing the data redundancy of computer generated Fresnel hologram while keeping a high resolution of reconstructed 3D image. A hologram with the size of 30mm×30mm at the resolution of 94208×94208 is calculated and optically reconstructed to verify the proposed display system.
In the study of the morphology and dynamic physiological characteristics of living cells, label-free quantitative phase imaging has been the most ideal detection technique. In this paper, we set up a set of white-light common-path digital holographic microscope based on grating diffraction, which can acquire high-resolution quantitative phase image with a very high spatiotemporal imaging sensitivity. Living red blood cells are measured and the accurate quantitative phase images are achieved. Experimental results demonstrate that this system has a very high accurate imaging performance and has the ability to detect living cells.
Fringe pattern can be projected fast by digital projector using DLP technology. The projection speed is higher when patterns with lower bit-depth are adopted. The phase error of sinusoidal fringe pattern with different bit-depth is studied with three-step phase-shifting algorithm. The uniform quantization algorithm (UQA) and quantization algorithm with error diffusion (EDA) are used for pattern quantization. The conclusions are as following. 1) With UQA, the maximum of phase error will less than 1% of 2π when bit-depth is higher than 4 bits. If the projector is defocused, the error will be decreased. 2) With EDA, the maximum of phase error is larger than that with UQA. But the error will be decreased significantly when the projector is defocused. The phase error of pattern with EDA is smaller than that of pattern with UQA when the projector is nearly focused and the period of pattern is long (for example longer than 20 pixels). If the period of pattern is short, the performance of UQA is always better. 3) The error difference of UQA and EDA will be very small when the bit-depth is higher than 4 bits.
We proposed a cost-effective and full-field method for measuring vibration of loudspeaker using general industrial camera and fringe projection. The loudspeaker is excited by a sinusoidal signal. The fringe pattern is projected on the measured loudspeaker membrane that is dynamically deformed. Then the deformed fringes are captured by a camera. A trigger generation circuit is designed to control the camera. The Fourier Transform Profilometry (FTP) is adopted for 3D shape reconstruction. The validity of this method is approved by experiments. The cost of proposed measurement system is dramatically lower than that using high-speed camera.
A method for high-speed three-dimensional measurement with low-speed camera is proposed. The spatial frequency encoded fringes are projected with high frame rate and deformed fringes are captured with low frame rate. Several fringes are integrated in one captured image. The directions and/or frequencies of these fringes are different. The spatial frequency spectrum of these fringes is separate in spatial frequency domain. So, the phases of different fringes can be obtained by filtering the image with different filters. Then several 3D shapes of different time are obtained from one captured image. The experiments are carried out to verify proposed method and measurement results are demonstrated. The method improves the speed of 3D shape measurement and reduces the cost of measurement system as well.
The tomographic refractive index imaging technique by digital holographic microscopy with sample rotation is presented. First, transmission phase images are numerically reconstructed from holograms acquired at regularly-spaced angular positions for the rotating sample. Then, the three-dimensional refractive index spatial distribution is reconstructed by filtered back-projection algorithm. Last, the experiments are carried out and the three-dimensional refractive index distribution of single-mode and single-mode polarization maintaining optical fibers is accurately reconstructed.
KEYWORDS: 3D displays, Holograms, Computer generated holography, 3D image reconstruction, Photography, Holography, Cameras, 3D image processing, Fringe analysis, Projection systems
Holography, in which three-dimensional (3D) information and texture of object is encoded with interference fringe is a
promising approach for 3D display. However, it is challenge to make photographic hologram of living object. In addition,
it is impossible to record scene combining real-existing objects with virtual ones using photographic holography. In this
paper, we propose a method for capturing and displaying 3D real-existing scene. Firstly, the 3D shape and color texture
of scene is captured with fringe projection method. Secondly, the information of scene is encoded with computer
generated fringe, which is called Computer-generated Hologram (CGH). Finally, the CGH is materialize as hardcopy or
transferred to spatial light modulator (SLM) for display. The real-color Rainbow-hologram is chosen for display static
scene. Three Fresnel holograms corresponding to red, green and blue component of scene are adopted for display
dynamic scene. The apparatuses for 3D capture and display are introduced and the experimental results are
demonstrated.
Three dimension measurements with projected fringe is the important method of optical 3D sensing. The approach for
obtaining phase distribution of deformed fringe pattern is a key technology of this method. In this paper, a new method
for obtaining phase distribution of deformed fringe pattern is proposed. In the proposed method, phase distribution is
obtained directly by filtering deformed fringe pattern with complex coefficient finite impulse response (FIR) band-pass
filter. The detail of this method is expressed as following: Firstly, a FIR low-pass filter is designed whose band width is
half of the width of first order spectrum of the deformed fringe pattern. Secondly, the complex coefficient FIR band-pass
filter is gained by moving the spectrum of low-pass filter to the position of the first order spectrum of the deformed
fringe pattern. Finally, the phase distribution is obtained by filtering the deformed fringe pattern with designed filter and
calculating the argument of the filtered pattern. The theory and experimental results are presented. In experiment,
compared with FTP, the standard deviation of phase measurement reaches 0.75%. As a result, this approach provides a
new way to obtaining phase distribution of deformed fringe pattern.
Phase-height mapping algorithm is the key technology of phase measurement profilometry (PMP). Because of lens
distortion of the projector, phase-height mapping is not simple linear transform and the mapping procedure become
complex. A method is introduced to simplify phase-height mapping. The detail of this method is expressed as following:
(1) Two suits of sinusoidal gratings which are perpendicular to each other are projected to the calibration target
respectively. (2) The position of each target mark in calibration target is estimated using standard image processing
technique. (3) Distortion coefficients of projector are estimated from the phase of target marks and their positions,
according to the camera model. (4) Ideal phase distribution for projecting is designed. (5) According to the camera
distortion model, distorting and transforming the ideal phase distribution, distorted phase distribution in the image plane
is acquired. Then the phase-shifting sinusoidal fringes with distorted phase are generated. The anamorphic sinusoidal
fringes are distorted inversely during projecting because projecting process is the reverse process of imaging. Therefore,
the ideal sinusoidal fringes are projected. The phase-height mapping of PMP system can be ideally expressed and the
mapping procedure is simplified. A practical PMP measurement system was constructed and the distortion coefficients
are estimated by calibrating the system. They are k1=-6.989×10-2 and p1=5.957×10-3. Then the distorted sinusoidal fringes
are generated and projected for calibrating. Distortion coefficients are estimated again. They are k1=-7.882×10-3 and
p1=-3.777×10-3. It is found from the experimental results that the distortion of projector is reduced a lot after grating
correction.
KEYWORDS: Digital holography, 3D image reconstruction, Reconstruction algorithms, Holography, Digital imaging, 3D image processing, Holograms, Fringe analysis, Near field diffraction, Charge-coupled devices
The reconstruction of digital hologram is a key topic in the research of digital holography, which is maturely
developed for the reconstruction of two-dimensional image. Recently, the reconstruction of three-dimensional
image has attracted much more attention. In this paper, we apply the two-wavelength digital holographic
contouring method to obtain the three-dimensional image, the basic idea of which is to reconstruct the shape
through the phase difference that can be numerically calculated by Fresnel diffraction algorithm. Considering
the fact that the obtained phase is wrapped on the interval (-π, π], and the unwrap algorithm always fails for
the object with large height steps or spatially isolated areas, we adopt the two-wavelength digital holography to
provide an equivalent longer wavelength such that the obtained phase is continuous everywhere. The experiment
results prove the feasibility and efficiency of the method.
KEYWORDS: Digital holography, Holograms, 3D image reconstruction, 3D image processing, 3D metrology, Charge-coupled devices, Image processing, Digital imaging, Holography, Reconstruction algorithms
In this paper, we introduce the potentialities of the digital hologram for the three-dimensional shape measurement from
numerical reconstructed image. The image processing of the Fresnel digital hologram recorded by CCD sensor and the
algorithm for 3d shape reconstruction is taken into account. Firstly, we stitch a series of small digital holograms to obtain a
hologram with larger size. Secondly, the reconstructed image sequences of different depth planes are obtained by
numerical reconstructing hologram. Finally, the depth information of each sample point of object is gained by algorithm of
focus measure evaluation, in which the maximum focus measure of a region is found by the grey level variance of image
sequence. The basic principle of this technique and its experimental verification are presented.
A new technique is proposed to obtain a real color hologram with a large viewing angle by the combination of computer
and optical method. Two steps are followed to finish this technique. (1) Computer-generated hologram H1 is yielded.
According to the theory of light propagation, and taking full advantage of computer-generated hologram, object
lightwave distribution of three monochromatic Fresnel holograms with a large dimension is computed in different area of
the same plane. Object lightwave distribution is folded into smaller area based on the method of mirror images. High
density holograms H1r, H1g, H1b are generated after the holograms are exported and microfilmed. (2) A rainbow
hologram H2 is generated by optical ways. In the recording procedure, two parallel mirrors with appropriate parameters
must be matched in the experiment system. In terms of the reversibility of light path principle, an image with a wide
viewing angle is reconstructed by reversing the reconstruction lightwave. The principle of the proposed method and the
experimental result prove that the technique achieves a color reconstructed image with a wide viewing angle of 14° . It is
very clear that the stereoscopic effect of the reconstructed image is increased.
KEYWORDS: Holograms, Digital holography, 3D image reconstruction, Linear filtering, Image compression, Image quality, Data communications, Optical filters, Data storage, Transmittance
Large amounts of communication bandwidth and memory space is occupied to transmit and store digital hologram on
account of its enormous data volume. It is necessary to compress the information of digital hologram for effective
transmittance and storage. After theory of off-axis hologram is studied, it is found that at most half of the information is
useful for reconstructing image. A new method is proposed to compress the information, according to the spectrum
character of off-axis hologram. The sampling frequency is reduced by shifting the useful information of digital hologram
from high-frequency section to low-frequency section. Therefore, the information is compressed. The detailed procedure
is expressed as follows. (1) To filter the hologram with a high-pass filter, whose cut off frequency is equal to the
difference between frequency of reference beam and the highest frequency of object beam. (2) To multiply every row of
the filtered hologram by a cosine sequence, whose frequency is equal to the difference between frequency of reference
beam and the highest frequency of object beam. (3) To filter the processed hologram with a low-pass filter. (4) To
subsample the hologram with a sampling frequency as four times as the highest frequency of the object. As thus, the
digital hologram is compressed to half size of the original one at least. Moreover, higher compression rate will be
obtained if the subsampled hologram is compressed with other methods. The theoretical analysis and experimental
results are presented.
In this paper, a new method, which synthesizes the technology of computer graphics (CG) and holographic integral
photography, is proposed to realize the holographic display of virtual 3D scene in large size. In this method, elemental
stereographic images of 3D scene are computed by a virtual holocoder instead of using pickup process. And then, the
color of elemental stereographic images is separated by computer and three tricolor elemental image series are printed by
high graphics printer. The printed image series can be integrated into the previous 3D scene with a lens array whose
optic parameters match to the virtual holocoder. If the image series are illuminated by laser, the virtual 3D scene is
reconstructed by coherent light, and then the reconstructed scene can be recorded by single wavelength color holographic
technology in large size.
KEYWORDS: Computer generated holography, 3D metrology, Holograms, 3D acquisition, Holography, 3D visualizations, 3D image processing, 3D modeling, Visualization, Wavefronts
In this paper, we propose a technique to reconstruct 3-D object shape by its measurement data using CGH. Firstly, both the range image and the intensity image of 3D object are acquired simultaneously using 3D shape measurement system. Then, the Fresnel CGH is designed and fabricated using these data. Finally, combining CGH with optical holography, an image hologram is recorded. The principle of the proposed method, the technology for designing and fabrication of the CGH and optical hologram, and the experimental results are also given in this paper.
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