A theoretical model is proposed to analyze the time-domain spectral phase en/decoding and evaluate the unconditional security of the optical code-based secure optical communication systems with DPSK modulation. The confidentiality of the systems with and without bit-by-bit code scrambling technique is investigated. It mathematically proves that the system without code scrambling lacks confidentiality and the system employing code scrambling can realize unconditionally secure transmission. Furthermore, encoding only within the central band of the spectrum is sufficient for perfect secrecy, and the secrecy rate can be potentially improved. It allows the system to operate in the burst mode for code generation and encoding and thus have an idle time for rearm.
Diffraction gratings are key components in many applications including pulse compression and stretch, optical imaging, spectral encoding and decoding and optical filtering. In this paper, spatial dispersion of two typical diffraction grating-based optical systems, single-grating system and grating-pair system, are thoroughly studied. The single-grating system consists of a diffraction grating to disperse the quasi-monochromatic lights and a convex lens to make the lights propagate in parallel and focused. In the grating–pair system, a pair of diffraction gratings is used to disperse the collimated lights in parallel. The spatial dispersion law for the two systems is developed and summarized. By investigating the spatial dispersion, the two systems are compared and discussed in detail.
We propose a novel reconfigurable optical en/decoder to generate and recognize two-dimensional (2-D) optical
codes for coherent optical-code-division-multiple-access (OCDMA) application. The proposed device is based on
cascaded coupled micro-ring reflectors, which can enable simultaneous tuning of the fast wavelength hopping and
spectral phase encoding code patterns. The coding performance is verified by simulation.
In this paper, we review the advances of using bit-by-bit optical code scrambling and rapid reconfigurable/codelength
variable technologies for security improvement in optical communication systems.
Coherent optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technique, where encoding and decoding are based on the
phase and amplitude of optical field instead of its intensity, is receiving much attention for the overall superior
performance over incoherent OCDMA and the development of compact and reliable en/decoders (E/D) such as spatial
light phase modulator (SLPM), superstructured fiber Bragg grating (SSFBG) and multi-port array waveguide grating
(AWG)-type E/D. In this paper, we will discuss several recent progresses in coherent OCDMA: a. Novel coding
technology such as multi-phase-level SSFBG encoder, 50x50 multiport en/decoder and reconfigurable time domain
spectral phase en/decoding; b. New signal modulation formats in OCDMA including DPSK, DQPSK, CSK and M-ary
CSK; and c. Field trials of high capacity WDM/OCDMA systems.
We demonstrate the security improvement using ±π/2-phase-shifted SSFBG encoder in time-spreading OCDMA.
Compared with conventional 0/π-phase-shifted SSFBG encoder, ±π/2-phase-shifted SSFBG encoder conceals code
pattern well in the encoded waveform. We also theoretically analyze and experimentally investigate the influence of
input pulse and the experimental measurement matches the calculated result very well.
Hybrid wavelength division multiplexing/optical code division multiple access (WDM/OCDMA) passive optical
network (PON), where asynchronous OCDMA traffic transmits over WDM network, can be one potential candidate for
gigabit-symmetric fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) services. In a cost-effective WDM/OCDMA network, a large scale multi-port
encoder/decoder can be employed in the central office, and a low cost encoder/decoder will be used in optical
network unit (ONU). The WDM/OCDMA system could be one promising solution to the symmetric high capacity access
network with high spectral efficiency, cost effective, good flexibility and enhanced security. Asynchronous
WDM/OCDMA systems have been experimentally demonstrated using superstructured fiber Bragg gratings (SSFBG)
and muti-port OCDMA en/decoders. The total throughput has reached above Tera-bit/s with spectral efficiency of about
0.41. The key enabling techniques include ultra-long SSFBG, multi-port E/D with high power contrast ratio, optical
thresholding, differential phase shift keying modulation with balanced detection, forward error correction, and etc. Using
multi-level modulation formats to carry multi-bit information with single pulse, the total capacity and spectral efficiency
could be further enhanced.
KEYWORDS: Fiber to the x, Wavelength division multiplexing, WDM-PON, Optical encoders, Fiber Bragg gratings, Optical components, Ultrafast phenomena, Switching, Semiconductor lasers, Communication and information technologies
For the future broadband Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) services, it will be revealed to be a myth that the low bit-rate uplink may be deployed, while only the downlink has to be high bit-rate. Current FTTH system forces the customers a stressful access in the uplink due to its MAC based on TDMA under always-on service provisionings. Without an abundant bandwidth of uplink available, peer-to-peer applications such as exchanging gigabyte files of uncompressed 1.2 Gbps high-definition (HD) TV class or even 6Gbps super-high-definition (SHD)class digital movies as well as teleconferencing and bi-directional medical applications such as tele-diagnosis and -surgery won't become widewpread. With a narrowband uplink, even non peer-to-peer customers will be put in a disadvantageous position by being forced to share the limited bandwidth with a limited number of bandwidth-hungry users.
In this paper, the performance of optical packet switching (OPS) network with coherent time-spreading optical code (OC) label is investigated experimentally. In the experiment, superstructured fiber Bragg grating (SSFBG) is used for the OC-label processing for the first time. Packet routing experiment with 10 Gbps and 40 Gbps payload data has been successfully demonstrated by hybrid using planar lightwave circuit (PLC) and SSFBG as the OC-label encoder and decoder respectively.
The coherent OCDMA system could suffer from severe multiple access interference (MAI) and beat noise, which limit the maximum number of active users that can be supported in a network. One effective method to reduce the beat noise as well as the MAI noise is to lower the interference level by adopting ultra-long optical code. Applying optical thresholding technique is also crucial to enable data-rate detection for achieving a practical OCDMA system. In this paper, we review the recent progress in the key enabling techniques for asynchronous coherent OCDMA: the novel encoder/decoders including spatial lightwave phase modulator, micro-ring resonator for spectral phase coding and superstructured FBG (SSFBG) and AWG type encode/decoder for time-spreading coding; optical thresholding techniques with PPLN and nonlinearity in fiber. The FEC has also been applied in OCDMA system recently. With 511-chip SSFBG and SC-based optical thresholder, 10-user, truly-asynchronous gigabit OCDMA transmission has been successfully achieved. Most recently, a record throughput 12×10.71 Gbps truly-asynchronous OCDMA has been demonstrated by using the 16×16 ports AWG-type encoder/decoder and FEC transmit ITU-T G.709 OTN frames.
Superstructured fiber Bragg grating (SSFBG) can be applied as the optical code (OC) encoder/decoder for optical code division access (OCDMA) and optical packet switching (OPS) networks. OC-based traffic (either OCDM traffic or OC-based packet labels) could be transmitted over the WDM networks to provide higher spectral efficiency and better scalability. The performance of this scheme is investigated for the first time in this paper, particularly the impact of the crosstalk in WDM networks with different channel spacing. These results can be used for assigning the optimal channel-spacing to get the highest spectral efficiency.
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