Future mobile and terrestrial communication systems B5G/6G are strongly expected to heterogeneously realize typically diversified performances, i.e. high-data-rate, high-mobility, low-latency, high-capacity, massive-connectivity and low-energy in order to satisfy the highly diversified application requirements. To achieve those goals the operation band of B5G/6G should be primarily in the millimeter-wave (mmW) range. Generation and distribution of mmW with traditional methods is limited by electronic bottleneck and associated complexity. Consequently broad bandwidth, simple, efficient, and cost-effective photonic mmW-over-fiber (mmWoF) transmission systems are solutions for B5G/6G. The spectral purity of mmW carriers is necessary. Numerous approaches have been proposed to generate pure mmW signals. Compared with other technologies, quantum dash or dot (QD) coherent comb lasers (QD CCLs) have great advantages for mmW generation because QD-CCLs with low power consumption and chip-scale integration capacity with silicon can provide multiple highly correlated and low noise optical channels. In this paper we will present our developed InAs/InP QD-CCLs around 1550 nm with the channel spacing from 10 GHz to 1000 GHz and the output power up to 50 mW. By using a C-band QD CCL and based on the single- and dual-optical carrier modulation schemes, an up to 16-Gb/s mmWoF optical heterodyne wireless signal at 28 GHz through a 25-km single mode fiber before the mmW carrier is optically synthesized remotely for detection over a 2-m free space. The data capacity and performance of the proposed mmWoF link can be significantly increased by utilizing a duplex mmWoF link with MIMO and WDM technique, which provides a cost-efficient and promising solution for Terabit/s capacity mmWoF fronthaul systems of B5G/6G networks.
In order to achieve ultrahigh data capacity and to overcome the wireless spectrum crunch, 5G is going to adopt millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies (30 GHz – 300 GHz). To generate high-quality mmW signals by lasers, it requires optical sources with ultra-narrow optical linewidth and low relative intensity noise (RIN). In recent years, we have developed InAs/InP quantum dot (QD) multi-wavelength lasers (MWLs) around 1550 nm with the frequency spacing from 10 GHz to 1000 GHz. Those QD MWLs have very low RIN, ultra-narrow optical linewidth, small timing jitters, compact size, low power consumption and the ability for hybrid integration with silicon substrates. In this paper we present a buried heterostructure (BH) C-band InAs/InP 25-GHz QD MWL with phase noise and RIN of less than 500 kHz and -130 dB/Hz for its individual channel, respectively. By using this QD MWL a photonic aided radio-over-fiber (RoF) quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) signal wireless delivery at 25 GHz is successfully demonstrated through 25.22 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) with a data capacity of 16 Gbit/s (16QAM x 4GBaud). We have also presented a monolithic BH QD dual-wavelength (DW) DFB laser as an optical beat source for mmW signal generation. The BH QD DW-DFB laser with the optical linewidth of 16 KHz and the RIN of -158 dB/Hz is capable of generating spectrally pure mmW signals between 46 GHz and 48 GHz. By using it, we have demonstrated a real time 24-Gbit/s (64QAM x 4GBaud) data bandwidth wireless communication system operating at 47.2-GHz carrier over 25-km SSMF.
To support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) communication, 5G is going to use new radios (NRs) at frequencies above 24.25 GHz in the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) bands with abundant available bandwidths. The photonic generation, modulation and distribution of such ultra-high speed broadband RF signals in the optical domain is more promising compared to the bandwidth limiting electrical technology, however, it requires low noise coherent optical sources. In this paper, we present a highly coherent low noise InP-based p-n block buried heterostructure (BH) C-band InAs/InP quantum dash (QD) passively mode-locked laser (MLL) for photonic aided broadband wireless communication systems. The device features repetition rates of 25 GHz resulting in an optical coherent frequency comb (CFC) with a 6-dB optical bandwidth of around 9 nm providing over 46 channels. Each individual channel of the CFC exhibits an average phase noise and integrated relative intensity noise (RIN) of less than 500 kHz and -130 dB/Hz in the frequency range from 10 MHz to 20 GHz, respectively. Its timing jitter and RF beat-note linewidth between any two adjacent channels are as low as 5.53 fs and 3 kHz, respectively. By using this QD MLL, a photonic aided radio-over-fiber (RoF) broadband quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) signal wireless delivery at around 25 GHz (K-band) is successfully demonstrated over 2-m free space wireless distance through 25.22 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) with a total link capacity of 16Gbit/s and error vector magnitude (EVM) below the standard requirements of 12.5%.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Phase shifts, Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Signal generators, Optical amplifiers, Signal attenuation, Oscillators, Extremely high frequency, Modulators, Radio over Fiber
Performance of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) ultrawideband
(UWB) signal over fiber transmission system is investigated considering impact of modulation index (MI).
Experiments are conducted to verify our theoretical analysis and good agreement is obtained. In this work, we propose
an optical frequency quadrupling technique using two cascaded Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) biased at quadrature
and driven by the same local oscillator frequency but with 1800 phase shift between the two MZMs. We demonstrate
30GHz mm-wave wireless that carries three-bands OFDM UWB signals, and error vector magnitude is used to analyze
the transmission quality. It is found that the EVM decreases from ~-13.63 to -18.9 dB when increasing the LO
modulation index (MI) from 66 to ~117%.
KEYWORDS: Radio optics, Signal generators, Modulation, Polarization, Dispersion, Frequency modulation, Optical amplifiers, Signal attenuation, Radio over Fiber, Beam splitters
In this work, we propose and investigate a novel modulation technique for the generation of multiple millimeter wave (mm-wave) signals using high-order harmonic generation with a dual-electrode Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM). The laser output is split into two branches by the use of a polarization beam splitter. We use polarization multiplexing to avoid the inter-symbol interference between multiple mm-wave signals. The proposed technique is comprised of two parallel MZMs. As an example, we consider an RF1 at 7.5 GHz and RF2 at 8.125 GHz, each of which carries its own data signal and drives each MZM, respectively; and mm-wave signals at 30 GHz and 32.5 GHz, i.e. a frequency quadrupler, are obtained after photomixing. The performance of the system is evaluated in terms of Q-factor. Simulation results show that data signal at 625 Mb/s is successfully transmitted over 50 km of single mode fiber. The generated mm-wave signal is robust to chromatic dispersion.
Linewidth enhancement factor (LEF) of InAs/InP quantum dot (QD) multi-wavelength lasers (MWL) emitting at 1.53 μm
are investigated both above and below threshold. Above threshold, LEFs at three different wavelengths around the gain
peak by injection locking technique are obtained to be 1.63, 1.37 and 1.59, respectively. Then by Hakki-Paoli method LEF
is found to decrease with increased current and shows a value of less than 1 below threshold. These small LEF values have
confirmed our InAs/InP QDs are perfect gain materials for laser devices around 1.5 μm.
We have demonstrated a novel approach to achieve a stable multi-wavelength laser system (MWLS) which is making
use of a quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier (QD SOA) as a highly birefringence material and an optical
polarizer at the same time. Both the channel frequency spacing and the central lasing wavelength of the QD MWLS can
be accurately set by using the desired-designed QD SOA with the certain operation conditions and by setting the
polarization controller properly. The detailed working principles and the experimental results have been reported in this
paper. The proposed QD MWLS technology can be used for characterizing the intrinsic properties of the QD
semiconductor waveguide materials that could also be used for spectral narrowing of a laser system. We have
experimentally confirmed that the QD SOA is highly inhomogeneous gain material as compared with QW SOA.
We demonstrated an ultra-broadband wavelength converter based on co-polarized dual-pumping four-wave mixing
technique in a dispersion-flattened photonic crystal fiber. Over 380-nm wavelength conversion range from 1260 nm to
1640 nm has been achieved. By sweeping the wavelengths of the second pump laser, we have obtained the relationship
between the wavelength conversion efficiency and the converted data signals, which are consistant with our theoretical
analysis. The OSNR of the converted data signals are up to 30 dB.
We have designed, fabricated and characterized self-assembled InAs/InGaAsP QD-waveguide devices around 1.55 μm.
In order to obtain optimal performance, we have investigated several QD-based semiconductor optical amplifiers
(SOAs) / lasers with different core geometry and doped profiles. To make the fair comparison between QD-SOA and
QW-SOA, InAs/InGaAsP QW-SOAs with the same structure and the doped profiles have been designed and
characterized. The experimental results indicate the QD-SOA is much better than QW-SOA in term of optical spectral
bandwidth, temperature sensitivity and output power stability. The
3-dB and 10-dB bandwidths of the amplified
spontaneous emission (ASE) spectra of the QD-SOA are 150 nm and 300 nm around 1520 nm. By using CW pump and
probe signals we have demonstrated a non-degenerated four-wave mixing (ND-FWM) process and the experimental
results indicate that the asymmetry of the FWM conversion efficiencies is eliminated by using the QD-SOA. To make
use of the inhomogeneous broadening which is one of the specific properties of QD waveguide devices, we have
designed and investigated the QD-based multi-wavelength semiconductor laser. A stable multi-wavelength laser output
with a 93-channel multi-wavelength laser with maximum channel intensity non-uniformity of 3-dB were demonstrated
on the basis of a single InAs/InGaAsP QD F-P cavity chip. All channels were ultra-stable because of the inhomogeneous
gain broadening due to statistically distributed sizes and geometries of self-assembled QDs.
We have demonstrated a continuum-wave (CW) supercontinuum (SC) fiber light source with over 1000 nm bandwidth
based on a low-cost erbium/ytterbium co-doped double-cladding fiber ring cavity laser. Based on the observation to the
SC evolvement, we have experimentally analyzed the detailed contributions of several nonlinear effects within highly
nonlinear dispersion-shifted fiber (HNLF). Our experimental results have clearly indicated that four-wave mixing (FWM)
and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) play key roles in CW-pumped SC generation. At the same time, self-phase
modulation (SPM) mainly contributes to generate new frequency components near the peaks that appear in the form of
the spectra broadening while cross-phase modulation (XPM) enhances the broadening of peaks.
This paper presents an analysis of how to calculate bit error ratio (BER) with physical explanation for optically
pre-amplified DPSK receivers using optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) demodulation and balanced detection.
It is shown that BER calculation method for this kind of receivers is different from the conventional calculation method
used widely for IM/DD receivers. An analytical relationship in receiver sensitivity between DPSK receivers using MZI
demodulation with balanced detection and IM/DD receivers (or DPSK receivers using MZI demodulation and single-port
detection) is given based on the Gaussian noise approximation. Our calculation method correctly predicts the 3-dB
improvement of receiver sensitivity by using balanced detection over single-port detection or IM/DD receivers. This
predicted 3-dB improvement by using balanced detection converges with the interpretation of the 3-dB improvement by
signal constellation. Furthermore, quantum-limited DPSK receivers with MZI demodulation are also analyzed in
Appendix B.
We present a simplified radio over fiber balanced system that uses only one wavelength, optical modulator and fiber. In
this balanced system the upper and lower sidebands produced by subcarrier modulation along with its optical carrier are
separated before balanced photodetection. Optical time delays are introduced to one of the sidebands by means of two
cascaded tunable nonlinearly chirped fiber Bragg gratings. The first nonlinearly chirped fiber Bragg grating produces
relative time delay that has the following relationship
τdelay ∝ 1/2f, while the second produces a relative time delay of τ
delay ∝ 1/f. The first nonlinearly chirped fiber Bragg grating will have a large enough bandwidth and group velocity
dispersion to introduce a relative time delay for the subcarrier and second order distortion, while the second will have
the bandwidth and group velocity dispersion to introduce a different relative time delay for the third order distortion. The
net effect of the relative time delays is to provide a phase shift of π for the subcarrier, second order distortion currents
and a phase shift of 2π for the third order distortion current. Simulated results show a suppression of 2nd and 3rd
harmonic distortion of 25.4 dB and 2.6 dB, respectively. In the case of 2nd and 3rd intermodulation distortion suppression
of 33 dB and 20 dB, respectively have been reported. Simulation also shows that the power penalty improvement is
approximately 2.5 dB for bit error rate of 10-9 for subcarrier at 10 and 35 GHz and relative intensity noise is suppressed
by 3 dB.
Lumped fiber Raman amplifiers (LFRAs) using highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) are investigated and compared to using
dispersion compensating fiber (DCF). It is shown that both the signal and amplified spontaneous emission induced
multiple-path interferences are reduced in HNLF, thus for a same Raman gain a better noise performance of LFRAs
using HNLF can be achieved compared to using DCF. It is found that noise figure over the C+L band can be improved
by ~6.7 dB for a Raman gain of ~15 dB for a LFRA using HNLF compared to DCF with counter-pumping.
C+L-band (1530 nm - 1605 nm) discrete fiber Raman amplifiers (dFRAs) with incoherent pumping are investigated considering gain, noise figure, and pumping efficiency with comparison to coherent pumping. It is shown that dFRAs with two incoherent pumping sources can have a gain flatness of less than 0.7 dB over 75 nm bandwidth. Noise performance of dFRAs with incoherent pumping is similar to coherent pumping. The comparison of C+L-band dFRAs with incoherent co-pumping to incoherent counter-pumping shows that dFRAs with incoherent co-pumping perform better due to not only lower but also flatter noise figure, besides increased pumping efficiency.
This report presents an investigation of composite fiber Raman amplifiers, i.e. a distributed fiber Raman amplifier followed by a discrete fiber Raman amplifier, both with incoherent pumping, compared to conventional coherent pumping. It is shown that a flatter gain and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) over 100-nm bandwidth can be achieved by using two incoherent counter-pumps, compared to using six coherent counter-pumps. Moreover, it is also found that further flatter gain and flatter OSNR over 100-nm bandwidth can be obtained simultaneously in composite fiber Raman amplifiers with bi-directional pumping. The flatness of both gain and OSNR with a ripple of 1 dB is predicted by using one incoherent co-pump and one incoherent counter-pump.
In this paper, we propose a novel millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band radio over fiber (RoF) system with dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) star architecture. Two lasers with a small wavelength difference, phase locked and polarization-aligned, are allocated at a central station (CS) for connecting the CS and each base station (BS); one laser is used for transmitting light and the other for the remote local oscillator. For the conceptual illustration, we consider a DWDM RoF system with a channel spacing of 12.5 GHz and radio frequency (RF) of ~30-GHz mm-wave band. In the downlink system, a single-side band (SSB) subcarrier is used with low RF imposed onto an optical carrier at the CS, and an mm-wave band RF signal is obtained at each BS using direct photo-detection by the SSB subcarrier beat with the remote oscillator. In the uplink system, the received mm-wave band RF signal at each BS is imposed onto the two optical carriers simultaneously, one optical carrier with the closest SSB subcarrier is optically filtered out and fed into in the uplink transmission fiber without frequency interleaving; the electrical signal with a low intermediate frequency can be photo-detected directly at the CS. Such a RoF system has simple, cost-effective and maintenance reduced BS's, and is immune to laser phase noise in principle.
Photonic frequency down- shifting techniques for millimeter-wave band radio over fiber (RoF) systems are investigated and verified by simulation. The mechanism of frequency shifting is based on subcarrier modulation (SCM). An optical carrier with a subcarrier is injected into the frequency shifter consisting of a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) or electro-absorption modulator (EAM) driven by a radio frequency sinusoidal signal. The frequency-shifted optical carrier with a frequency-shifted subcarrier is thus generated at least by SCM modulation. Optical modulation depth, the power ratio of output optical carrier to its subcarrier, can be adjusted by using the modulation voltage of the MZM or EAM; and thus RoF system performance can be easily optimized.
By using two orthogonally-polarized pump beams, an ultrabroad tunable wavelength converter is demonstrated with uniform efficiency and equalized signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) through four-wave mixing (FWM) in an 1500-nm semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). This device allows the conversion of the input data signal to lower or higher frequencies with nearly-constant conversion efficiency and SNR over a 10.66 THz tuning range. This result is a significant improvement of both the conversion efficiency and the SNR as compared with the conventional FWM-based wavelength converters. We have also investigated the effect of parameters of both input power and wavelength of pump P2 on conversion efficiency and SNR of the wavelength-converted signals.
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