We report the appearance of reversible photodarkening (solarisation) in anti-resonant hollow-core optical fibres transmitting ultraviolet light in spectral bands down to 195 nm. Over time the effect reduces transmission in a band of wavelengths centred around 325 nm, with a 50% reduction in transmission after 4 hours in 4.85 m of fibre carrying 100-200 nW of continuous-wave broadband UV light. Transmission at the affected wavelengths recovers over days and weeks, in contrast to the well-known permanent photodarkening of solid-core fibres.
Over the past several years, research and development surrounding hollow-core optical fibers has produced intriguing designs that feature low attenuation and precise polarization control. We present findings of polarization effects in symmetric, tapered, negative curvature fibers. The tested fibers feature twenty-two inner tubes that are much smaller than those in previous designs. Our tests involve transmitting light of varying wavelengths and linear polarization states through the fiber and imaging the fiber output with a microscopic camera. The camera that observes the transmitted light is positioned on a setup that can bend the fiber to observe any intensity or mode shape due to the bending, including any polarization dependence. These fibers may provide excellent polarization stability without the need for more complex designs, like those with nesting or asymmetric capillaries.
In this paper we discuss the testing setup, characterization, and applications of hollow core fiber optics designed to transmit light in the far-ultraviolet (FUV; λ ⪅ 200 nm). These hollow core fibers were developed at the University of Bath in collaboration with the University of Colorado (CU) Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) for potential use in a multiplexed spectrometer for future planetary science instruments. We present an update on the nitrogen-purged test chamber used for throughput and bend loss testing. We find that these fibers exhibit less than 3 dB loss at λ = 170 nm at a bend angle of 90 degrees and a 27 mm radius of curvature. The net transmission of the 20 cm fiber sample in this bend configuration remains greater than 10% for three of the four fiber samples tested, meeting initial requirements for a future prototype fiber-fed instrument. Two of the four fibers tested exceeded 30% transmission. We present these results in detail and provide an update on the development of the Testbed for Fiber-Fed Instrumentation (TUFFI) prototype in development at CU-LASP.
The digital age and advances in engineering have triggered a wave of low-cost, accessible, and customisable microscopes. Already utilised for outreach, education and field work, the potential of these devices extends beyond accessible prototypes, and into microscopy in research and medical settings. The open-source, 3D-printed OpenFlexure Microscope is one such device, with development focused on supporting the diagnosis of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. This project motivated the redesign and verification of core functionality, to ensure that automated scanning, focusing, and tiling of blood samples is sufficiently reliable to support the workflow of frontline healthcare professionals. This talk will cover examples of "smart" microscopy, where on-line analysis of data is used to identify and correct errors in the experiment.
Commercially available UV fibers suffer from high absorption and solarization in the far-UV range at λ<200 nm. Recently, new hollow-core anti-resonant fiber optics (UV-HCFs) have been developed with demonstrated guidance for the first time deep into the far-ultraviolet. These fibers are fabricated at the University of Bath and tested in facilities at the University of Colorado (CU) Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP). We present the optical characterization and possible applications of UV-HCFs for the 100 { 200 nm regime. Testing of the fibers involved measuring the throughput of several fiber designs and lengths, that were optimized for transmission at peak wavelengths of 160 nm and 185 nm. The transmission of the fibers is measured using a far-UV monochromator and deuterium light source, connected to a custom alignment apparatus contained within a nitrogen-purged enclosure. The throughput is detected and logged using a photomultiplier tube and supporting autonomous control and data collection software. Our measurements show more than 50 percent throughput for a 20 cm fiber at approximately 160 nm, and performance that matches model predictions at wavelengths as low as 122 nm. The performance of the fibers will allow for the extension of the energy range of fiber-fed spectrographs and Raman spectrometer/reflectometers. Our results show that UV-HCFs have promise for future scientific applications.
KEYWORDS: Tissue optics, Light scattering, Endoscopes, Tissues, Scattering, In vivo imaging, Acoustics, Live cell imaging, Imaging spectroscopy, System integration
Brillouin imaging has recently emerged as a powerful technique for its ability to give insight to the mechanical properties of biomaterial. It exploits inelastic scattering of light by acoustic vibrations and maps the tissue stiffness point by point with micron resolution. The non-invasive, real-time nature of the measurements also makes it a potent candidate for in-vivo imaging of live cells and tissues. This, however, has to rely on a compact and flexible apparatus, a Brillouin endoscope, for remote access to specimen parts.
One of the main challenges encountered in the construction of Brillouin endoscope is that the inelastic scattering in the fibre conduit itself is orders of magnitude stronger than the Brillouin signal scattered by the specimen. This is because the length of the fibre endoscope (meters) is orders of magnitude larger than the imaging volume (microns). The problem can be overcome if the scattered light is collected by a separate fibre and does not mix with the fibre scattering inside the delivery channel.
Here we present an all-fibre integrated Brillouin microspectroscopy system that exploits the paths separation between delivery and collection channels. The experimental setup consists of a pair of standard silica single-mode fibres coupled to a graded-index lens and illuminated with a 671nm continuum wavelength source. We test our system performance on liquid samples of water and ethanol and confirm Brillouin shifts of 5.9 GHz and 4.6 GHz, respectively. More importantly, we do not observe any signals corresponding to Brillouin shift in the fibre, in agreement with expectation.
A compact, alignment-free, and inexpensive fiber source for coherent Raman spectroscopy would benefit the field considerably. We present a fiber optical parametric oscillator offering the best performance from a fiber-source to date. Pumping the oscillator with amplified pulses from a 1 μm fiber laser, we achieve widely spaced, narrowband pulses suitable for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. The nearly transform limited, 2 ps signal pulses are generated through the use of normal dispersion four wave mixing in photonic crystal fiber, and can be tuned from 779-808 nm, limited by the tuning range of the seed laser. The average signal power can reach 180 mW (pulse energies up to 4 nJ). The long-wavelength idler field is resonant in the oscillator, and the use of a narrow bandpass filter in the feedback loop is critical for stable operation, as seen in both simulation and experiment. Due to the self-consistent nature of the oscillator, this source provides lower relative intensity noise on its output pulses than parametric amplifiers based on the same frequency conversion process. We present high quality images of mouse tissues taken with this source that exhibit an outstanding signal to noise ratio at top imaging speeds.
With in-built advantages (high quantum efficiency and room temperature photostability1) for deployment in quantum technologies as a bright on-demand source of single photons, the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center is the most widely studied optical defect in diamond. Despite significant success in controlling its spontaneous emission2, the fundamental understanding of its photo-physics in various environments and host material remains incomplete. Studying NV photoemission from nanodiamonds on a glass substrate, we recently pointed out a disparity between the measured and calculated decay rates (assuming near unity quantum efficiency)3. This indicates the presence of some strong nonradiative influences from factors most likely intrinsic to nanodiamond itself. To obtain a clearer picture of the NV emission, here we remove the substrate contributions to the decay rates by embedding our nanodiamonds inside silica aerogel, a substrate-free environment of effective index n ~ 1.05.
Nanodiamond doped aerogel samples were fabricated using the “two-step” process4. Time-resolved fluorescence measurement on ~20 centers for both coverslip and aerogel configurations, showed an increase in the mean lifetime (~37%) and narrowing of the distribution width (~40%) in the aerogel environment, which we associate with the absence of a air/cover-glass interface near the radiating dipoles3. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) calculations showed the strong influence of the irregular nanodiamond geometry on the remaining distribution width. Finally a comparison between measurements and calculations provides an estimate of the quantum efficiency of the nanodiamond NV emitters as ~0.7. This value is apparently consistent with recent reports concerning the oscillation of the NV center between negative and neutral charge states5.
Four-wave mixing (FWM) has been extensively explored in optical fibers and more recently in on-chip silicon-oninsulator (SOI) waveguides. A phase-matched FWM with a pair of degenerate pump photons generating and amplifying signal and idler photons is referred as modulational instability (MI). Following theory of FWM in waveguide arrays, we utilize evanescent couplings between neighboring waveguides to control the phase-matching condition in FWM. In experiments, a set of single-channel SOI nanowaveguides with the waveguide width decreasing from 380nm to 340nm demonstrate that changing the waveguide group velocity dispersion (GVD) at the pump wavelength from being anomalous to being normal makes MI gain gradually disappear. We also perform the same experiment with an array of two 380nm-wide SOI waveguide, and demonstrate that for the large separation of 900nm and 800nm, MI gain is present as for the single waveguide; while for the small separation of 400nm, the MI gain disappears. This transformation of phase-matching in FWM is attributed to the fact that the coupling induced dispersion changes the net GVD of the symmetric supermode from being anomalous for large separation to being normal for small separation. Our observation illustrates that the coupling-induced GVD can compete and exceed in value the GVD of a single SOI nanowaveguide. This creates a new previously unexplored degree of freedom to control FWM on chips.
We demonstrate a fiber-based two-color source of picosecond pulses for coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy.
An Yb-doped fiber laser combined with a divided-pulse amplifier produce up to 3 W of power tunable from 1030 nm to
1040 nm. A normal dispersion photonic crystal fiber is used to blue-shift the pulses through seeded four-wave mixing.
Pulses with up to 150 mW of average power are produced, tunable between 770 nm and 800 nm. Imaging of animal
tissue and cells is demonstrated.
An ultrafast fiber MOPA was developed which delivered high average power and rapid and continuous tunability over
the range 1035 - 1070 nm. Through FWM in a single PCF, this source generated greater than 30% conversion efficiency
to a narrow linewidth signal with tunability from 720 to 880 nm and a corresponding idler tunable from 1370 to 1880
nm. Generation of tunable signal SHG, signal-pump SFG, pump SHG and pump-idler SFG were demonstrated in a
single angle tuned BBO crystal. The combined system enabled tunability over large portions of the UV, visible and NIR
spectral range from 370 - 1900 nm with a very simple setup. There is scope for power scaling of the source and
extending the wavelength coverage.
We study the transmission of light through different lengths of Hollow-core bandgap fiber. We demonstrate 95%
transmission of 5 picosecond pulses at 1064nm through fiber lengths of 1m, but only 77% transmission through longer
lengths of 10m. This variation is not consistent with the measured attenuation of the "fundamental" low-loss mode of the
fiber as being below 20dB/km in this spectral range, because the light transmitted through the short fiber not exclusively
in the fundamental fiber mode. We conclude that great care is required to understand coupling efficiencies using short
fiber lengths.
We have excited both LP01 and LP11 modes using a high magnification objective lens (60×) in a nonlinear photonic
crystal fibre (PCF) of core diameter 2.2μm and simultaneously detected the modes using low coherence interferometry.
We placed the nonlinear PCF of length ~11cm in one arm of an interferometer, and then interfered the output with light
in the reference arm onto a photodetector via a single mode collection fibre positioned at a point in a near-field image of
the fibre endface. More than one fringe packet was observed in the interferogram, indicating the presence of two modes
propagating in the fibre core. To uniquely identify the dispersion curves we need to know which mode corresponds to
each fringe packet in the interferogram. In the same experimental setup we replaced the photodetector with a digital
CCD camera to record the 2-D interference pattern across the image as function of group delay. A Fourier analysis
technique was used to compute the intensity and phase of the mode field patterns corresponding to the various
interferograms. Using this technique we can simultaneously measure the group velocity dispersion and the mode profile
with phase information of the modes excited in a multimode PCF.
We present an all-fiber high power tunable femtosecond soliton-based source incorporating a picosecond fiber laser and
an 8 m long piece of hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber. Strongly chirped high energy 5.5 ps pulses produced by fiber
amplification are compressed in the hollow core enabling formation of stable 520 fs-solitons with 77% conversion
efficiency. Wavelength tunability was provided by exploiting Raman self-frequency shift of the solitons yielding 33nm
tuning range. The transform limited output pulses were frequency doubled using a conventional nonlinear crystal with
high conversion efficiency of 60%. Demonstration of a femtosecond green laser tunable from 534 nm to 548 nm with
180nJ pulse energy is also reported.
We present new approaches for realizing enhanced tunable filters based on filling special fibers with nematic or cholesteric liquid crystal. One of the suggested approaches is to realize high-resolution longitudinal structure of electrodes using printed circuit board technology and then fill tapered capillaries with the liquid crystal, thus obtaining the desired spectral response at low voltage and with low insertion loss. Another approach is to fill special photonic crystal fibers with liquid crystal and obtain spectral tunability by generating phase differences between light paths.
Despite the fact that laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) has become an important tool in modern biological laboratories, it is bulky, inflexible and has limited field of view, thus limiting its applications. To overcome these drawbacks, we report the development of a compact dual-clad photonic-crystal-fiber (DCPCF) based multiphoton scanning microscope. In this novel microscope, beam-scanning is achieved by directly scanning an optical fiber, in contrast to conventional beam scanning achieved by varying the incident angle of a laser beam at an objective entrance pupil. The fiber delivers femtosecond laser pulses for two-photon excitation and collects fluorescence back through the same fiber. Conventional fibers, either single-mode fiber (SMF) or multimode fiber (MMF), are not suitable for this detection configuration because of the low collection efficiency for a SMF and low excitation rate for a MMF. Our newly invented DCPCF allows one to optimize collection and excitation efficiency at the same time. In addition, when a gradient-index (GRIN) lens is used to focus the fiber output to a tight spot, the fluorescence signal collected back through the GRIN lens forms a large spot at the fiber tip because of the chromatic aberrations of the GRIN lens. This problem prevents a standard fiber from being applicable, but is completely overcome by the DCPCF. We demonstrate that this next generation scanning confocal microscope has an extremely simple structure and a number of unique features owing to its fundamentally different scanning mechanism: high flexibility, arbitrarily large scan range, aberration-free imaging, and low cost.
Fluorescence is a powerful tool for biosensing, but conventional fluorescence measurements are limited because solid tumors are highly scattering media. To obtain quantitative in vivo fluorescence information from tumors, we have developed a two-photon optical fiber fluorescence (TPOFF) probe where excitation light is delivered and the two-photon fluorescence (TPF) excited at the tip of the fiber is collected back through the same fiber. In order to determine whether this system can provide quantitative information, we measured the fluorescence from a variety of systems including mouse tumors (both ex vivo and in vivo) which were transfected with the gene to express varying amounts of green fluorescence protein (GFP), and tumors which were labeled with targeted dendrimer-based drug delivery agents. The TPOFF technique showed results quantitatively in agreement with those from flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. In order to improve the sensitivity of our fiber probe, we developed a dual-clad photonic-crystal fiber which allowed single-mode excitation and multimode (high numerical aperture) collection of TPF. These experiments indicate that the TPOFF technique is highly promising for real-time, in vivo, quantitative fluorescence measurements.
Sergei Bagayev, S. Chepurov, Vladimir Denisov, V. Klementyev, D. Kolker, Igor Korel, S. Kuznetsov, Yu. Matyugin, V. Pivtsov, V. Zakharyash, Timothy Birks, William Wadsworth, Philip Russell
We propose an experimental results and theoretical description of the ultrashort pulse train spectral broadening in tapered fibers. Multi-peak spectral structure due to the effect of self-phase modulation was obtained. Phase and amplitude fluctuations were investigated. Shown that stability of intermode beats decreased slightly after the propagation through tapered fiber. A technique and results of high precision measurements of the intermode frequency of a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser for investigation of the influence of a tapered fiber are described. The experiments have shown that the intermode frequency stability does not depend on the broadened spectrum range.
Ultrahigh axial resolution OCT is demonstrated in human cells and other human biopsies for two fiber broadened femtosecond light sources, achieving 0.5μm axial resolution in the visible and 1.4μm in the in the 1300nm wavelength region.
KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, In vivo imaging, Image resolution, Imaging systems, Femtosecond phenomena, Neodymium glass lasers, Light sources, Single mode fibers, Skin, Real time imaging
We demonstrate compact ultrahigh resolution OCT systems for in vivo studies, with broadband light sources based on a commercially available Nd:Glass femtosecond laser and nonlinear fiber continuum generation. In vivo OCT images of hamster cheek pouch and human skin acquired at 4 frames per second and with 5.5 μm axial resolution are presented. These systems are robust, compact and portable.
Photonic crystal fibre, or holey fibre, offers a new paradigm in optical fibre where the effective properties of the holey material can be engineered to differ widely from the bulk properties of the matrix material. This engineering freedom has led to development of fibres with unusual and useful properties for applications throughout physical and biological sciences.
Ultrahigh resolution OCT imaging is demonstrated using compact broadband light sources based on a commercially available Nd:Glass femtosecond laser with nonlinear fiber continuum generation. A tapered single mode fiber is used to generate broadband light centered at 1300 nm. Broadband light near 1064 nm can also be generated using a high numerical aperture single mode germanium doped fiber. These light sources enable ultrahigh resolution OCT imaging with 5-6 μm axial resolution at both 1064 nm and 1300 nm.
Sergei Bagayev, S. Chepurov, Vladimir Denisov, V. Klementyev, D. Kolker, Igor Korel, S. Kuznetsov, Yu. Matyugin, V. Pivtsov, V. Zakharyash, Timothy Birks, William Wadsworth, Philip Russell
Experimental and theoretical investigations of the Ti:S laser spectrum broadened in tapered fiber are presented. Dependence of broadened spectrum envelope on the waist diameter and coupled laser power was studied.
Sergei Bagayev, S. Chepurov, Vladimir Denisov, Alexander Dmitriyev, A. Dychkov, V. Klementyev, D. Kolker, Igor Korel, S. Kuznetsov, Yu. Matyugin, M. Okhapkin, V. Pivtsov, M. Skvortsov, V. Zakharyash, Timothy Birks, William Wadsworth, Philip Russell
The principles of precision measurement of frequency intervals in optical range with the help of femtosecond lasers are described. An experimental scheme of femtosecond optical clock is described. The characteristics of the basic elements and units of the setup are presented. The results of a broadened spectrum researches with the help of tapered fibers are reported.
Sergei Bagayev, Alexander Dmitriyev, S. Chepurov, A. Dychkov, V. Klementyev, D. Kolker, S. Kuznetsov, Yu. Matyugin, M. Okhapkin, V. Pivtsov, M. Skvortsov, V. Zakharyash, Timothy Birks, William Wadsworth, Philip Russell, Alexei Zheltikov, Valentin Beloglazov
An experimental scheme of femtosecond optical clock is described. The characteristics of the elements and blocks of the setup are given. Possible application areas of the optical clock described are discussed.
The use of an optical frequency comb generated by an ultrafast mode-locked laser has been realized as a promising method of the direct comparison between microwave and optical frequencies. We are currently investigating frequency control of a chirped-mirror-dispersion-controlled mode-locked Ti:Al2O3 laser. We stabilized the pulse repetition rate frep to a rf synthesizer locked to a cesium (Cs) clock to the Allan deviation of 4 X 10-12 in 1 s. We found that the position of the crystal, rotation of the chirped mirrors, and change of the pump-laser power can be used in controlling the carrier-envelope offset frequency fCEO. We extended the span of the comb to over one octave, i.e., from 530 nm to 1190 nm, at -20 dB using a photonic-crystal fiber made at the University of Bath. We are currently trying to measure the frequency of an iodine-stabilized Nd:YAG laser using a floating ruler of a f:2f frequency interval chain. We detected the self-referencing beat between the fundamental and second- harmonic frequencies of the comb, which will enable further precise comparison between microwave and optical frequencies through the control of the fCEO.
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