An azobenzene holographic material based on the {[4-(dimethylamino) phenyl] diazenyl} benzoic acid (Methyl red) for dynamic holographic recording is synthesized. The first order diffraction can be detected in 0.5 seconds. The rapid response in holographic recording /erasing makes it possible in dynamic applications.
A facile fabrication route using hierarchical mesoporous silica materials for anti-reflection films is presented. The graded index design makes the refraction index changes slightly between any two laminated layers, resulting in a minimized reflectance coefficient.
A signal processing algorithm is presented for 3D profile measurements by means of coaxial fringe projections. It helps to reduce the noise caused by low reflectance and enhance the systematic reliability. Accuracy of the retrieved 3D profile can be achieved in the order of sub-millimeters.
A one-shot projection scheme using the phase-shifting technique to describe the profile of the dynamic object is presented. A color-encoded pattern is employed to perform the one-shot measurement. With the proposed scheme of calibration, errors caused by cross-talk between the color channels can be reduced.
A volume holographic material based on the ethylene glycol phenyl ethyl acrylate (EGPEA) monomers with various initiator concentrations in the host matrix PMMA is synthesized. For a polymer with a thickness of 460μm and an illuminating power density of 12.55mW/cm2, a Bragg grating with the diffraction efficiency of 75% can be formed in 18 seconds.
A phase unwrapping method based on the phase-wedged encoding algorithm for phase-shifting projected fringe profilometry is presented. The patterns used to perform the phase-shifting technique can be used for unwrapping directly. Even though the size of the inspected objected is so small that only one fringe is projected, fringes can be discerned correctly.
KEYWORDS: Inspection, 3D projection, Fringe analysis, Image acquisition, 3D metrology, 3D acquisition, 3D image processing, Amplitude modulation, Discontinuities
A 2D fringe pattern is designed and employed to perform 3D profile measurements by means of coaxial fringe projections and image acquisitions. To enhance the reliability and systematic accuracy, a signal processing algorithm is proposed as well. Accuracy of the retrieved 3D profile can be achieved in the order of sub-millimeters.
A phase unwrapping method using the phase-encoded algorithm for phase-shifting projected fringe profilometry is presented. There is no need to take additional projections for phase unwrapping. The patterns used to perform the phase-extraction can be employed for unwrapping directly.
A 2D fringe pattern is presented for projected fringe profilometry in the tele-centric system. Compared with the methods which embeds multiple frequencies in one pattern, the proposed one-shot method is more tolerant to low signal-to-noise ratios and more reliable for surface with large color or reflectance variation.
A phase unwrapping method using the error-controlled fringe projection scheme for phase-shifting projected fringe profilometry is presented. Most unwrapping methods cannot cope with the problems caused by low signal-to-noise ratios. The presenting method can detect such kind of errors and recover the mistake.
A binary encoding algorithm is presented for phase-shifting projected fringe profilometry. It does not require additional projections to identify fringe orders. The pattern used for phase extraction can be used for phase unwrapping directly. Fringes can be discerned even though the surface color or reflectivity varies with positions.
A one-shot fringe projection scheme with a 2D fringe pattern for tele-centric Fourier transform profilometry is presented. Even though the size of the inspected object is so small that the surface is not fully projected by one fringe, unwrapping can be performed without ambiguity.
A pulsed-encoding scheme for phase-shifting projected fringe profilometry is presented. The projected fringe patterns used to perform the phase-shifting technique can be used to identify the fringe orders directly. For the filed of view 300mm×300mm, systematic accuracy was approximately 600μm.
A one-shot method to describe the 3D shape of a rotating object is evaluated. A sinusoidal fringe pattern is illuminated on the rotating object. Fringes on the rotating object observed by the digital camera are blurred by the motion. The blurred fringes are analyzable to retrieve the profile of the rotating object.
A mask optimization algorithm is presented for the scanning projected fringe profilometry. It uses a sinusoidal pattern to illuminate the inspected object. Fringes on the inspected objects are recorded by the image sensor array. The mask optimization algorithm helps to identify the amplitude of the projected fringes. With the mask optimization, to analyze surfaces with low reflectance is possible.
A one-shot technique for profile measurements is presented. A sinusoidal fringe pattern embedded with one-dimensional pulses is used to illuminate the inspected object. The pattern projected on the inspected object is observed by a CCD camera at another view angle. The pulse-encoded fringe pattern provides additional information to identify the fringe order. Even though the surface color or reflectivity varies periodically with positions, it distinguishes the fringe order very well.
A contrast-encoded method based on the phase-shifting technique for 3D shape measurements is presented. Phase extraction is performed by the phase-shifting technique, while unwrapping is discerned by the quaternary contrastencoded patterns. There is no need to take additional projections for phase unwrapping. The fringe patterns used for phase extraction can be analyzed for unwrapping directly. This makes it more efficient to perform high speed, real time, and low cost 3-D shape measurements.
A fringe projection technique embedded into a stereo microscope to perform 3D deformation measurements is presented. Fringes projected on the inspected object are blurred by motion, providing additional information to describe the surface deformation. In conjunction to a stereo microscope, to inspect the deformation of micro-objects is available. Only oneshot measurement is required. The full-field property makes it possible to inspect several objects at the same time.
A fringe projection method based on the phase-shifting technique for 3D shape measurements is presented. Phase extraction is performed by the phase-shifting technique, while unwrapping is discerned by the phase-encoded patterns. There is no need to take additional projections for phase unwrapping. The fringe patterns used for phase extraction can be directly utilized for unwrapping. Experiments show that absolute phases could be obtained with high reliability.
A one-shot technique for profile measurements is presented. A two-dimensional deinge-encoded pattern is used to illuminate the inspected object and a monochromatic camera is employed to observe the deformed fringes at another view angle. The 2D fringe-encoded pattern provides additional information to identify the fringe order. Even though the surface color or reflectivity varies rapidly with positions, it distinguishes the fringe order very well.
A scanning fringe projection technique is presented to retrieve the 3D shape of an object with large depth discontinuities. A 1D sinusoidal pattern is employed as the projected pattern. With a reliable image processing algorithm, noises and errors are efficiently detected and reduced.
A full-field method using fringe patterns to identify the profile of a specular surface is presented. A virtual image of the fringe pattern is formed by the specular surface. The specular surface deforms the image of fringe pattern. Thus, phase of the deformed fringes can be utilized to retrieve the profile of the inspected surface.
A one-shot profilometry for surfaces with color or reflectivity discontinuties is presented. It uses binary-encoded pattern to illuminate the inspected object and a monochromatic camera to observe the deformed fringes at another view angle. The encoded pattern provides additional to identify the fringe order. For spatially isolated objects or surfaces with large depth discontinuities, unwrapping can be identified without ambiguity. Even though the surface color or reflectivity varies rapidly with position, it distinguishes the fringe order as well.
A fringe projection profilometry is presented. It uses the phase-shifting technique perform the phase-extraction and use the ternary-encoded patterns to identify the fringe orders. Only five-shot measurements are required for data processing. Experiments show that absolute phases could be obtained with high reliability.
A setup using fringe projection techniques to perform 3D profile measurements for transparent objects is presented. The related mathematical equations are derived as well. A fringe pattern is illuminated onto the transparent object. Fringes passing through the inspected object are then projected onto a screen. A CCD camera is employed to record the transmitted fringes on the screen. Fringe on the screen are deformed by the refractive index and the surface structure, and therefore are desirable to describe the shape of the inspected sample.
A scanning pattern projection technique for 3D shape measurements is proposed. A binary grid pattern is employed as the projected pattern. The limited depth-of-focus of the pattern projection system makes the surface on the focused area can be clearly observed. Thus, a 2D contour of the inspected surface addressed by the in-focused fringes was obtained. By assembling the surface contours with their corresponding depths, the 3D shape of the object cab retrieved.
A fabrication approach using PMMA [poly(methyl methacrylate)] and EGPEA (ethylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate)
for holographic materials is presented. Diffraction efficiencies with various interference angles are studied. A 3D image
reconstructed by this hologram is presented as well.
A scanning fringe projection technique is presented to retrieve the 3D shape of an object with large depth discontinuities.
Shadowing caused by tilted fringe projection can be eliminated. With a reliable image processing algorithm, noises and
errors for surfaces on the edge area are efficiently detected and reduced.
A 3D translation stage which meets the requirement of the next-generation lithography is proposed. The Michelson
interferometer is used to evaluate the moving distance for this 3-dimensional translation stage. With the help of
Michelson interferometer, accuracy in the order of nanometers is desirable.
A phase unwrapping method by spatially encoding the fringe patterns is presented for phase-shifting projected fringe
profilometry. For spatially isolated objects or surfaces with large depth discontinuities, unwrapping can be identified
without ambiguity. Even though the surface color or reflectivity varies rapidly with position, it distinguishes the fringe
order accurately.
A non-scanning method to describe the 3D profile of a metal surface is proposed. A fringe pattern is posited in front of the metal surface. A virtual image of the fringe pattern is formed behind the metal surface. Fringes on the virtual image are deformed by topography of the metal object. Thus, phase of the deformed fringes is desirable to retrieve the profile of the metal surface.
An encoding algorithm to identify the fringe orders for Fourier transform profilometry is described. Phase unwrapping is then performed with reference to the encoding algorithm. Even though the inspected object is colorful or sensitive to the reflectance variation, unwrapping can be performed without ambiguity. The computation cost is very low, and its unwrapped errors can be confined in a local area.
We present a fringe projection system embedded into an endoscope to describe the absolute shape of an inspected object. A fringe pattern generated by launching incoherent light waves into a volume hologram is projected on the inspected surface. The endoscope observes the projected fringes at another point of view. Fringes on the obtained image are deformed both by the topography of the object, and are analyzable to retrieve the 3D shape.
A reliable image processing method is provided to enhance the accuracy of the scanning fringe projection technique. Noises and errors for surfaces on the edge area can be efficiently detected and reduced. To accurately describe the shape of a complicated object is available.
In this paper, a scanning approach using fringe projection techniques to perform the 3D shape measurement for a
complicated object is proposed. A fringe pattern is projected onto the inspected object. A CCD camera observes the
projected fringes. The point of view of the CCD camera is the same as the projected fringes. Thus, shadowing caused by
tilted fringe projection can be eliminated. The depth-of-field of the camera lens is short enough that only fringes within
the focused area can be clearly observed. By moving the inspected object around the focused area along the depth
direction, a set of images, which addresses the contour of the object with its corresponding depth, is obtained.
Assembling the image contours with their corresponding depths, the 3D shape of the object is retrieved. Even though the
depth discontinuity on the inspected surface is pretty high, the proposed method can retrieve the 3D shape precisely.
An approach using lithography techniques to fabricate a binary-encoded fringe pattern for projected fringe
profilometry is described. The sinusoidal fringes are spatially encoded with a stream of binary stripes. Phase
unwrapping is then performed based on the transmittance of the binary stripes. The period of the binary stripes can be
enlarged by increasing the length of the encoded stream. Its tolerance of phase unwrapping is therefore increased.
Advantages of the fringe pattern for phase unwrapping include (1) reliable performance for colorful objects, (2)
unwrapped errors only confined in a local area, and (3) low computation cost..
An approach using the fringe projection technique to perform the 3D profile measurement for a plano-convex lens is
proposed. A fringe pattern is illuminated onto the lens object, and a CCD camera is employed to record the transmitted
fringes on the screen. Fringes on the obtained image are deformed both by the refractive index and the topography of the
object, and are analyzable to retrieve the 3D shape.
A scanning approach using fringe projection techniques to perform the 3D profile measurement for a non-diffusive
object is proposed. It employs a hologram as the fringe projection device. Even though the inspected object is nondiffusive,
the proposed method can retrieve the 3D shape precisely. Surfaces with depth discontinuities can be retrieved
very well.
An approach using holographic techniques to fabricate an optical concentrator for a solar cell is described. This concentrator consists of a hologram and a lenticular lens. The lenticular lens collects the sunlights from arbitrary incident angles. The sunlights are then launched into the hologram and generate diffracted light waves. Most of the diffracted waves are normally incident into the solar cell. Thus, reflectivity of the light on the surface of the solar cell is minimized, and the solar energy concentration is increased.
A scanning approach using holographic techniques to perform the 3D shape measurement for a non-diffusive object is proposed. Even though the depth discontinuity on the inspected surface is pretty high, the proposed method can retrieve the 3D shape precisely.
In this paper, we present a scanning approach to retrieve the 3D shape of the object with large depth discontinuities. A fringe pattern is projected onto the inspected object. A CCD camera is used to observe the projected fringes. The depth-of- field of the camera lens is so short that only fringes within the focused area can be clearly observed. By moving the inspected object around the focused area along the depth direction, a set of images, which addresses the contour of the object with its corresponding depth, is obtained. The 3D shape of the object is then retrieved by assembling the image contours with their corresponding depths.
An approach using fringe projection to perform the deformation measurement is proposed. A fringe pattern is
illuminated onto the dynamic object, and a CCD camera is employed to record the fringe distribution. For a sufficient
long recording time, fringes on the obtained image are deformed by the topography of the object, and also, blurred by
motion. Thus, the blurred fringes supply additional information to describe the deformation during the measurement.
Only one shot measurement is required for data processing. This makes it possible to perform the deformation
measurements with low environmental vulnerability.
In this paper, we investigate the application of the EMD to automatically reduce speckles on the fringe pattern. It is
found that the number of the removed intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) is sensitive to the period of the fringe pattern, but
not sensitive to the speckle size and the speckle amplitude. Thus, a database system based on statistic simulations for
finding the optimization of removing speckles is built. With this database, more than 80% speckles on the fringe pattern
can be robotically reduced.
In this paper, we present an approach to enhance the image resolution by reassembling a couple of low-resolution
images. Image registration was performed by the fringe projection technique. Experimental results have shown that
accuracy better than sub-pixel of the low resolution camera can be achieved.
A fringe projection technique for finding the absolute shape at a sequence of time for a dynamic object is proposed. This
method makes it possible to simultaneously identify the trace and the speed of the dynamic object.
We present a database system based on the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to automatically reduce the speckle in
a fringe pattern. With reference to the database, speckles on the fringe pattern can be efficiently and robotically reduced.
Percentage of the removed speckles can be predicted as well.
Fringe projection techniques are powerful tools to find the 3D profile of an object. However, color on the inspected
object might be damaged due to the fringe projection. In this paper, we investigate three approaches to recover the color
distribution. This makes it possible to enhance the performance of 3D image vision.
A profile measurement approach using two diffractive elements to generate two fringe patterns is presented. Only one
phase measurement needed for operation. In conjunction with the endoscope, the compact design makes it possible to
inspect dynamic object inside the body cavity.
An approach using a phase mask to enlarge the depth measuring range for a 3D shape sensing system is presented. A
microscope combined with a wide-angle eyepiece lens is employed to project a fringe pattern onto the inspected surface.
A CCD camera observes the projected fringes through another microscope with a phase mask. The phase mask enlarges
the depth of field of the image acquisition system, while the wide-angle eyepiece lens increases the depth of focus of the
fringe projection system. It is found that the depth measuring range has been extended up to 1600-micron, even though
the depth of field of the image acquisition system is only 80-micron.
An algorithm using fringe projection to retrieve the 3D shape from images blurred by motion is described. Theoretical
analysis shows that objects moving within one period of the projected fringe can be directly described by the projected
fringe profilometry. Thus, the cost of the detection system is effectively reduced.
An algorithm using fringe projection to perform the speed measurement is described. A fringe pattern is illuminated onto
the dynamic object, and a CCD camera is used to record the fringe distribution. Fringes on the obtained image are
deformed by the topography of the object, and also, blurred by motion. Thus, the blurred fringes supply additional
information to describe the speed of motion. Only one shot measurement is required for data processing. This makes it
possible to perform the speed measurements with low environmental vulnerability.
A database system based on the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to automatically reduce the subjective speckles in
a fringe pattern is presented. To accurately evaluate the performance of speckle-reduction by the EMD, a method to
design a computer generated signal is proposed as well. The simulation showed that the number to removed IMFs is
changed when the period of the computer generated signal or the signal-to-noise ratio varies. Thus, we built up a
database to identify the required number of removed IMFs. With reference to the database, speckles on the fringe pattern
can be efficiently and robotically reduced.
Phase-extraction from fringe patterns is an inevitable procedure in many applications, such as interferometry, Moiré
analysis, and profilometry using structured light illumination. Errors to phase-extraction always occur when the signal-to-
noise ratio is weak. In this paper, we use the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) with a generalized analysis model
to reduce the white noise from a fringe pattern. It is found that phases can be extracted with high accuracy once noise-reduction
is performed with this model.
Most 3-D shape measurements for a dynamic object always require that the obtained images not be blurred by motion. We show that it is not necessary to avoid the blurred image when projected fringe profilometry is employed. For objects that move within one period of the projected fringes, 3-D surfaces can be retrieved directly from the blurred fringes. Consequently, the presented method intensively reduces the cost of the detection system.
The speckle that is formed in coherent illumination confuses efforts to record an object's fine details. The confusion is
particularly severe in optical metrology and microscopy. In this paper, a scheme using the empirical mode
decomposition (EMD) to remove speckles is proposed. This makes it possible to accurately evaluate phases from a
fringe pattern illuminated by a coherent light source.
We propose a projection scheme using a diffraction element for finding the absolute shape of an object with large depth
discontinuities. Its application built into an endoscope to retrieve an object inside a body cavity is presented as well.
Among all existing fringe projection schemes, this proposed method is notable for its compact design. Only one phase
measurement is required. To inspect a dynamic object is desirable.
We present a discussion on how an area-encoded fringe pattern is applied to describe the 3D shape of complex objects
that have spatially isolated surfaces or large depth continuities. Compared with conventional fringe projection
techniques, the proposed scheme is relatively reliable and robust to identify the fringe order. Only one phase
measurement is required. This makes it possible to analyze dynamic objects.
A 3D sensing method to describe an entire shape from many segmented measurements performed by projected fringe
profilomety is presented. Unlike conventional algorithms, image registration is not required in this setup. Among all
other integration schemes, this method is superior since it offers many major advantages, including: (1) very low
computation cost for the data fusion, (2) reduced computational time, and (3) very high integration accuracy.
A method using multiple fringe projections from different viewpoints for finding the absolute shape of an object is
proposed. In this method, surfaces with large depth discontinuities can be identified without ambiguity. Shadowing
caused by tilted fringe projection can be eliminated as well. The other advantages of the proposed measurement system
are: (1) large depth-of-field in the projection system; (2) very low fringe distortion (even for a large field of view); and
(3) robust performance to analyze dynamic objects.
A novel technique using projected fringe profilometry with pulsed illuminations for finding the absolute shape of an
object, which is vibrating with high frequency, is proposed. The proposed method can accurately describe the observed
3D shape at a sequence of time. Even though the tested object vibrates up to 10K-Hz, the proposed method can
accurately describe the observed 3D shape at a specific time. Depth accuracy better than one part in ten thousandths of
the field of view can be achieved even with excessive image noises. Furthermore, using the proposed method, the
vibrating frequency and local displacement at each pixel can be accurately identified.
KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, 3D image processing, Speckle, 3D image reconstruction, Linear filtering, Light sources, Interference (communication), 3D acquisition, Optical interferometry, Photonic crystal fibers
3D shape reconstruction using fringe projection or interference schemes has been extended studied. However, speckle
noises could be introduced once a coherent light source is used. In this paper, we use the empirical mode decomposition
(EMD) to remove speckles caused by such kind of coherent illumination. This makes it possible to accurately analyze
fringes in the frequency domain and to accurately reconstruct a 3D image.
A method to reconstruct a 3D profile using a projected fringe profilometry from a 2D image blurred by uniform linear
motion is proposed. The proposed method offers following major advantages: (1) very low computation cost for the 3D
reconstruction, (2) only one phase measurement needed for operation, and (3) robust performance to analyze dynamic
objects.
In this paper, a projected fringe profilometry using a supercontinuum light source generated by launching femto second laser pulses into a highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber is presented. The proposed profilometry for micro-scale measurements has the following major advantages: (1) large-depth-of-field in the projection system, (2) ease of calibration, and (3) little speckle noise.
In this paper, we provide a technique using a hologram as a diffractive element for finding the absolute shape of an object with large depth discontinuities. The proposed method offers following major advantages: (1) a large depth-of-field in the projection system, (2) very low fringe distortion (even for a large field of view), (3) only one phase measurement needed for operation, (4) easiness for calibration, (5) robust performance to analyze surfaces with lots of discontinuities, especially for automatic phase unwrapping, and (6) a very compact design for the measurement system. The single-shot property also makes it possible for measurements of dynamic objects with large depth discontinuities.
A technique using diffractive elements for finding the absolute shape of a large-scale object is proposed. It is found that an accurate projected fringe profilometer can be built by applying the holographic technique in the system. The advantages of using the presented technique for projected fringe profilometry are: (1) a large depth of field; (2) very fringe distortion (even for a large field of view); and (3) a very compact design for the measurement system.
A novel integration approach using a supercontinuum light illumination generated by launching femto second laser pulses into a highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber is presented. The main advantages of using the presented technique for accurate 3D data fusion are: (1) a large depth of field; (2) very low aberration (even for a large field of view); and (3) no coherent noise (a major problem for the laser system). Matched points can be located in the fused partial topological maps at an accuracy of one hundredth of the pixel size.
Fabrication of digital sinusoidal gratings for accurate integration of segmented 3D image data is presented. The main advantages of using digital 2-D fringe patterns for our proposed data fusion scheme include (1) high matching accuracy, (2) improved robustness, (3) reduced computational time, and (4) capability of compensating distortions of the optical system at every pixel location.
One key problem of fringe projection techniques for 3D shape measurements is the limited phase unambiguity range when only one grating period is used. Dual-frequency patterns in which involves two grating periods can easily extend the unambiguity range. A method to fabricate accurate dual-frequency patterns is presented. The advantage of using digital dual-frequency patterns for projected fringe profilometry are (1) high geometrical accuracy (< 0.5μm); (2) high contrast ratio; (3) very low high order harmonic distortions; and (4) extended unambiguity range.
Fabrication of various digital fringe patterns, such as digital sinusoidal gratings, two-dimensional fringe patterns, and two-frequency fringe patterns is presented. The advantage of using various digital patterns instead of other traditional patterns for projected fringe profilometry are (1) high geometrical accuracy (<0.5μm); (2) high contrast ratio; and (3) very low high order harmonic distortions.
A novel integration technique for segmented 3D profiles measured by projected fringe profilometry is proposed. This method is able to match images successfully even in the presence of geometric deformations, illumination changes, and severe occlusions. Tests of the system performance have been carried out that accuracy of the registration scheme is one part in one hundred of one pixel. This technique is superior to the other methods because of its higher accuracy, improved robustness, and reduced computational cost.
A unique, all-optic switch based on an innovatively designed planar lightwave circuit (PLC) is presented in this paper. The switching function is achieved by using ultra large birefringence of nematic liquid crystals (NLC) filled at the trench of waveguides. The trench at the crossing forms a waveguide mirror or a matching medium when extraordinary and ordinary refractive indices of NLC are employed, respectively. The major advantages of our unique design are: (1) the limitation that refractive index of liquid crystal must be less than that of waveguide material itself is eliminated so that conventional NCL material such as E7 can be used; (2) it is a self aligned fabrication process that alleviates the tight tolerance of later tilt error; (3) the design is thermally stable. The successful fabrication of this unqiue switch could result in an enabling element for the next generation all-optic networks.
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