Recently, there have been significant advances in using magnetostrictive particles in a polymer matrix; finding uses in many applications, both as an active transducer and a passive dumper. Termed magnetostrictive particulate composites (MPC), the material provides capabilities identical or superior to the monolithic material. Fortis Technologies has been pursuing improvements in the applications and fabrication of this innovative material. Specifically, this MPC technology provides a passive, broadband, large temperature range, high stiffness, damping material to be used where current technologies fall short. A novel manufacturing technique based on magnetic fields has been developed to distribute magnetostrictive particulates in a polymer resin and apply it in thin-layer on surfaces for vibration damping in environments typical of turbomachinery fan blades. These magnetostrictive particulates provide damping through domain wall switching, a non-conservative action which provides a high loss factor, and, in turn, significant vibration mitigation. The magnetostrictive damping composites can be easily fabricated into thin films, provide stiffness and strength while also incorporating damping capabilities which exceed in performance and temperature range viscoelastic materials, the current state of the art for applied blade damping. Analytical studies, a finite element analysis and experimental study of the new material in a typical turbomachinery blade loading condition has been conducted and has demonstrated the benefits of this technology.
Recently, there have been significant advances in using magnetostrictive particles in a polymer matrix; finding uses in many applications, both as an active transducer and a passive damper. Termed magnetostrictive particulate composites (MPC), the material provides capabilities identical or superior to the monolithic material. Fortis Technologies has been pursuing improvements in the application and fabrication of this innovative material. The MPC technology provides a passive, broadband, large temperature range, high stiffness, dampling material to be used where current technologies fall short. Damping applications of this technology include sporting goods, power/hand tools, space launch and satellite design, noise abatement and vibration isolation. Energy absorption of the composites has been measured and is approaching that of the monolithic material. The material can also be actively controlled by a magnetic field, producing a transducer that can be used for sonar applications. The advantage of this technology over those currently in use is the large power density at relatively low frequencies and the ease of fabrication, allowing less expensive and more effective conformal arrays. Effective strain output and piezomagnetic coefficients have been measured, as have its dynamic properties. The results show significant improvement of the strain output and piezomagnetic coefficients, approaching the monolithic material.
Acquiring accurate, transient measurements in harsh environments has always pushed the limits of available measurement technology. Until recently, the technology to directly measure certain properties in extremely high temperature environments has not existed. Advancements in optical measurement technology have led to the development of measurement techniques for pressure, temperature, acceleration, skin friction, etc. using extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometry (EFPI). The basic operating principle behind EFPI enables the development of sensors that can operate in the harsh conditions associated with turbine engines, high-speed combustors, and other aerospace propulsion applications where the flow environment is dominated by high frequency pressure and temperature variations caused by combustion instabilities, blade-row interactions, and unsteady aerodynamic phenomena. Using micromachining technology, these sensors are quite small and therefore ideal for applications where restricted space or minimal measurement interference is a consideration. In order to help demonstrate the general functionality of this measurement technology, sensors and signal processing electronics currently under development by Luna Innovations were used to acquire point measurements during testing of a transonic fan in the Compressor Research Facility (CRF) at the Turbine Engine Research Center (TERC), WPAFB. Acquiring pressure measurements at the surface of the casing wall provides data that are useful in understanding the effects of pressure fluctuations on the operation and lifetime wear of a fan. This measurement technique is useful in both test rig applications and in operating engines where lifetime wear characterization is important. The measurements acquired during this test also assisted in the continuing development of this technology for higher temperature environments by providing proof-of-concept data for sensors based on advanced microfabrication and optical techniques.
This paper presents results of a micromachined, SiC/sapphire pressure sensor designed for propulsive environments. The completed sensor is 3mm square with a sapphire fiber through the back of the sensor. Included are results from a high- speed fiber optic signal processing system combined with sapphire fiber for use in fluctuating, high temperature environments. The sensor is designed to be capable of operating at the extreme temperatures and pressures of the next generation engines including ramjet/scramjets. These conditions far exceed the capabilities of conventional metal and electronic sensors. Fiber optic sensors offer the ability to increase the temperature range of these devices by removing the electronics of conventional sensors from the hot zone. Unfortunately, these conditions also exceed the capabilities of silicon and silica optical fiber. In contrast, silicon carbide has excellent mechanical, thermal and chemical properties for use in such environments, while the high operating temperature and optical quality of sapphire fibers and the inherent immunity of optical fiber sensors to electromagnetic interference make their use of particularly advantageous. Sensors made from a combination of these materials would be able to operate in almost any propulsive environment and allow valuable insight into flow regimes where little previous data is available.
Optical fiber sensors, because of their small size, low weight, extremely high information carrying capability, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and large operational temperature range, provide numerous advantages over conventional electrical based sensors. Current and future aircraft designs require reduced sensor size and weight while maintaining resolution and accuracy in the extreme flight environment. Unmanned air vehicles also require more accurate sensor information to improve aircraft control systems. This paper presents preliminary results from optical fiber sensor designs for monitoring acceleration, pressure, and skin friction in-flight.
A novel, multiplexed optical fiber differential-pressure transducer is described for the real-time pressure measurement of airflow in applications involving actuator- and SMA-controlled airfoils and multi-parameter skin friction measurements. The design of the pressure transducer is based upon extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometry (EFPI) and uses a micromachined silicon diaphragm to modulate the sensing cavity. The pressure transducer was designed to operate from minus 10 to 10 psig and have a resolution of greater than 0.01 psi. Ten pressure transducers were spatially multiplexed and tested for smart wing applications. Results are also reported for an integrated skin friction balance/optical fiber pressure transducer tested in Virginia Tech's Supersonic Tunnel (VTSST).
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