Novel types of spectral sensors using coded apertures may offer various advantages over conventional designs, especially the possibility of compressive measurements that could exceed the expected spatial, temporal or spectral resolution of the system. However, the nature of the measurement process imposes certain limitations, especially on the noise performance of the sensor. This paper considers a particular type of coded-aperture spectral imager and uses analytical and numerical modelling to compare its expected noise performance with conventional hyperspectral sensors. It is shown that conventional sensors may have an advantage in conditions where signal levels are high, such as bright light or slow scanning, but that coded-aperture sensors may be advantageous in low-signal conditions.
People tracking in crowded scenes from closed-circuit television (CCTV) footage has been a popular and challenging task in computer vision. Due to the limited spatial resolution in the CCTV footage, the color of people’s dress may offer an alternative feature for their recognition and tracking. However, there are many factors, such as variable illumination conditions, viewing angles, and camera calibration, that may induce illusive modification of intrinsic color signatures of the target. Our objective is to recognize and track targets in multiple camera views using color as the detection feature, and to understand if a color constancy (CC) approach may help to reduce these color illusions due to illumination and camera artifacts and thereby improve target recognition performance. We have tested a number of CC algorithms using various color descriptors to assess the efficiency of target recognition from a real multicamera Imagery Library for Intelligent Detection Systems (i-LIDS) data set. Various classifiers have been used for target detection, and the figure of merit to assess the efficiency of target recognition is achieved through the area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC). We have proposed two modifications of luminance-based CC algorithms: one with a color transfer mechanism and the other using a pixel-wise sigmoid function for an adaptive dynamic range compression, a method termed enhanced luminance reflectance CC (ELRCC). We found that both algorithms improve the efficiency of target recognitions substantially better than that of the raw data without CC treatment, and in some cases the ELRCC improves target tracking by over 100% within the AUROC assessment metric. The performance of the ELRCC has been assessed over 10 selected targets from three different camera views of the i-LIDS footage, and the averaged target recognition efficiency over all these targets is found to be improved by about 54% in AUROC after the data are processed by the proposed ELRCC algorithm. This amount of improvement represents a reduction of probability of false alarm by about a factor of 5 at the probability of detection of 0.5. Our study concerns mainly the detection of colored targets; and issues for the recognition of white or gray targets will be addressed in a forthcoming study.
A major problem for obtaining target reflectance via hyperspectral imaging systems is the presence of illumination and shadow effects. These factors are common artefacts, especially when dealing with a hyperspectral imaging system that has sensors in the visible to near infrared region. This region is known to have highly scattered and diffuse radiance that can modify the energy recorded by the imaging system. A shadow effect will lower the target reflectance values due to the small radiant energy impinging on the target surface. Combined with illumination artefacts, such as diffuse scattering from the surrounding targets, background or environment, the shape of the shadowed target reflectance will be altered. We propose a new method to compensate for illumination and shadow effects on hyperspectral imageries by using a polarization technique. This technique, called spectro-polarimetry, estimates the direct and diffuse irradiance based on two images taken with and without a polarizer. The method is then evaluated using a spectral similarity measure, angle and distance metric. The results of indoor and outdoor tests have shown that using the spectro-polarimetry technique can improve the spectral constancy between shadow and full illumination spectra.
People tracking in crowded scene have been a popular, and at the same time a very difficult topic in computer vision. It
is mainly because of the difficulty for the acquisition of intrinsic signatures of targets from a single view of the scene.
Many factors, such as variable illumination conditions and viewing angles, will induce illusive modification of intrinsic
signatures of targets. The objective of this paper is to verify if colour constancy (CC) approach really helps people
tracking in CCTV network system. We have testified a number of CC algorithms together with various colour
descriptors, to assess the efficiencies of people recognitions from multi-camera i-LIDS data set via receiver operation
characteristics (ROC). It is found that when CC is applied together with some form of colour restoration mechanisms
such as colour transfer, it does improve people recognition by at least a factor of 2. An elementary luminance based CC
coupled with a pixel based colour transfer algorithm have been developed and it is reported in this paper.
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