KEYWORDS: Data acquisition, Ocean optics, Time-frequency analysis, Optical fiber cables, Digital recording, Signal processing, Sensing systems, Data processing, Optical sensing
Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology holds considerable potential for marine geophysical surveys by transforming standard optic cable into dense arrays of seismo-acoustic sensors and gathering seismic data of shallow stratigraphic profiles. Here, a field trial with an abyss-class DAS system was carried out at 1423 meters depth in the South China Sea, and more than 600GB data was collected for 21 days. The vibration events of the marine integrated experimental base station were recorded, including entering, moving, landing and raising. The time and spectral domain characteristics were analyzed to reveal the station working statuses. The sea trial demonstrates the capability of the abyss-class DAS system for long-term seismic data acquisition in deep-sea environments.
Recent trends in long distance phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer (φ-OTDR) have led to a proliferation of studies on nonlinear effects. We explores stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), selfphase modulation (SPM) and modulation instability (MI) in the φ-OTDR system both theoretically and experimentally. Results show that the analytical model of above nonlinear effects have significance for practice reference, except for MI in the case of long distance. The depletion of power and amplified spontaneous emission power density as the most effective consequences of modulation instability must be taken into account. Compared with theoretical analysis, numerical simulation provides more accurate results, and experiments support the existence of unreported intrinsic spectral component of MI around the signal.
KEYWORDS: Acoustics, Spatial resolution, Signal detection, Signal to noise ratio, Demodulation, Data storage, Sensing systems, Data processing, Data acquisition, Backscatter
High-resolution submarine seismic survey techniques have become necessary in many actual geological and geophysical investigations. A new type of mini-distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) module is developed for working at the bottom of the sea with several kilometers long single-mode fiber cable for tens of thousands of channels at the same time. Integrated designs of optics and electrics help to significantly reduce volume and power consumption. Compared with a common land-based DAS system, the size and power consumption of the mini-DAS module are significantly optimized. The size is 150 × 300 × 110 mm3 (width × depth × height), and the power consumption is down to 25 W. The spatial sampling resolution of ∼0.8 m is retained for high-resolution seismic profile in the deep sea survey. The upper limit of response frequency is set by 500 Hz for the channel sample rate of 1 kS / s to realize the long-term data storage. It presents a powerful signal acquisition ability with the average system noise of 4.79 × 10 − 4 rad / √Hz and the minimum detectable strain is 10.4 pε / √Hz. The innovative mini-DAS module has high enough capabilities for real-time seismic wave signal detection in deep sea.
Fiber optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is a novel technology for seismic data acquisition and particular suitable for vertical seismic profiling, near surface structure imaging and natural seismic monitoring. In this paper, a series of field trials verifying the performance of DAS for detecting marine seismic data are conducted in the geological condition of lagoon. The results show DAS can detect surface waves and longitudinal waves generated by artificial earthquake, and the surface waves have higher main frequency and wider bandwidth and the wave field information of seismic data is more abundant compared to geophone under the same source and the same offset condition.
High resolution submarine seismic survey techniques have become necessary in many actual geological and geophysical investigations. A new type of mini- distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) module is developed for working at the bottom of the sea with several kilometers long single-mode fiber cable for tens of thousands channels at the same time. Integrated designs of optics and electrics help to significantly reduce volume and power consumption. Compared with common Land-based DAS system, the size and power consumption of the mini-DAS module are significantly optimized. The size is 150mm x 300mm x 110mm (Width x Length x Height), and the power consumption is down to 25W. The spatial sampling resolution of ~0.8m is retained for high resolution seismic profile in the deep sea survey. The upper limit of response frequency is set by 500Hz for the channel sample rate of 1000S/s to realize the long term data storage. It presents a powerful signal acquisition ability with the average system noise of 4.79×10-4 rad/√Hz and the minimum detectable strain is 10.4pε/√Hz. The novel mini-DAS module has high enough capabilities for real-time seismic wave signal detection in deep sea.
Fiber optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) based on phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) technology has been widely used in safety monitoring areas including monitoring of oil/gas pipes, communication or power cable, perimeters and so on, however it suffers from the high nuisance alarm rate (NAR) due to the non stationarity characteristics of signal and the interference of external environment. In this paper, GMMs-HMMs is utilized to reduce nuisance alarm rate, we prove that short time signal unit of appropriate length can contain the main frequency domain characteristics of signal, GMMs-HMMs is efficient recognition method for frequency domain sequence of signal. the experience results show the average recognition accuracy rate is 88.89% for seven events.
A series of theoretical study of HWC for distributed acoustic sensing system is proposed to optimize the gaugh length. With the considition of SNR and spatial resolution, the optimal gaugh length is 0.4/(sinαcosθ) to 0.5/(sinαcosθ) times of the Ricker wavelet’s spatial wavelength, when the Ricker wavelet seismic wave travelles to the HWC with the wrapping angle α and the incident angle θ. Similar with the situation in DAS with straight fiber, the optimal gaugh length can achieve the SNR bigger than 90% of the maximum, and the deviation of detected temporal wavelength is less than 14%. Additional coefficient of 1/sinαcosθ is provided to any imping angle of the seismic wave and wrapping angle for the normal working environment.
A theoretical model combined with finite element simulation and numerical analysis is presented to design and optimize of the fiber-wrapped mandrel optic microphone based on distributed acoustic sensing (DAS). To increase the acoustic pressure sensitivity, the optimized fiber-wrapped mandrel microphone with engraved uniform grooves is fabricated and tested as the acoustic transducer. The average sensitivity is -136.915dB re:1rad/μPa between 50 Hz to 2450Hz, which is 25.306dB higher than the same fiber optic microphone without uniform grooves. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical results, which shows this theoretical approach is effective to design and optimize the fiber-wrapped mandrel optic microphone based on DAS.
Based on the principle of phi-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR), the distributed optical fiber acoustic sensing (DAS) system can detect long distance and real-time acoustic signal by demodulating the phase change of backward Rayleigh scattering in the single mode fiber. Low sensitivity of single-mode fiber limits the underwater acoustic signal detection. In this paper, we design an elastic sensitizing layer base element encapsulation structure, and establish a theoretical analysis model. The theoretical analysis and experiment are carried out, the sensitivity of the acoustic pressure sensitivity of the elastic sensitizing layer structure is -141.6dB re 1rad/μPa, which is in good agreement with the theory.
Distributed acoustic sensing system can be used in the long-distance and strong-EMI condition for monitoring and inspection. In this paper, location method for optical fiber multiple dynamic disturbances signals is proposed to solve the difficulty with Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) system in effectively locates multiple dynamic disturbances. The first step: locate multiple dynamic disturbances signals exactly by using the multiple threshold method. The second step: the Empirical Mode Decomposition(EMD) method and the Fourier transform(FFT) is proposed to extract the signal features . By analyzing the time domain signals of the intrusion location that we can look for the most efficient signal feature to form a pattern feature vectors for classification. After the first two steps, we can get feature vectors of different types of dynamic disturbances. By utilizing support vector machine(SVM) classifiers to identify feature vectors, patterns of intrusion events are recognized accurately. Experiments show that after using this method to process 300 dynamic disturbances samples generated by three different intrusion events, namely, passing, hurling and knocking, the location accuracy is about 1.6m, the recognition rates of intrusion events are over 90%.
A simplified approximate theoretical model between phase noise and Rayleigh backscattering (RS) light is introduced to analyze the performance of distributed acoustic sensing, and results show that noise is relative to the static RS amplitude. Er3+-doped active fiber is used to increase RS light and compress system noise. The system phase noise reduces more than 14 dB, a noise level of 9×10-4 rad/√Hz and signal-to-noise ratio of 46.6 dB @ 100 Hz are obtained experimentally.
Based on phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer (φ-OTDR) and phase-generated carrier (PGC) algorithm, a real-time DAS system is built. The maximum sensing length and spatial resolution of the DAS system are 10 km and 6m, respectively. A field test of the DAS system using a single-mode telecommunication fiber cable with a length of 430 m for surface seismic measurement is presented. In the test, a series of conventional 3C-geophones are utilized as a criterion for comparison. Through the raw data absence of processing, preliminary wave, consistent with geophones, are clearly described, which means that the DAS system is capable of surface seismic detection.
A real-time distributed acoustic sensing system with ten thousand channels is proposed to detect dynamic signal along the fiber. The phase-sensitive optical domain reflectometry and phase-generated carrier algorithm are used to acquire the phase information of Rayleigh backscattering along the whole fiber. The sensing length of this system could be 10km with the sample resolution of 0.4m, which means that up to 25000 channels signal processing is realized in real time with Field-Programmable Gate Array module and host computer. The working principle of coherent Rayleigh backscattering interference, phase-generated carrier algorithm and the signal processing flow are introduced, and the experimental results are given in this paper.
This paper presents a seismic wave detection system based on fully distributed acoustic sensing. Combined with Φ- OTDR and PGC demodulation technology, the system can detect and acquire seismic wave in real time. The system has a frequency response of 3.05 dB from 5 Hz to 1 kHz, whose sampling interval of each channel of 1 meter on total sensing distance up to 10 km. By comparing with the geophone in laboratory, the data show that in the time domain and frequency domain, two waveforms coincide consistently, and the correlation coefficient could be larger than 0.98. Through the analysis of the data of the array experiment and the oil well experiment, DAS system shows a consistent time domain and frequency domain response and a clearer trail of seismic wave signal as well as a higher signal-noise rate which indicate that the system we proposed is expected to become the next generation of seismic exploration equipment.
Rayleigh backscattering induces mode hopping of DFB fiber lasers in the sensor array, and the critical length related to
Rayleigh backscattering limits the size of DFB fiber laser sensor networking. Based on three-mirror cavity model, the
critical length for DFB fiber lasers are derived. It increases nearly exponentially with the coupling coefficient for the
ideal π-shifted DFB fiber lasers. While the reflectivity of the sub-FBG at lasing wavelength is the main factor to resist
Rayleigh backscattering for a non-ideal DFB fiber laser. The corresponding experiments have been carried out, and the
results agree with the predictions.
Rayleigh backscattering induces mode hopping of distributed feedback (DFB) fiber lasers in the sensor array, and the critical length related to Rayleigh backscattering limits the size of DFB fiber laser sensor networking. Based on a three-mirror cavity model, the critical length for a DFB fiber laser is derived. It increases nearly exponentially with the coupling coefficient for the ideal π-shifted DFB fiber lasers. The reflectivity of the sub-fiber Bragg grating at the lasing wavelength is the main factor to resist Rayleigh backscattering for a nonideal DFB fiber laser. The corresponding experiments have been carried out, and the critical length of larger than 150 m was achieved for 42-mm-long DFB fiber lasers.
We demonstrate a high performance phase demodulator for interferometric optical fiber sensor using novel
ameliorated PGC algorithm. Theoretical and experimental results show that the novel ameliorated PGC algorithm has the
high stability of resist rapid change of light and low harmonic distortion advantages. Experiment results show that phase
demodulator has a resolution of 2×10-5 rad / √Hz, a dynamic range of 112 dB @ 50 Hz, a linearity of better than 0.9999
and a THD of below 0.1 %.
We demonstrate a high performance wavelength demodulator for DFB FL sensor using novel PGC algorithm and
reference compensation method (RCM). An unbalanced fiber Michelson interferometer is employed and the phase
demodulation is accomplished by a digital PGC-Arctan-DSM algorithm. The RCM is adopted to eliminate the
environmental noise using a shielded and multiplexed DFB FL as a reference. Experimental results have demonstrated a
resolution of 3.5×10-7 pm/√Hz, a dynamic range of 120 dB @ 100 Hz, a THD of below 0.1 %, and a linearity of 99.99 %.
More than 50 dB reduction of the environmental noise has been experimentally achieved within 10-1000 Hz.
A 16 channel distributed feedback fiber laser sensor array is reported. The spacing of neighbor lasers is
100 GHz and 200 GHz in turn. Compared with grating sideband reflection, Rayleigh backscattering from
~24 m long passive fiber is more responsible for the instability, and it's found that increasing the reflection
of grating could reduce the sensitivity of DFB FL to Rayleigh backscattering.
A wavelength division multiplexed linear fiber laser sensor array system using four distributed feedback fiber lasers
(DFB FLs)is reported. The characteristics of frequency noise are investigated experimentally. Results show the
interaction between neighboring (in wavelength space) fiber lasers spaced ~2.4nm is so weak that the influence of
crosstalk could be omitted. With optimization of pump sequence, all the fiber laser sensors would reach the system
minimum detectable frequency noise. A further discussion about the influence of transmission fiber is also included.
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