JAXA and NICT have jointly started the research work for cislunar optical communications. Our research work aims at 2.5 Gbit/s high-speed optical communication from the Moon to the Earth. We have proposed deep space optical link configuration applying Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) data relay satellite and High Data Rate (HDR) method. We have conducted preliminary design of key optical components onboard Laser Communication Terminal (LCT) of the GEO data relay satellite. This paper describes design of large-aperture optical antenna and high-sensitivity optical communication system, which implements Adaptive Optics (AO) module and high-sensitivity optical receiver applying digital coherent scheme.
Free-space optical communications are becoming essential, especially in space communications. Examples include data transmission for Earth observation satellites, cislunar space networks and deep space exploration missions. One approach to enhancing the capacity of free-space optical communication is increasing transmission power. However, achieving high output power while meeting the components requirements (e.g., space-environmental resistance, long-lifetime, and performance reliability) with a single optical amplifier is challenging. To address this challenge, we propose High-Power Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (HP-WDM) that consists of a free-space multiplexer and conventional high-power amplifiers.
JAXA and NICT have started the collaborative research for cislunar optical communications. NICT is responsible for research and development some of key technologies for cislunar optical communication systems utilizing GEO relay satellite. NICT has especially focused on research and development of a large-aperture optical antenna, high-sensitivity optical communication system applying adaptive optics and HDR method, which is based on binary phase shift keying scheme, onboard the GEO relay satellite. In this paper, we will present the overview of collaborative research and key technologies for cislunar optical communication systems. We will also describe the current status of our research and development activities.
Space optical communications have attracted growing attention as space data traffic volumes continue to increase, and as part of ongoing efforts to develop high-speed optical space networks, Nikon and JAXA have been developing a singletransverse- mode 10 W polarization-maintaining Er/Yb-codoped fiber (EYDF) amplifier for modulated continuous-wave signals. We have finished developing the engineering model (EM) and plan to demonstrate this amplifier as a part of optical communication system on the International Space Station in 2024. The EM amplifier has a three-stage backward pumping structure with radiation-hardened EYDF. It also includes pump laser diodes, and power monitoring photodiodes to avoid parasitic lasing, both of which have been confirmed to have adequate radiation tolerance, as well as a control driver circuits. The overall dimensions are 300 mm × 380 mm × 76 mm, and it weighs 6.3 kg. The EM amplifier achieved optical output power of 10 W at pumping power of 34 W in total under standard temperature and pressure conditions (STP: room temperature, 1 atm) with a −3 dBm signal input. The total wall-plug efficiency reached 10.1%. The amplifier achieved an operating time of 2000 hours at 10 W under STP. We conducted a mechanical vibration test and an operating thermal vacuum test to ensure the reliability of the amplifier as a space component. At the upper and lower end of the operation temperature range, ±0 and +50 °C, the output power and polarization extinction ratio (PER) were >10 W and >16 dB, respectively, without any degradation of the amplification gain or PER.
A new era of manned lunar exploration is dawning. Optical communication technology is expected to become indispensable for high-speed data transmission from lunar explorers to the Earth. This paper describes the expectations for contents from the Moon and the estimated amount of information. Then, two types of Lunar-Earth optical communication systems are discussed, including a comparison between direct communication with an optical ground station (OGS) and communication through a data relay satellite in geostationary orbit (GEO) around the Earth.
KEYWORDS: Surface plasmons, Optical amplifiers, Fermium, Frequency modulation, Optical fibers, Free space optics, Collimators, Erbium, High power fiber amplifiers, Mirrors
A high-power, double-pass (DP), and double-clad (DC) Erbium (Er)-Ytterbium (Yb) doped optical fiber amplifier (EYDFA) was fabricated and experimentally evaluated. Because optical amplifiers for space missions must achieve higher electrical-to-optical conversion efficiency in consideration of power consumption and heat generation, we focused on a DP optical fiber amplifier that can be expected to achieve high optical-to-optical conversion efficiency. Free-space optics and integrated design were adopted for a DP module and a Faraday mirror (FM) module, so as to ensure low transmission loss (high efficiency). The DP module including a tap mirror, isolators, and a polarizing beam splitter measured 70×50×22.5 mm in size, with transmission loss of 0.65 dB (from input port to pump combiner port) and 0.52 dB (from pump combiner port to output port). In contrast, the FM module was 40×37×18.5 mm in size, with round-trip transmission loss of 0.66 dB. The fabricated DP-DC-EYDFA achieved output power of around 7 W in the wavelength range from 1540 to 1560 nm and optical-to-optical conversion efficiency exceeding 32%. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the highest output power ever recorded by a DP-DC-EYDFA. The measured polarization extinction ratio (PER) of the fabricated DP-DC-EYDFA was 23.6 dB without using PM EYDF. And in comparison with a single-pass DC EYDFA using the same EYDF, we obtained results showing that the conversion efficiency of the DP-EYDFA was at least 4.2% higher than that of the SP-EYDFA.
Small optical inter-satellite communication system to be installed into small and micro satellites flying on LEO are designed and experimentally verified of its fundamental functions. Small, light weighted, power efficient as well as usable data transmission rate optical inter-satellite communication system is one of promising approach to provide realtime data handling and operation capabilities for micro and small satellite constellations which have limited conditions of payload. Proposed system is designed to connect satellites with 4500 (km) long maximum to be able to talk with ground station continuously by relaying LEO satellites even when they are in their own maneuvers. Connecting satellites with 4500 (km) long with keeping steady data rate, accurate pointing and tracking method will be one of a crucial issue. In this paper, we propose a precious pointing and tracking method and system with a miniature optics and experimentally verified almost 10 (μrad) of pointing accuracy with more than 500 (mrad) of angular coverage.
The main advantages of space optical communication technologies compared with RF communications are 1) Wide bandwidth that enables a much higher data rate and 2) Smaller antenna and hardware due to the ultra-short wavelength characteristics.
The cost and weight of each spacecraft has been decreasing year by year. Space optical communication technologies, that are being established, have been required to reduce cost and weight recently.
The general rotational actuators of spacecraft are magnetic motors. However, it is difficult to reduce it’s weight and cost dramatically since magnetic motors include iron core and metal coil. In addition, we do not have the flexibility of magnetic motor’s shape.
JAXA is interested in optical data relay including LEO-GEO optical communication. In this application, space optical communication equipment must equip rotational actuators as a coarse pointing mechanism. Therefore, the authors have focused on ultra-sonic motors (USM) for the equipment of space optical communication so that we will achieve lower cost, lower weight and a more-flexible-shape of actuators than magnetic motors.
In this presentation, the authors propose applications of USM as actuators of space optical communications. USM has been widely used in our life and industry. Usage in industry includes vacuum environments of the semiconductor manufacturing process. So, the authors estimated the usage of USM can be applied to actuators of spacecraft.
At first, the authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of USM compared to traditional magnetic motors. Then, driving performance of USM under vacuum, high and low-temperature conditions are shown.
At last, results of life estimation test of USM are discussed.
KEYWORDS: Receivers, Relays, Optical communications, Doppler effect, Demodulation, Signal detection, Digital signal processing, Data transmission, Data communications, Telecommunications, Channel projecting optics, Modulation
A digital coherent receiver technique for an onboard receiver for use in a future space optical communication system is investigated. Digital coherent technologies comprising coherent detection and digital signal processing are confirmed to possibly increase the signal speed, improve the receiver sensitivity, and extend tolerance for the Doppler frequency shift. As a facet of expandability, the concept of a multichannel-rate receiver using a digital coherent technique is introduced. Experimental results using 2.5 Gbps DBPSK signal light demodulation are presented together with future issues involved in implementation. This study confirms that the digital coherent receiver has higher expandability than other detection techniques.
KEYWORDS: Relays, Free space optics, Satellites, Telecommunications, Satellite communications, Ka band, Data communications, Optical communications, Free space optical communications, Data transmission, Space operations, Earth observing sensors, Sensors
To meet increasing demands of high-speed data transmission, JAXA has started to develop a new optical data relay system. This system provides 1.8Gbit/s data relay service through optical inter-satellite link and Ka-band feeder link using JDRS, a data relay satellite. The first user satellite is the Advanced Optical Satellite, a Japanese optical observation satellite in low earth orbit. As a total data relay system, the data relay satellite, Ka-band ground stations and two optical terminals for JDRS and the Advanced Optical Satellite are developed together. Target launch year of JDRS is 2019 in Japanese fiscal year. This paper describes the development plan and technologies of the optical data relay system.
The noise characteristics of high-power operated erbium- doped fiber amplifiers are evaluated experimentally and theoretically. Optical high-power post-amplifiers are indispensable for the transmitter in high-bit rate optical inter-orbit communication (OIC) links applications in which repeaters is not applicable. Thus, the effects of optical amplification noise on communication performance must be analyzed to establish reliable optical links. The dominant noise component and the influence on receiver sensitivity are discussed for various kinds of OIC links in our study. In addition, intensity modulation direct detection (IM-DD) scheme utilizing optical amplifiers are evaluated for OIC link applications. Experimental demonstrations of coherent detection are also performed with optical fiber amplifiers. The performance of IM-DD and coherent optical communication system are discussed in case of operation under the heavy amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise environment induced by the optical amplifiers. The requirements for optical band-pass filters to reduce ASE noise are clarified for IM-DD scheme and the superior feature of coherent systems are shown in aspects of tolerance for bandwidth of optical filter. High-sensitive receiving operation under 50 photons/bit at bit error rate of 10-9 is achieved in the system with a 500 mW optical booster-amplifier assuming GEO-GEO links (approximately 40,000 km).
Trade-off between Intensity Modulation Direct Detection (IM- DD) and coherent system oriented to the inter-orbit lightwave communication link is performed. Improvement in sensitivity of IM-DD system adopting high power optical fiber booster/pre- amplifiers is discussed preciously. In this paper, IM-DD system with booster/pre-amplifier and five kinds of coherent system (ASK-heterodyne, FSK-heterodyne, PSK-heterodyne, DPSK- heterodyne, and PSK-homodyne) are compared for high-data rate communication. Numerical analysis shows the superior characteristics of coherent communication system in low BER transmission under severe ASE noise.
We have developed two kinds of small size and light weight mechanical devices which consist of 2-axis piezoelectronic driving actuators and elastic hinges for fine pointing mechanism (FPM) and point ahead mechanism (PAM) optical inter- orbit communication (optical IOC) equipment. These are 'Beam Trapping Mechanism (BTM)' and 'Beam Scanning Mechanism (BSM)' respectively. High sensitivity receive system using single- mode optical fiber should be needed to increase communication data rate, which are a receiver of heterodyne detection in optical fiber and a receiver using optical pre-amplifier (for example, Er doped fiber amplifier). Therefore, both improvement of precision of FPM and control of the end of optical fiber are needed. In order to realize these requirements, we have designed, developed and tested two kinds of mechanical devices. At first, results of BTM, which consists of an optical fiber, four piezoelectric actuators, elastic hinges and a housing which mounts them, are described. The end facet of optical fiber supported by elastic hinges is controlled by piezoelectronic actuators in order to trap spatial received beam into optical fiber with high efficiency and high speed. The functional test results of BTM show a moving range of 140 (mu) rad, a resolution of less than 0.2 (mu) rad and natural frequency of 390 Hz. These values show BTM has enough performance for low-loss received beam trapping into optical fiber core. Furthermore, small-sized and lightweight BTM was realized using piezoelectronic actuators. We designed a BSM which has function of piezoelectronic driving 2-axis FPM in order to improve FPM. BSM have mirror of which size is 15 * 12 mm2. The mechanical concept of BSM is as same as BTM. In BSM, mirror is supported by elastic hinges, replace with optical fiber. Function test results show scanning angle range of more than 2.8 mrad at azimuth direction, 2.0 mrad at elevation direction, scanning resolution of 1.0 (mu) rad and natural frequency is 1.1 kHz. Furthermore, BSM is smaller and lighter compared with electro- magnetic devices.
Optical inter-orbit communications (Optical IOC) technology is necessary for the space activities of the next century, because of the wide bandwidth of the optical region, and the light weight and small size of Optical IOC equipment. Moreover, transmitter subsystems using optical fiber amplifiers are strong candidates for Optical IOC's high power transmitter. In this paper, R&D activities on optical fiber amplifiers in NASDA are described. Several high power optical fiber amplifiers which have been developed very recently are also discussed. At the end of this paper, we consider a trade off results, for example 'Which optical fiber amplifiers are best for Optical IOC?'
We would like to report our research and development on InGaAs-QD as a part of our research on optical inter-orbit communication technology. Optical transmitter subsystems using Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA, wavelength 1550nm) and Neodymium doped fiber amplifier (NDFA, wavelength 1060nm) have been candidate subsystems of future optical-IOC system. However, present fine pointing sensors, such as Si- QD and Si-CCD, have little sensitivity at 1060nm, and no sensitivity at wavelengths longer than 1100nm. There is a need for a fine pointing sensor that has a high sensitivity at 1060nm and 1550 nm. Thus, we tried to manufacture InGaAs- pin-QD, adding optical surface separation processes into conventional production processes of commercially available InGaAs-pin-PD. InGaAs-QD with high sensitivity and low dark current was produced. Our analysis shows that these devices are suitable as a fine pointing sensor of optical-IOC systems using EDFA or NDFA as a transmitter subsystem.
Since Nd-doped fiber amplifiers could be used as power amplifiers for high data rate optical inter-orbit communications, we have fabricated and studied a square shaped double clad Nd-doped fiber for the 1.06 micrometers amplifier characteristics. The output signal power is not saturated up to 1 watt level using the single frequency broad linewidth signal source. It is, however, saturated at a few hundred milliwatts by a stimulated Brillouin scattering effect using narrow linewidth non-modulated linewidth signal source. The maximum output power of 1.17 Watts is obtained with extraction efficiency of 37 percent from absorbed pump power. The net gain is estimated more than 25dB.
The laser transmitter systems have been our latest and largest topic in optical inter-orbit communications (OIC). We believe that laser subsystem using erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) or neodymium doped fiber amplifier (NDFA) are eminently suitable for high power and wide bandwidth transmitters. Thus, we have been testing commercial EDFA and have obtained good results. In addition, results of FFP measurement of transmitted laser power from single mode silica fiber are also discussed. It is also feasible to apply transmitter subsystems using EDFA or NDFA to future OIC systems, but there are some optical features that have to be considered when designing OIC equipment.
KEYWORDS: Optical amplifiers, Transmitters, Optical communications, Telecommunications, High power lasers, Atmospheric optics, Nd:YAG lasers, Modulation, Laser systems engineering, Data communications
We would like to report present status of our research on future optical inter-orbit communications. First, we will discuss the key subsystem, that is high power laser transmitter subsystem, making comparison among EDFA, Nd:YAG laser, NDFA and MOPA-LD. Second, we will describe the results of our study that optical downlink would be required in future, mentioning its bottle neck technologies and transmittance laser subsystem. Finally, we will raise a question on a space interoperability, which will be the next item of consideration among concerning entities organization.
We report our research results of system trial fabrication and tests as the first step of Optical Intersatellite Communication research. Second, the results of the Optical Inter-orbit Communications Engineering Test Satellite (OICETS) feasibility study are reported. Last, we describe the draft results of a conceptual study of a future optical communications system that will be needed as space infrastructure.
Output characteristics of a transverse discharge pumped atomic Ne laser (585.3 nm) using H2 as a penning partner has been studied. The laser energy is decreased with increasing the operating pressures. Lasing is terminated at 250 Torr. Peak intensity of the laser is saturated at high excitation rates (1 MW/cm3(DOT)atm). Mixing He as a buffer gas with Ne/H2 mixtures leads to depletion of the laser energy.
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