In this contribution we propose a new method of acquisition and analysis of Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography
data to obtain information about depth dependent extinction in the scattering media. In joint Spectral and Time domain
OCT a set of Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography fringes is acquired in time increments. An axial component of the
flow velocity vector is accurately estimated from Doppler beating signal. Additional filtering and averaging of spatial-temporal
data allows for effective reduction of the speckle noise and enables reconstructing the envelope of spectral
fringes corresponding to the chosen depth. In this way the depth and wavelength dependent attenuation of light can be
determined in scattering media. In this contribution we demonstrate the proof of concept of spectroscopic OCT analysis
performed in scattering media and we discuss its potential for in-vivo functional imaging of the human retina.
We propose a new technique of measuring and analysis of OCT signals: joint Spectral and Time domain Optical
Coherence Tomography (STdOCT). This technique is based on a multiple spectral interferogram registration in time
increments. The analysis of a single spectral interferogram provides an axial structure of a sample. The analysis of
signals registered in time enables velocity estimation of moving sample. The method is applied to biomedical imaging, in
particular to in vivo measurements of retinal blood circulation. The velocity estimations obtained with joint STdOCT are
compared with the ones obtained by known, phase-resolved OCT. In contrast to the phase-resolved technique,
STdOCT correctly reproduces parabolic shape of the flow velocity distribution despite decreasing signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR).
The ability to obtain reliable information on functional status of photoreceptor layer is essential for assessing vision
impairment in patients with macular diseases. The reconstruction of three-dimensional retinal structure in vivo using
Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography (Spectral OCT) became possible with a recent progress of the OCT field.
Three-dimensional data collected by Spectral OCT devices comprise information on light intensity back-reflected
from the junction between photoreceptor outer and inner segments (IS/OS) and thus can be used for evaluating
photoreceptors impairment. In this paper, we introduced so called Spectral OCT reflectivity maps - a new method of
selecting and displaying the spatial distribution of reflectivity of individual retinal layers. We analyzed the
reflectivity of the IS/OS layer in various macular diseases. We have measured eyes of 49 patients with photoreceptor
dysfunction in course of age-related macular degeneration, macular holes, central serous chorioretinopathy, acute
zonal occult outer retinopathy, multiple evanescent white dot syndrome, acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment
epitheliopathy, drug-induced retinopathy and congenital disorders.
We propose a new method of flow velocity estimation by analysis of time dependent beating signal using Spectral
Optical Coherence Tomography. The oscillatory beating signal is caused by the Doppler shift of light reflected back
from a mobile object measured in the interferometric set-up. This signal provides information about the velocity of the
movable object. Measurements in model systems prove the method to give accurate results. Additional in vivo
measurements of blood flow in the retinal vessels show potential applicability of this method in the field of biomedical
imaging.
We present a computationally efficient, semiautomated method for analysis of posterior retinal layers in three-dimensional (3-D) images obtained by spectral optical coherence tomography (SOCT). The method consists of two steps: segmentation of posterior retinal layers and analysis of their thickness and distance from an outer retinal contour (ORC), which is introduced to approximate the normal position of external interface of the healthy retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The algorithm is shown to effectively segment posterior retina by classifying every pixel in the SOCT tomogram using the similarity of its surroundings to a reference set of model pixels from user-selected area(s). Operator intervention is required to assess the quality of segmentation. Thickness and distance maps from the segmented layers and their analysis are presented for healthy and pathological retinas.
Purpose: To show potential of Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography system for high resolution, cross-sectional
and three-dimensional imaging of eye surface pathologies. Methods:
High-speed spectral OCT prototype instrument with 4.5 &mgr;m axial resolution was designed and constructed
for clinical use. Measurements of anterior segment of human eye have been performed in ophthalmology clinic on 86
patients suffering various eye surface disorders including corneal dystrophies, corneal scars, conjunctival folds,
keratoconus, bullus keratopathy, filtration blebs and other post-operative changes. Additionally, examinations of
contact lens fit on 97 healthy corneas have been performed up to date. Results:
High quality, high resolution cross-sectional images and three-dimensional reconstructions of cornea,
conjunctiva and sclera of pathologic eyes together with examples of numerical analysis including segmentation of
fluid in filtration blebs, scars and deposits are shown. Quantitative analysis of contact lens fit is demonstrated.
Novel Fourier domain OCT method and instrumentation using Optical Frequency Comb (OFC) is demonstrated.
This technique can overcome some limitations of Spectral OCT and Optical Frequency domain Imaging (Swept
Source OCT) and enables ultrahigh resolution imaging in 800 nm range. In the novel method external OFC generator
placed after the broad band light source is used. We will demonstrate preliminary data showing the general
performance, advantages and limitations of the Fourier domain OCT method using Optical Frequency Comb
generator based on Fabry-Perot interferometer (F-P). High quality, high resolution cross-sectional images of
biological samples obtained with the presented technique are shown.
The overview of the Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography an alternative method to more popular Time domain modality
is given. Examples from medical practice utilizing high resolution, ultra fast SOCT device are presented.
Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography is a new modality to be introduced in ophthalmology. It introduces several improvements such as real-time and 3-dimensional imaging, and possibility of tomographic films, due to high speed of imaging offered by the method. For the same reason -- 2-dimensional cross-sectional images now can be performed with higher sampling density, which increase the signal-to-noise ratio. We analyze advantages and possible problems which may arise with the high speed imaging.
Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography system was used to perform clinical examinations of the human eye. Images of different pathologies were obtained with the aid of a high speed standard resolution instrument. High speed allows performing scanning with high sampling density. We show that high density lateral scanning together with standard resolution is sufficient to obtain good quality cross sectional images which enable detecting such details of the eye anatomy like the external limiting membrane.
Complex Spectral domain Optical Coherence Tomography (CSdOCT) produces images free of parasitic mirror component which results in twofold extension of the measurement range. Complete removal of this component requires exact knowledge of the introduced phase shifts, what is usually difficult to achieve. Presented method effectively removes the mirror image, even without the knowledge of the phases. The method is applicable to any variation of CSdOCT. The 'mirror image-free' tomograms of human anterior chamber in-vivo obtained with the aid of this approach are shown.
A method that allows removing irrelevant elements from raw SOCT images is discussed from a theoretical point of view and its efficiency is tested on a number of real objects. Described approach is based on induced macroscopic displacement of the reference mirror and does not rely on stability of phase of analyzed signals. It could be therefore a method of choice when phase stability is impossible to achieve like for vibrating or moving objects.
KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, In vivo imaging, Cornea, Eye, 3D image processing, Image quality, Iris, Ophthalmic imaging, 3D acquisition, Macula
Fast Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography (SOCT) technique is used to perform cross sectional and three-dimensional ophthalmic images. Static, real-time and 3-D in vivo images of the human cornea, lens, iris, corneo-scleral junction, retinal layers, optic disc and macula lutea are presented. The ophthalmic application of SOCT is promising because this technique ensures fast acquisition with relatively low optical power of incident light. All demonstrated images are obtained with the aid of SOCT instrument, which was constructed in the optical laboratory of medical physics group at Nicolaus Copernicus University (Torun, Poland). What is to our knowledge there are the first good quality (>90dB sensitivity) ophthalmic OCT images obtained by technique, which is different than time domain OCT.
We realized an in vivo Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FD OCT) setup that allows acquiring retinal depth scans at a rate of 25.000 per second. We demonstrate the possibility to measure Doppler flow depth profile in specific regions of interest. The method to extract the flow profiles is based on a local phase analysis of the backscattered signal and allows for bidirectional Doppler flow imaging. The velocity resolution in tissue is 200μm/s. We verified the method by measuring pump controlled in vitro flow through a glass capillary. The system allows for a real-time colour encoded Doppler tomogram rate of 2-4 per second. We recorded the pulsatility of different vessels close to optic nerve head.
Speed improvement in the Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography (SOCT) technique allows to obtain three-dimensional images in vivo in time that does not cause discomfort to a patient. The device allows high speed imaging at 64 μs per line (15,000 A-scans/s) with less than 200 μW light power on the surface of the eye. Three alternative methods of 3-D presentations are demonstrated for images of a pupil and human skin in vivo.
Complex Spectral Optical Tomography (SOCT) in comparison to ordinary SOCT produces images free of parasitic terms with extended measurement range. This technique requires stability of the object during at least three consecutive measurements. With a new fast SOCT instrument it was possible to make measurements regardless of involuntary eye movements. The first measurements of human eye in vivo based on Complex SOCT are presented.
An improved spectral Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) technique was used to perform cross sectional ophthalmic images at the exposure time of 64 μs per A-scan. To achieve exposure times less than 1ms the fast kinetics mode of the CCD camera was used. Static and dynamic real-time in vivo images of the human macula, optic disc and iris are presented.
There has been a long discussion if Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (FDOCT) is competitive to nowadays standard time domain systems. Still the main points were autocorrelation terms that obscured the object information and degraded the sensitivity and signal to noise ratio. By exploiting the phase information of the interferograms, it was possible to remove those autocorrelation terms and to double the measurement range. However standard phase retrieval algorithms need three to five interferograms. We present a novel technique that allows removing the coherent noise terms together with doubling the measurement range with only two recorded interferograms. In addition the measured system sensitivity of 94dB shows that the performance of FDOCT is comparable to that of time domain OCT (TDOCT) setups.
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