Due to the multiple scattering of light in biomedical tissue, the imaging depth of conventional optical coherence tomography is limited to 1-2 millimeters. In this research, a reflection-matrix-method-based optical coherence tomography has been developed to extend the imaging depth into scattering medium. After obtaining the matrix, singular value decomposition and imaging reconstruction are carried out in the post-process to recover the target image beneath turbid media. Specifically, in order to speed up the matrix measurement and reduce the phase noises during the acquisition process, wide-field heterodyne detection is adopted in our system by using a high-speed lock-in camera.
Unlike the classical electro-magnetic wave with uniform polarization distribution along the flat wave-front, the light pulses in either laboratory or industry usually have non-vanishing components in the direction of propagation. Therefore, the full description of a generally complex laser pulse should be implemented in multi-dimensional way, for the light in the free space is the combination of a three-dimensional(3D) electric field and a 3D magnetic field in the 3D Euclidean space which is the subspace of the four-dimensional space-time. Here we report on a novel technique for the full-vectorial characterization which includes the spatiotemporal amplitude and phase information as well as the vectorial features of the complex laser pulses. This new measurement capability opens the way to in-depth characterizations and optimizations of the complex laser pulses and ultimately to the study of new phenomena of the interactions between materials and structured ultra-short laser beams.
Laser pulses in either laboratory or industry are typically complex objects. Unlike the classical electro-magnetic wave with uniform polarization distribution along the flat wave-front or a general vector beam under the paraxial approximation, the real light pulses, such as the pulses from the high power multimode fiber laser and the dechirped femtosecond pulses with structured wave-front, spectrum and polarization distributions, usually have non-vanishing component in the propagation direction. Therefore, the description of a general vectorial laser pulse should be implemented in multi-dimensional way, for the light is the combination of a three-dimensional(3D) vector field (electric field E) and a 3D pseudovector field (magnetic field B) in the 3D Euclidean space (R3). Here we report on a novel technique for the multi-dimensional characterization which includes the spatiotemporal amplitude and phase information as well as the vectorial features in 3D Euclidean space of the complex laser pulses, such as the intrinsically controlled femtosecond pulses with higher-order Poincaré sphere beams and vectoral spherical beams. A two-steps-based polarization-sensitive Mach–Zehnder interferometer temporal scan technique was used, at the first time, to capture the complete information of the pulses. The corresponding measurement device, placed on the collimated and attenuated beam at the laser output is consists of a special Mach–Zehnder interferometer, a polarizing beam-splitter and charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. The reference beam with vertical and horizontal polarization is exported from the cavity and attenuated to a suitable intensity by using a neutral-density filter. After 3D phase unwrapping, removal of the reference curvature, correction of achromatic wave-front distortions, spectral phase and amplitude reconstructions, as well as the measurement for the intrinsic phase of the reference pulse, the complete information of the pulse, include the phase information of the three electronic components, will be obtained. This new measurement capability opens the way to in-depth characterizations and optimizations of the complex laser pulses and ultimately to the study of new phenomena of multimode fiber laser generated laser pulse as well as the interactions between materials and structured ultra-short laser beams.
Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is a functional extension of optical coherence tomography (OCT). It provides addition information of the sample based on by analyzing polarization states of the backscattering light. Serval PS-OCT such as free-space optics, single model fiber and polarization maintaining (PM) fibers systems have been developed so far. However, the free space PS-OCT is prone to systematic errors and impractical in clinic settings. Dues to the uncontrolled polarization states, single model-based optics requires additional compensation and self-calibration techniques are required. Traditional PM fiber preserves the polarization states but found expensive and can not be used in rotating endoscopic or catheter probe. In this study, we develop a novel scheme of PS-OCT implementation using specific PM fiber, known as spun fiber, which has a structure of PM fiber twisted along the fiber optic axis and distinguishes two circular opalization states with different propagation speeds. Spun fiber has the advantages in maintaining the polarization states and regardless of fiber bends. The orientation insensitivity of the spun fiber makes it of great potential in endoscopic PS-OCT system. We tested our spun fiber-based PS-OCT system on chicken breast sample. The phase retardation image shows clear muscle structures compared to intensity-based OCT images, indicating our PS-OCT system has the ability to detect tissue birefringence.
Light carries both spin and orbital angular momentum and the superpositions of these two dynamical properties have found many applications. Many techniques exist to create such light sources but none allow their creation at the femtosecond laser. Here we report on a novel mode-locked ytterbium-doped fiber laser that generates femtosecond pulses with higher-order Poincaré sphere beams. The controlled generation of such pulses such as azimuthally and radially polarized light with definite orbital angular momentum modes are demonstrated. A unidirectional ring cavity constructed with the Yb-doped fiber placed at the end of the fiber section to reduces unnecessary nonlinear effects is employed for self-starting operation. Two pairs of diffraction gratings are used for compensating the normal group velocity dispersion of the fiber and other elements. Mode-locked operation is achieved based on nonlinear polarization evolution, which is mainly implemented with the single mode fiber, the bulk wave plates and the variable spiral plates (q-plate with topological charge q=0.5). The conversion from spin angular momentum to the OAM and reverse inside the laser cavity are realized by means of a quarter-wave plate and a q-plate so that the polarization control was mapped to OAM mode control.
To demonstrate the total spatiotemporal and vectoral characterization of the new type femtosecond laser beams, here, a polarization-sensitive Mach–Zehnder interferometer temporal scan technique was used, at the first time, to capture the complete information of the pulse. The corresponding measurement device, placed on the collimated and attenuated beam at the laser output and simply consists of a special Mach–Zehnder interferometer, a polarizing beam-splitter and two charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. The reference beam with vertical polarization is exported from the cavity and attenuated to a suitable intensity by using a neutral-density filter. After Fourier filtering, removal of the reference curvature, correction of achromatic wave-front distortions, spectral phase and amplitude reconstructions, as well as the measurement for the intrinsic phase of the reference pulse, the complete information of the pulse will be obtained. This new measurement capability opens the way to in-depth characterization and optimization of the vector vortex femtosecond laser pulse and ultimately to the detection of new phenomena of the interactions between materials and structured femtosecond laser beams in space–time and polarization.
Light carries both spin and orbital angular momentum (OAM) and the superpositions of these two dynamical properties have found many applications. Many techniques exist to create such light sources but none allow their creation at the femtosecond fiber laser. Here we report on a novel mode-locked Ytterbium-doped fiber laser that generates femtosecond pulses with generalized vector vortex states. The controlled generation of such pulses such as azimuthally and radially polarized light with definite orbital angular momentum modes are demonstrated. A unidirectional ring cavity constructed with the Yb-doped fiber placed at the end of the fiber section to reduces unnecessary nonlinear effects is employed for self-starting operation. Pairs of diffraction gratings are used for compensating the normal group velocity dispersion of the fiber and other elements. Mode-locked operation is achieved based on nonlinear polarization evolution, which is mainly implemented with the single mode fiber, the bulk wave plates and the variable spiral plates (q-plate with topological charge q=0.5). The conversion from spin angular momentum to the OAM and reverse inside the laser cavity are realized by means of a quarter-wave plate and a q-plate so that the polarization control was mapped to OAM mode control. The fiber laser is diode pumped by a wavelength-division multiplexing coupler, which leads to excellent stability and portability.
Incorporating different data processing methods, Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has the ability for high-resolution micro-angiography and quantitative flow velocity measurement. However, OCT micro-angiography cannot provide quantitative measurement of flow velocity, and the velocity measurement based on Doppler OCT requires the determination of Doppler angles, which are difficult for whole vascular network. In this study, we report a relative standard deviation OCT (RSD-OCT) for the mapping of the flow velocity in a vascular network without the calculation of Doppler angle. From the theoretical analysis and experimental validation, the RSD-OCT is angle-independent and can quantify the flow velocity conveniently after a calibration.
We present an ultrahigh-speed optical coherence tomography (OCT) based on an all-optical swept-source with an A-scan rate of 40 MHz. The inertia-free swept-source, which has its output power of 41.2 mW and tuning range of 40 nm and high scan linearity in wavenumber with Pearson’s correlation coefficients r of 0.9996, consists of a supercontinuum laser, an optical band-pass filter, a linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating, an erbium-doped fiber amplifier, and two buffer stages. With sensitivity of 87 dB, high-speed OCT imaging of biological tissue in vivo is also demonstrated.
We present an endoscopic probe for optical coherence tomography (OCT) equipped with a miniaturized hollow ultrasonic motor that rotates the objective lens and provides an internal channel for the fiber to pass through, enabling 360 deg unobstructed circumferential scanning. This probe has an outer diameter of 1.5 mm, which is ultra-small for motorized probes with an unobstructed view in distal scanning endoscopic OCT. Instead of a mirror or prism, a customized aspheric right-angle lens is utilized, leading to an enlargement of the numerical aperture and thus high transverse resolution. Spectral-domain OCT imaging of bio-tissue and a phantom are demonstrated with resolution of 7.5 μm(axial)×6.6 μm(lateral) and sensitivity of 96 dB.
The spindle plays a crucial role in normal chromosome alignment and segregation during meiosis and mitosis. Studying spindles in living cells noninvasively is of great value in assisted reproduction technology (ART). Here, we present a novel spindle imaging methodology, full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT). Without any dye labeling and fixation, we demonstrate the first successful application of FF-OCT to noninvasive three-dimensional (3-D) live imaging of the meiotic spindles within the mouse living oocytes at metaphase II as well as the mitotic spindles in the living zygotes at metaphase and telophase. By post-processing of the 3-D dataset obtained with FF-OCT, the important morphological and spatial parameters of the spindles, such as short and long axes, spatial localization, and the angle of meiotic spindle deviation from the first polar body in the oocyte were precisely measured with the spatial resolution of 0.7 μm. Our results reveal the potential of FF-OCT as an imaging tool capable of noninvasive 3-D live morphological analysis for spindles, which might be useful to ART related procedures and many other spindle related studies.
This paper proposes a novel rotary endoscopic probe for spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The probe with a large N.A. objective lens is driven by an ultra-small hollow rectangular ultrasonic motor for circular scanning. Compared to the conventional driven techniques, the hollow ultrasonic motor enables the fiber to pass through its inside. Therefore the fiber, the objective lens and the motor are all at the same side. This enables 360 degree unobstructed imaging without any shadow resulted from power wire as in the conventional motor-driven endoscopic OCT. Moreover, it shortens the length of the rigid tip and enhances the flexibility of the probe. Meanwhile, the ultrasonic motor is robust, simple, quiet and of high torque, very suitable for OCT endoscopic probe. The side length of the motor is 0.7 mm with 5mm in length. The outer diameter of the probe is 1.5mm. A significant improvement in the lateral resolution is demonstrated due to the novel design of the objective lens. A right-angle lens is utilized instead of the traditional right-angle prism as the last optics close to the sample, leading to a reduction of the working distance and an enlargement of the N.A. of the objective lens. It is demonstrated that the endoscopic SD-OCT system achieves an axial resolution of ~7μm, a lateral resolution of ~6μm and a SNR of ~96dB.
The morphogenetic relationship between early patterning and polarity formation is of fundamental interest and remains a controversial issue in preimplantation embryonic development. We use a label-free three-dimensional (3-D) imaging technique of full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) successfully for the first time to study the dynamics of developmental processes in mouse preimplantation lives. Label-free 3-D subcellular time-lapse images are demonstrated to investigate 3-D spatial relationship between the second polar body (2PB) and the first cleavage plane. By using FF-OCT together with quantitative study, we show that only 25% of the predicted first cleavage planes, defined by the apposing plane of two pronuclei, pass through the 2PB. Also only 27% of the real cleavage planes pass through the 2PB. These results suggest that the 2PB is not a convincing spatial cue for the event of the first cleavage. Our studies demonstrate the feasibility of FF-OCT in providing new insights and potential breakthroughs to the controversial issues of early patterning and polarity in mammalian developmental biology.
Early patterning and polarity is of fundamental interest in preimplantation embryonic development. Label-free subcellular 3D live imaging is very helpful to its related studies. We have developed a novel system of full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) for noninvasive 3D subcellular live imaging of preimplantation mouse embryos with no need of dye labeling. 3D digitized embryos can be obtained by image processing. Label-free 3D live imaging is demonstrated for the mouse embryos at various typical preimplantation stages with a spatial resolution of 0.7 µm and imaging rate of 24 fps. Factors that relate to early patterning and polarity, such as pronuclei in zygote, shapes of zona pellucida, location of second polar body, cleavage planes, and the blastocyst axis, can be quantitatively measured. The angle between the two second cleavage planes is accurately measured to be 87 deg. It is shown that FF-OCT provides a potential breakthrough for early patterning, polarity formation, and many other preimplantation-related studies in mammalian developmental biology.
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