The interaction between electrons and photons satisfying a resonant condition in the boundary between metallic material
and dielectric material can generate a surface-bound wave exponentially decaying away from the interface. Particularly,
the intensity caused by the surface plasmon wave is considerably high on the interface when the incident angle of the
monochromatic wave satisfies the resonant condition. Thus, adopting this wave makes it possible to generate a highly
intense reference wave propagating along the interface in hologram. Recently, it is shown that applications and
researches based on surface plasmon resonance can be applied for photonic integrated circuits and devices. However,
feasible methods to fabricate a nano-scale structure using the surface confined (2-dimensional) wave caused by surface
plasmon resonance require us to use thin photosensitive recording material. Some notable methods to fabricate nanoscale
devices made from PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) have been already shown. In this paper, by using the
property that the incident monochromatic light can be absorbed in the interface of the metallic medium and the dielectric
medium when a certain resonance condition is satisfied, we propose a wavelength selection filter fabricated by a phase
mask with the pitch of 1061.1nm and phase conjugation holography. In the experiment, two monochromatic light
sources, He-Ne laser with the wavelength of 633nm and second harmonic Nd-YAG laser with the wavelength of 532nm,
will be used. The fabricated lamella metal-coated grating using the phase mask will be shown, and the volumetric metalcoated
photopolymer grating will be used to verify our proposed wavelength selection filter.
Spatial confinement of paths in wireless optical communication enables bandwidth and resources reuse in adjacent environments. This property can also result in undesirable shadowing that occurs whenever an obstacle blocks signal paths between transceivers. Shadowing can result in service interruption and increased error rate. Spatial coding is possible to improve link performance and alleviate shadowing effect in wireless communication environment. In this paper, we propose an application of polymer holographic grating with the frustrated-total-internal-reflection (FTIR) structure to wavelength-band selection for optical wireless communication. A polymer holographic grating is fabricated by two beam interference at the wavelength of 532 nm. In the system, a multi-channel source is incident to the FTIR coupling structure which is made by a prism and polymer holographic gratings and acts as a wavelength-band selective filter. This scheme can be used in various systems which need flexible optical path and relative time delay according to each wavelength-band.
Optical code division multiple access (O-CDMA) technique, which is considered as one of the most robust multiple-access techniques for future all-optical network has been studied in many groups. To make O-CDMA system more applicable for networks and switching, rapidly-tunable O-CDMA codes are required. The conventional coders have been reported including fiber Bragg gratings, arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) devices and optical delay lines. And different types of CDMA coders are being proposed in many research groups. But among them, there are few coders which are freely tunable in real communication. In this paper, we propose an application of the polymer holographic grating as a tunable encoder or label swapper in O-CDMA systems. The polymer holographic grating can be an attractive approach to the spread-space, spread-spectrum CDMA systems or other combined types. The polymer holographic grating can be used for spreading and dispreading the energy of the information signal over a larger and smaller spatial domain in holographic or spread-space CDMA systems, which can be useful wireless optical communication systems. And also, it can be used in other types of CDMA systems. An application of the cyclic property of the proposed device will also be discussed.
A cyclically permutable code is a binary code whose codewords is cyclically distinct and has a full cyclic order. Important classes of these codes are the constant weight cyclically permutable codes. These codes have wide applications in optical code division multiple access communication systems. In this paper, we propose a tunable cyclic shifter based on the super-imposed holographic grating using photopolymer as the holographic medium, which can be used with a cyclically permutable code by applying appropriate strain to the photopolymer.
We examine and characterize a wavelength demultiplexer using a holographic grating for WDM multiple-channel applications. The holographic grating is a kind of volume grating recorded in a photopolymer, which is different from the general surface relief type diffraction gratings. The holographic grating disperses the wavelength components of incident wave into spatial domain so that through the coupling optics, different wavelength channels can be separated to the different output optical fibers. The characteristics of the polymeric holographic grating are compared to those of the relief type diffraction gratings. Overall demuliplexer characteristics is characterized by applying first order Born approximation with electro-magnetic vectorial analysis. It shows that the amplitude and group velocity (i.e., the chromatic dispersion) characteristics are determined by the holographic grating phase structure and out-coupling optics lens aberrations. The out-coupling lens aberration effect to the chromatic dispersion is examined and classified according to the lens aberration classification. The holographic grating phase perturbation (i.e., chirping) can be used to minimize the lens aberration caused chromatic dispersion to improve the demultiplexer performance. The demultiplexer polarization dependent loss is also examined in relation to the spatial dispersion and diffraction efficiency characteristics.
It is important to have a tunable encoder in optical channel coding for the purpose of coping with varying communication environment. In this paper, a tunable encoder based on the holographic grating (HG) using photopolymer as the holographic medium is described. The system is composed of photopolymer holographic grating as a demultiplexer, spatial light modulator (SLM), and other lens systems. The photopolymer grating acts as a demultiplexer to distribute optical wavelength channels on the SLM through its spatial dispersion property. Then, the SLM produces wavelength-endcoded data but its spatial amplitude/phase modulation. The merits of using the holographic grating are that it has relatively easy fabrication process, and that non-uniform grating structure and multiplexing can be exploited. In this setup, we can additionally change demultiplexing wavelengths by inducing strain gradient on the polymer grating, which is attached on the two XYZ linear stages. Hence a different set of wavelengths is incident to SLM and this enables another type of encoding pattern.
A tunable filter that can be applied for dispersion compensation, a multiwavelength laser source, or a channel transmitter/attenuator is proposed. Channel spacing and dispersion can be controlled simultaneously by using a motorized polarization differential delay line and a variable coupler in the loop mirror. Due to its periodic characteristic, chromatic dispersion of multiple channels can be compensated all at once.
In this paper, the applications of holographic devices for optical communications are reviewed and discussed. In dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) optical communication systems, holographic devices have some potential applications to satisfy the complex requirements of the systems. We explain recent accomplishment in this field using holographic gratings (HGs) recorded in a photorefractive crystal or a photopolymer. General properties of the HG as a filter are reviewed. We note that the photopolymer HG can be used as a wavelength demultiplexer in DWDM system. It uses spatial dispersion properties of diffraction grating, which provides wavelength-dependent diffraction angle change to separate the multiplexed wavelength channels. The HG device has inherent advantages compared to the other device technologies. As specific applications of the device, we propose chromatic dispersion management of the multiple channel wavelength demultiplexer, channel wavelength tuning of the device output, and double band demultiplexer using superposed HGs. Also, we discuss optical signal routing using computer-generated holograms (CGHs) on a phase spatial light modulator. We expect that these HG devices and CGH system can exploit phase control, tunability, multiplexing and dynamic imaging control of holograms to cope with various DWDM system requirements.
A tunable demultiplexer based on the holographic grating (HG) using photopolymer is described. The system is based on the 1st order Born approximation of volume diffraction, optical aberration of the lens system, and mode correlation of fiber coupling. The merits of the holographic grating are that it has relatively easy fabrication process, non-uniform grating period and multiplexing are possible, and anisotropic diffraction can be exploited. And also the strain tuning method on the polymer grating for wavelength tuning is proposed. In the setup, the polymer grating is attached on the two XYZ linear stages. If one stage is fixed and the other stage moves away, the polymer grating is extended. Hence all the transmission wavelengths move to longer wavelength with grating period variation caused by the strain induced on the polymer. The objective of this method is to change the transmission wavelengths of the demultiplexer linearly or arbitrarily.
We propose a model of a holographic grating (HG) filter for WDM applications and provide a method to control the chromatic dispersion of WDM demultiplexer as one of its specific applications. The general filter characteristics can be described as a correlation between the scattered mode from the HG and the out-coupling optic mode. We note that the HG phase distribution and lens aberration of out-coupling optics provide effective phase modulation for the chromatic dispersion of the filtered output. Also the amplitude distributions of the two modes perform a kind of weighting function (i.e., apodization), which controls the overall filter spectrum. This filter scheme can exploit wavelength dependent diffraction angle transition (i.e., spatial dispersion) and can be used for multi-channel demultiplexer in WDM system. In this case, lens aberrations of the out-coupling optics cause chromatic dispersion problems in each separated channel and among the channels. The problems can be managed by controlling the HG phase distribution so that the overall chromatic dispersion of the demultiplexer can be reduced and managed over the demultiplexed channels. We characterize the chromatic dispersion properties according to the third order lens aberrations and propose methods to control them by using HG phase distribution.
An approach has been developed for real-time vibration monitoring of a composite cantilever beam. The fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor has an advantage to be embedded or bonded to the structure compared with other sensors such as piezoelectric sensor or strain gage, thus allowing the measurement of parameters like strain and temperature. In this paper the vibration sensor system with a FBG embedded in a composite smart structure is proposed. This system can assort vibration direction and sensing vibration amplitude just by measuring output voltage. The sensing resolution is decided by the slope of the filter used in the system.
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