Dr. Salvatore J. Cusumano Profile

Dr. Salvatore J. Cusumano

Retired

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (29)

Proceedings Article | 23 May 2013 Paper

Simulation of atmospheric turbulence compensation through piston-only phase control of a laser phased array

Jack McCrae, Noah Van Zandt, Salvatore Cusumano, Steven Fiorino

Proceedings Volume 8733, 873311 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2016403

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric propagation, Phased arrays, Turbulence, Optical simulations, Atmospheric turbulence, Telescopes, Diffraction, Device simulation, Laser applications, Wave propagation

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SPIE Journal Paper | 9 April 2013 Open Access

Design, development, and in-flight testing of a pointer/tracker for in-flight experiments to measure aero-optical effects over a scaled turret

Matthew Krizo, Salvatore Cusumano, Steven Fiorino, Ryan Heap, Victor Velten, Joshua Brown, Richard Bartell

OE, Vol. 52, Issue 07, 071415, (April 2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.52.7.071415

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Mirrors, Data modeling, Performance modeling, Laser sources, Optical engineering, Laser beam diagnostics, Detection and tracking algorithms, Airborne laser technology, Physics

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SPIE Journal Paper | 4 March 2013 Open Access

Examining the validity of using a Gaussian Schell-model source to model the scattering of a fully coherent Gaussian beam from a rough impedance surface

Santasri Basu, Milo Hyde, Salvatore Cusumano, Michael Marciniak, Steven Fiorino

OE, Vol. 52, Issue 03, 038001, (March 2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.52.3.038001

KEYWORDS: Scattering, Global system for mobile communications, Laser scattering, Gaussian beams, Statistical analysis, Adaptive optics, Optical engineering, Magnetism, Profilometers, Physics

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Proceedings Article | 18 December 2012 Paper

Scalar wave solution for the scattering of a partially coherent beam from a statistically rough metallic surface

Milo Hyde, Santasri Basu, Salvatore Cusumano, Mark Spencer

Proceedings Volume 8550, 85503A (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.979947

KEYWORDS: Scattering, Light scattering, Monte Carlo methods, Laser scattering, Analytical research, Statistical analysis, Einsteinium, Solids, Optical simulations, Polarization

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SPIE Journal Paper | 10 October 2012 Open Access

Comparison of coherent and incoherent laser beam combination for tactical engagements

Noah Van Zandt, Salvatore Cusumano, Richard Bartell, Santasri Basu, Jack McCrae, Steven Fiorino

OE, Vol. 51, Issue 10, 104301, (October 2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.51.10.104301

KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Turbulence, Optical simulations, Error analysis, Optical engineering, Thermal blooming, Fiber lasers, Atmospheric optics, Thermal effects, Beam propagation method

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 2012 Paper

High-energy laser tactical decision aid (HELTDA) for mission planning and predictive avoidance

Jarred Burley, Steven Fiorino, Robb Randall, Richard Bartell, Salvatore Cusumano

Proceedings Volume 8381, 83811L (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.919046

KEYWORDS: Climatology, Aerosols, Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric particles, Directed energy weapons, Weapons, Humidity, Scattering, Absorption, Thermal blooming

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Proceedings Article | 5 May 2012 Paper

Validity of using Gaussian Schell model for extended beacon studies

Santasri Basu, Salvatore Cusumano, Milo Hyde, Michael Marciniak, Steven Fiorino

Proceedings Volume 8380, 83800E (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.918946

KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Statistical analysis, Global system for mobile communications, Magnetism, Correlation function, Electromagnetism, Scattering, Atmospheric propagation, Atmospheric turbulence, Optical simulations

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 2011 Paper

Impact of branch points in adaptive optics compensation of thermal blooming and turbulence

Mark Spencer, Salvatore Cusumano

Proceedings Volume 8165, 816503 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.894079

KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Thermal blooming, Turbulence, Phase compensation, Thermal effects, Computer simulations, Optical simulations, Distortion, Atmospheric propagation, Atmospheric optics

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Proceedings Article | 11 May 2011 Paper

Performance modeling of the effects of aperture phase error, turbulence, and thermal blooming on tiled subaperture systems

Charles Leakeas, Shay Capehart, Richard Bartell, Salvatore Cusumano, Matthew Whiteley

Proceedings Volume 8038, 803803 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.883207

KEYWORDS: Performance modeling, Data modeling, Atmospheric propagation, Thermal blooming, Turbulence, Wavefronts, Atmospheric modeling, Statistical analysis, Systems modeling, Statistical modeling

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 January 2011 Open Access

Modeling bistatic spectral measurements of temporally evolving reflected and emitted energy from a distant and receding target

Salvatore Cusumano, Steven Fiorino, Richard Bartell, Matthew Krizo, William Bailey, Rebecca Beauchamp, Michael Marciniak

JARS, Vol. 5, Issue 1, 053549, (January 2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.3626025

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric particles, Data modeling, Sensors, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Scattering, Atmospheric laser remote sensing, Spectral models, Long wavelength infrared, Mid-IR

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Proceedings Article | 24 August 2010 Paper

Field measurements and comparisons to simulations of high energy laser propagation and off-axis scatter

Steven Fiorino, Robb Randall, Richard Bartell, John Haiducek, Mark Spencer, Salvatore Cusumano

Proceedings Volume 7814, 78140P (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.860046

KEYWORDS: Laser scattering, Scattering, Cameras, Atmospheric modeling, Aerosols, Telescopes, Optical simulations, Wind energy, Atmospheric particles, Mie scattering

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Proceedings Article | 12 August 2010 Paper

Impact of spatial resolution on thermal blooming phase compensation instability

Mark Spencer, Salvatore Cusumano, Jason Schmidt, Steven Fiorino

Proceedings Volume 7816, 781609 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.859936

KEYWORDS: Thermal blooming, Atmospheric propagation, Adaptive optics, Thermal effects, Distortion, Spatial resolution, Beam propagation method, Neodymium, Refraction, Wave propagation

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 June 2010 Open Access

Worldwide uncertainty assessments of ladar and radar signal-to-noise ratio performance for diverse low altitude atmospheric environments

Steven Fiorino, Richard Bartell, Matthew Krizo, Gregory Caylor, Kenneth Moore, Thomas Harris, Salvatore Cusumano

JARS, Vol. 4, Issue 01, 043533, (June 2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.3457165

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, LIDAR, Radar, Aerosols, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Clouds, Atmospheric modeling, Humidity, Atmospheric particles, Laser applications

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In this study of atmospheric effects on laser ranging and detection (ladar) and radar systems, the parameter space is explored using the Air Force Institute of Technology Center for Directed Energy's (AFIT/CDE) High Energy Laser End-to-End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS) parametric one-on-one engagement level model. The expected performance of ladar systems is assessed at a representative wavelength of 1.557 µm at a number of widely dispersed land and maritime locations worldwide. Radar system performance is assessed at 95 GHz and 250 GHz. Scenarios evaluated include both down looking oblique and vertical engagement geometries over ranges up to 3000 meters in which clear air aerosols and thin layers of fog, locally heavy rain, and low stratus cloud types are expected to occur. Seasonal and boundary layer variations are considered to determine optimum employment techniques to exploit or defeat the environmental conditions. Each atmospheric particulate/obscurant/hydrometeor is evaluated based on its wavelength-dependent forward and off-axis scattering characteristics and absorption effects on system interrogation. Results are presented in the form of worldwide plots of notional signal to noise ratio. The ladar and 95 GHz system types exhibit similar SNR performance for forward oblique clear air operation. 1.557 µm ladar performs well for vertical geometries in the presence of ground fog, but has no near-horizontal performance under such meteorological conditions. It also has no performance if low altitude stratus is present. 95 GHz performs well for both the fog and stratus layer cases, for both vertical and forward oblique geometries. The 250 GHz radar system is heavily impacted by water vapor absorption in all scenarios studied; however it is not as strongly affected by clouds and fog as the 1.557 µm ladar. Locally heavy rain will severely limit ladar system performance at these wavelengths. However, under heavy rain conditions ladar outperforms both radar systems.

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Proceedings Article | 13 May 2010 Paper

Tracking algorithm selection considerations for airborne laser pointer/tracker system

Matthew Krizo, Salvatore Cusumano, Victor Velten

Proceedings Volume 7696, 769617 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.849571

KEYWORDS: Detection and tracking algorithms, Image processing algorithms and systems, Optical correlators, Airborne laser technology, Image segmentation, Laser sources, Laser systems engineering, Algorithm development, Laser applications, Data processing

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Proceedings Article | 4 May 2010 Paper

Effects of thermal blooming on systems comprised of tiled subapertures

Charles Leakeas, Richard Bartell, Matthew Krizo, Steven Fiorino, Salvatore Cusumano, Matthew Whiteley

Proceedings Volume 7685, 76850M (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.849696

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric modeling, Thermal blooming, Systems modeling, Turbulence, Thermal effects, Performance modeling, Atmospheric propagation, Atmospheric particles, Aerosols, Directed energy weapons

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Proceedings Article | 4 May 2010 Paper

Field and laboratory validation of surface layer optical turbulence and off-axis irradiance

Steven Fiorino, John Haiducek, Christopher Rice, Adam Downs, Matthew Krizo, Richard Bartell, Salvatore Cusumano

Proceedings Volume 7685, 76850E (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.849720

KEYWORDS: Radar, Laser scattering, Optical turbulence, Atmospheric modeling, Cameras, Scattering, Reflectivity, Telescopes, Turbulence, Space telescopes

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The effects of optical turbulence on high energy laser propagation have been well documented. The optical turbulence is typically characterized using the index of refraction structure parameter, C_n². The value and 3-D variation of C_n² can be diagnosed for the surface boundary layer (lowest 50 m of the atmosphere) from values of temperature, pressure, humidity and wind velocity using meteorological similarity theory. Examples of such similarity theory C_n² calculators include the Tunick model for overland applications and the Navy Surface Layer Optical Turbulence (NSLOT) model for ocean scenarios, both of which are implemented in the AFIT CDE's (Center for Directed Energy) HELEEOS (High Energy Laser End-to-End Operational Simulation) and LEEDR (Laser Environmental Effects Definition and Reference) models where they can be assessed from 400 nm to 8.6 m, continuously. The HELEEOS model further allows for the calculation of the irradiance from within a HEL beam that is scattered by molecules and particulates in the atmosphere to an off-axis observation point, while incorporating the spreading effects of the turbulence and thermal blooming. Field and laboratory experiments conducted at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio in summer 2009 allowed for validation measurements for the surface layer optical turbulence and off-axis algorithms to be collected. Turbulence strength measurements were made at a wavelength of 1.55 μm using a state of the art bistatic turbulence profiler for both horizontal and vertical paths. Pressure, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity and aerosol loading data were collected simultaneously with the C_n² measurements. As part of the experiment, the profiler's beams were imaged offaxis with a calibrated camera array and the received irradiance of the off-axis scattering was quantified. Characterization of the aerosol distribution along the laser path and the path to the observer is accomplished by determining the visibility and climatological aerosols for southwestern Ohio. Comparisons between predicted and measured C_n² and off-axis irradiance are made. Additionally an experimental technique to derive C_n² measurements from weather radar is described and compared to the turbulence profiler data.

Proceedings Article | 27 April 2010 Paper

Lab measurements to support modeling terahertz propagation in brownout conditions

Steven Fiorino, Phillip Grice, Matthew Krizo, Richard Bartell, John Haiducek, Salvatore Cusumano

Proceedings Volume 7671, 76710W (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.849728

KEYWORDS: Visibility, Terahertz radiation, Optical properties, Aerosols, Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric particles, Transmittance, Absorption, Atmospheric propagation, Refraction

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 2009 Paper

A computational tool for evaluating THz imaging performance in brownout or whiteout conditions at land sites throughout the world

Steven Fiorino, Richard Bartell, Matthew Krizo, Seth Marek, Matthew Bohn, Robb Randall, Salvatore Cusumano

Proceedings Volume 7324, 732410 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.818922

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Atmospheric particles, Terahertz radiation, Absorption, Atmospheric modeling, Visibility, Water, Scattering, Humidity, Transmittance

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 March 2009 Open Access

Worldwide assessments of laser radar tactical scenario performance variability for diverse low altitude atmospheric conditions at 1.0642 μm and 1.557 μm

Steven Fiorino, Richard Bartell, Matthew Krizo, Daniel Fedyk, Kenneth Moore, Thomas Harris, Salvatore Cusumano, Richard Richmond, Matthew Gebhardt

JARS, Vol. 3, Issue 01, 033521, (March 2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.3122349

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Climatology, Signal to noise ratio, Atmospheric particles, LIDAR, Atmospheric modeling, Humidity, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Clouds, Transmittance

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Proceedings Article | 20 August 2008 Paper

Validation of a worldwide physics-based, high spectral resolution atmospheric characterization and propagation package for UV to RF wavelengths

Steven Fiorino, Richard Bartell, Matthew Krizo, Kenneth Moore, Salvatore Cusumano

Proceedings Volume 7090, 70900I (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.795435

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Atmospheric particles, Scattering, Climatology, Absorption, Databases, Clouds, Visibility, Optical turbulence, Atmospheric propagation

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AFIT/CDE developed the High Energy Laser End-to-End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS) model in part to quantify the performance variance created by the natural environment in possible HEL engagements. As such HELEEOS includes a fast-calculating, first principles, worldwide surface to 100 km, atmospheric propagation and characterization package. This package is also available as a stand-alone module called the Laser Environmental Effects Definition and Reference or LEEDR. LEEDR enables the creation of profiles of temperature, pressure, water vapor content, optical turbulence, atmospheric particulates and hydrometeors as they relate to line-by-line layer transmission, path and background radiance at wavelengths from the ultraviolet to radio frequencies. Physics-based cloud and precipitation characterizations are coupled with a probability of cloud free line of sight (CFLOS) algorithm for air-to-air, air-tosurface, and surface-to-air (or space) look angles. This paper compares HELEEOS/LEEDR propagation assessments to measurements documented in published literature. Primary comparisons are to atmospheric boundary layer extinction measurements made using lidar systems at ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths and Doppler weather radars at RF wavelengths. The specific environments as recorded for the field experiments or radar observations in the literature are recreated using the probabilistic climatological database within HELEEOS/LEEDR. Comparisons of modeled climatological optical turbulence (C²_n) values to recent near surface measurements of C²_n are included. Preliminary results indicate the HELEEOS and LEEDR characterizations are able to accurately produce the major features and magnitudes in vertical profiles of extinction and backscatter in the atmospheric boundary layer at the UV, visible, near- IR, and centimeter wavelengths studied. The comparisons additionally show the models capture important geographic, seasonal, and time-of-day variations that appear in the measurements.

Proceedings Article | 5 May 2008 Paper

A worldwide physics-based high spectral resolution atmospheric characterization and propagation package for UV to RF wavelengths

Matthew Krizo, Salvatore Cusumano, Richard Bartell, Steven Fiorino, William Bailey, Rebecca Beauchamp, Michael Marciniak, Kenneth Moore

Proceedings Volume 6966, 696619 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.777572

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric particles, Atmospheric propagation, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Sensors, Data modeling, Atmospheric optics, Scattering, Optical simulations, Reflectivity

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The Air Force Institute of Technology's Center for Directed Energy (AFIT/CDE) developed the High Energy Laser End-to-End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS) model in part to quantify the performance variance in laser propagation created by the natural environment during dynamic engagements. As such, HELEEOS includes a fast-calculating, first principles, worldwide surface-to-100 km, atmospheric propagation and characterization package. This package enables the creation of profiles of temperature, pressure, water vapor content, optical turbulence, atmospheric particulates and hydrometeors as they relate to line-by-line layer transmission, path and background radiance at wavelengths from the ultraviolet to radio frequencies. Physics-based cloud and precipitation characterizations are coupled with a probability of cloud free line-of-sight algorithm for all possible look angles. HELEEOS was developed under the sponsorship of the High Energy Laser Joint Technology Office. In the current paper an example of a unique high fidelity simulation of a bi-static, time-varying five band multispectral remote observation of laser energy delivered on a test object is presented. The multispectral example emphasizes atmospheric effects using HELEEOS, the interaction of the laser on target and the observed reflectance and subsequent hot spot generated. A model of a sensor suite located on the surface is included to collect the diffuse reflected in-band laser radiation and the emitted radiance of the hot spot in four separate and spatially offset MWIR and LWIR bands. Particular care is taken in modeling the bidirectional reflectivity distribution function (BRDF) of the laser/target interaction to account for both the coupling of energy into the target body and the changes in reflectance as a function of temperature. The architecture supports any platform-target-observer geometry, geographic location, season, and time of day; and it provides for correct contributions of the sky-earth background. The simulation accurately models the thermal response, kinetics, turbulence, base disturbance, diffraction, and signal-to-noise ratios.

Proceedings Article | 18 April 2008 Paper

Propagation variability assessments of ship defense HEL and HPM performance in worldwide maritime boundary layer environments at wavelengths of 1.0642 µm, 2.141 µm, 3.16 mm and 12.2 cm

Steven Fiorino, Richard Bartell, Matthew Krizo, Salvatore Cusumano

Proceedings Volume 6951, 69510G (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.777568

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Climatology, Atmospheric modeling, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Atmospheric particles, Atmospheric propagation, Optical turbulence, Humidity, Clouds, Atmospheric optics

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This study quantifies the variability in ship defense high energy laser (HEL) and high power microwave (HPM) performance due to atmospheric effects in the marine boundary layer relative to a commonly defined standard atmosphere. The atmosphere effects are defined using the worldwide probabilistic climatic database available in the High Energy Laser End-to-End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS) model. The expected propagation performance is assessed at 4 wavelengths (1.0642 μm, 2.141 μm, 3.16 mm, and 12.2 cm) across the world's oceans and mapped on a 1° × 1° grid. Scenarios evaluated are primarily near-surface and horizontal over ranges up to 9000 meters in which anticipated clear air aerosols and thin layers of fog, light rain, and various cloud types occur. Seasonal (summer and winter) and boundary layer variations for a range of relative humidity percentile conditions are considered to determine optimum employment techniques to exploit or defeat the environmental conditions. Optical turbulence impacts and numerous atmospheric particulate/hydrometeor distributions are evaluated based on their wavelength-dependent scattering and absorption effects on HEL/HPM engagement. HELEEOS includes a fast-calculating, first principles, worldwide surface to 100 km, atmospheric propagation and characterization package. This package enables the creation of profiles of temperature, pressure, water vapor content, optical turbulence, atmospheric particulates and hydrometeors as they relate to line-by-line layer transmission, path and background radiance at wavelengths from the ultraviolet to radio frequencies. Physics-based cloud and precipitation characterizations are coupled with physically correct temperature and moisture vertical lapse rates to create realistic atmospheric boundary layer effects. HELEEOS characterizes maritime aerosol environments using the Advanced Navy Aerosol Model (ANAM) or various representations of maritime particulates from the Global Aerosol Dataset (GADS). In the lowest 50 m, HELEEOS defines maritime optical turbulence with the Navy Surface Layer Optical Turbulence (NSLOT) model.

Proceedings Article | 25 February 2008 Paper

A first principles atmospheric propagation & characterization tool: the laser environmental effects definition and reference (LEEDR)

Steven Fiorino, Richard Bartell, Matthew Krizo, Gregory Caylor, Kenneth Moore, Thomas Harris, Salvatore Cusumano

Proceedings Volume 6878, 68780B (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.763812

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Databases, Atmospheric particles, Absorption, Optical turbulence, Scattering, Climatology, Clouds, Atmospheric modeling, Visibility

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The Air Force Institute of Technology Center for Directed Energy (AFIT/CDE) has developed a first principles atmospheric propagation and characterization model called the Laser Environmental Effects Definition and Reference or LEEDR. This package enables the creation of profiles of temperature, pressure, water vapor content, optical turbulence, and atmospheric particulates and hydrometeors as they relate to line-by-line layer extinction coefficient magnitude at wavelengths from the UV to the RF. Worldwide seasonal, diurnal, and geographical variability in these parameters is accessed from probability density function (PDF) databases using a variety of recently available resources to include the Extreme and Percentile Environmental Reference Tables (ExPERT), the Master Database for Optical Turbulence Research in Support of the Airborne Laser, and the Global Aerosol Data Set (GADS). GADS provides aerosol constituent number densities on a 5° x 5° grid worldwide. ExPERT mapping software allows the LEEDR operator to choose from specific site or regional upper air data to characterize correlated molecular absorption, aerosol absorption and scattering by percentile. The integration of the Surface Marine Gridded Climatology database, the Advanced Navy Aerosol Model (ANAM), and the Navy Surface Layer Optical Turbulence (NSLOT) model provides worldwide coverage over all ocean regions on a 1° x 1° grid. Molecular scattering is computed based on Rayleigh theory. Molecular absorption effects are computed for the top 13 absorbing species using line strength information from the HITRAN 2004 database in conjunction with a community standard molecular absorption continuum code. Aerosol scattering and absorption are computed with the Wiscombe Mie model. Each atmospheric particulate/hydrometeor is evaluated based on its wavelength-dependent forward and off-axis scattering characteristics and absorption effects on laser energy delivered at any wavelength from 0.355 μm to 8.6 m. LEEDR can also produce correlated optical turbulence profiles in percentile format. In addition, probability of cloud free line of sight (CFLOS) for hundreds of land sites worldwide is available in LEEDR. Effects of layers of fog, several types of rain and several types of water droplet and ice clouds can also be considered. In addition to describing some of the underlying theory to the LEEDR calculations, this paper presents graphical results for several different scenarios. These generic scenarios are meant to exemplify how LEEDR enables the physically realistic data capture of atmospheric effects on electromagnetic propagation.

Proceedings Article | 11 May 2007 Paper

Worldwide estimates and uncertainty assessments of laser propagation for diverse geometries for paths in the altitude regime of 3 km and below at wavelengths 0.355 to 10.6 µm

Steven Fiorino, Richard Bartell, Glen Perram, Matthew Krizo, Daniel Fedyk, Brett Wisdom, Salvatore Cusumano

Proceedings Volume 6551, 655104 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.718404

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Climatology, Humidity, Optical turbulence, Atmospheric modeling, Absorption, Scattering, Atmospheric particles, Clouds, Fiber optic gyroscopes

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The directed energy modeling and simulation community can make important direct contributions to the joint warfighting community by establishing clear and fully integrated future program requirements. These requirements are best determined via analysis of the expected variability/uncertainty in system performance arising from spatial, spectral and temporal variations in operating conditions. In this study of atmospheric effects on HEL systems, the parameter space is explored using the Air Force Institute of Technology Center for Directed Energy's (AFIT/CDE) High Energy Laser End-to-End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS) parametric one-on-one engagement level model. HELEEOS is anchored to respected wave optics codes and all significant degradation effects-including optical turbulence and molecular, aerosol, and liquid water drop/droplet absorption and scattering-are represented in the model. Beam spread effects due to thermal blooming caused by the various absorbers are considered when appropriate. Power delivered in a 5 cm diameter circular area normalized by the total transmitted power is the primary performance metric used in the study, with results presented in the form of histograms. The expected performance of laser systems operating at both low and high powers is assessed at 24 wavelengths between 0.355 &mgr;m and 10.6 &mgr;m for a number of widely dispersed land and maritime locations worldwide. Scenarios evaluated include both up and down looking generally oblique engagement geometries over ranges up to 6000 meters in which anticipated clear air aerosols and thin layers of fog, and very light rain are simulated. Seasonal and boundary layer variations (summer and winter) for nighttime conditions for a range of relative humidity percentile conditions are considered to determine optimum employment techniques to exploit or defeat the environmental conditions. Each atmospheric particulate/obscurant is evaluated based on its wavelength-dependent forward and off-axis scattering characteristics and absorption effects on laser energy delivered. In addition to realistic vertical profiles of molecular and aerosol absorption and scattering, correlated optical turbulence profiles in probabilistic (percentile) format are used, a feature unique to HELEEOS.

Proceedings Article | 21 July 2000 Paper

In-flight calibration of an airborne wavefront control subsystem

Harold Schall, Andrew Myers, David Weight, Kenneth Billman, Salvatore Cusumano

Proceedings Volume 4034, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391869

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Wavefronts, Wavefront sensors, Control systems, Deformable mirrors, Actuators, Sensors, Error analysis, Beam controllers, Atmospheric optics

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 1998 Paper

Active tracking using multibeam illumination

Charles Higgs, Herbert Barclay, Salvatore Cusumano, Kenneth Billman

Proceedings Volume 3381, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.323935

KEYWORDS: Fiber optic illuminators, Missiles, Atmospheric propagation, Turbulence, Scintillation, Transmitters, Airborne laser technology, Mirrors, Wave propagation, Analytical research

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Proceedings Article | 23 June 1997 Paper

Analysis of the noise equivalent angle of various tilt-estimation algorithms in the presence of Poisson and Gaussian noise

Charles Tipton, David Jordan, Salvatore Cusumano, Charles Higgs

Proceedings Volume 3086, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.277198

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Sensors, Missiles, Binary data, Interference (communication), Detection and tracking algorithms, Solids, Silicon, MATLAB, Electrons

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Proceedings Article | 23 June 1997 Paper

Hardware and software architecture for real-time embedded image processing applications

David Jordan, Charles Tipton, Salvatore Cusumano

Proceedings Volume 3086, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.628231

KEYWORDS: Computer architecture, Image processing

Proceedings Article | 7 June 1996 Paper

Active tracking of a ballistic missile in the boost phase

Paul Merritt, Salvatore Cusumano, Mark Kramer, Shawn O'Keefe, Charles Higgs

Proceedings Volume 2739, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.241917

KEYWORDS: Missiles, Fiber optic illuminators, Detection and tracking algorithms, Telescopes, Scintillation, Adaptive optics, Laser missile defense, Laser energy, Sensors, Atmospheric optics

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