Defocusing in an optical system is a common practical issue that affects the quality and shape of the beam and is hence important in the light-matter interaction. A detailed investigation is carried out on the interaction of the tightly focused beam with a spherical nanoparticle under defocusing. Tightly focused beams with linear and radial polarization are considered for the investigation and the influence of such beams on plasmonic characteristics of a nanoparticle is analyzed. The effect of defocusing is observed on intensity enhancement in near-field in different surrounding media.
Polarization, a fundamental feature of the light, is a useful parameter in understanding the complex optical responses of the system and to unravel unique properties that are otherwise missing. Usually, measurement of the polarization demands multiple measurements, which is not appropriate for live imaging. In this paper, we discuss and present some of our recent works on development of polarization digital holographic microscope for spatially resolved and a label-free imaging. Our emphasis is on single-shot polarization imaging and its possible applications in live cancer cell imaging.
We present an off-axis holography with intensity correlation of the randomly scattered light and initial experimental results are presented. The hologram is recorded in the intensity correlations rather than the intensity and subsequently numerical reconstruction is applied to reconstruct the complex fields encoded into the hologram. Performance of this technique is examined in the off-axis hologram recording from the intensity correlation of the laser speckles and results in better reconstruction quality and field of view. This technique may find applications in wide-field imaging and microscopy with randomness.
The two-point correlation matrix comprises of correlation among the same or different transverse polarization field components at a pair of points. Here, we present a method to determine argument (phase) of the elements of the two-point correlation matrix of the polarized light from the correlation of the Stokes fluctuations. We use only two Stokes parameters S0 and S1 and their two-point correlations to measure all four elements of the two-point correlation matrix. Application of this technique is demonstrated in phase imaging from spatially fluctuating vector random field and in characterization of the partially coherent vector beam.
A diffraction-limited condition limits the spatial resolution of the imaging schemes. In this paper, we discuss incoherent illumination and imaging in terms of the second-order correlation to improve the resolution and reconstruction quality. A comparison of performance based on conventional imaging in free space, the average intensity of the speckles with incoherent illumination, and the intensity correlation of the imaged speckles is discussed and examined by simulation tests of these three cases. Simulation results for imaging in two cases viz. conventional imaging and with second-order correlation measurement are presented and discussed. The approach can be used to enhance the quality of reconstruction in quantitative imaging and microscopy.
In this paper, we discuss use of polarization correlations, particularly Stokes parameters (SPs) correlations, in the design and development of new holographic methods.
We demonstrate a snap-shot ghost diffraction imaging approach with potential features of simultaneous recovery of amplitude and phase of a complex-valued object from a single-shot recording of the fields at the detectors. The technique utilizes the spatial averaging as an effective replacement of ensemble averaging in the execution of the cross-correlation of intensity fluctuations at the detector plane. Furthermore, the approach adopts the concept of holography in combination with the ghost diffraction scheme for the simultaneous recovery of phase distribution along with the amplitude of the object. The proposed method is expected to find applications in the two- and three-dimensional real-time quantitative imaging, biological microscopy, tomography, and super-resolution imaging, etc.
Speckle-based techniques have noteworthy applications in the field of material science, surface characterization, determining mechanical displacements, biological activity in diffuse layer, imaging through turbid layer etc. The passage of coherent light through a diffuse layer generates a random speckle pattern, which have the inherent feature of carrying information associated with the diffuse layer. Dynamic laser speckle associated with the displacements of scattering surface has prominent impacts in the study of biological activity inside the diffuse layer. Investigations are progressing in the direction of exploring the dynamical properties associated with speckled speckles and its applications in imaging and characterization scenarios. In this work, we theoretically and experimentally study the dynamical properties of speckles through a static scattering layer using intensity correlation. The displacement (transverse or angular) produced in the concealed scatterer generates the dynamic speckle pattern which is observed through a second static diffuser. We expect to find applications of this investigation into the tracking objects hidden in the diffuse layer, measuring biological activity in diffuse layer, displacement measurements, etc.
We present an experimental technique to investigate the effect of speckle pattern illumination on holographic recording and reconstruction. In this work, we apply speckle field illumination for digital holography and present our preliminary experimental results. The technique is applied for recording and reconstruction of the complete wavefronts and compare with conventional holographic approach. This technique is expected to play an important role in studying the polarization sensitive materials and opens up a new approach for holographic imaging with high field of view for polarization objects.
A non-interferometric technique for imaging from laser speckle using speckle autocorrelation assisted with sparsity enhanced iterative phase reconstruction is proposed and demonstrated in this paper. The use of sparsity assisted approach in combination with speckle correlation provides the potential to retrieve the complex correlation function from random speckle pattern. Imaging through random scattering medium is demonstrated by recovery of a circular and an annular aperture from the laser speckle.
Phase contrast x-ray imaging techniques have shown the ability to overcome the weakness of the low sensitivity of conventional x-ray imaging. Among them, in-line phase contrast imaging, blessed with simplicity of arrangement, is deemed to be a promising technique in clinical application. To obtain quantitative information from in-line phase contrast images, numerous phase-retrieval techniques have been developed. The theories of these phase-retrieval techniques are mostly proposed on the basis of the ideal detector and the noise-free environment. However, in practice, both detector resolution and system noise would have impacts on the performance of these phase-retrieval methods. To assess the impacts of above-mentioned factors, we include the effects of Gaussian shaped detectors varying in the full width at half maximum (FWHM) and system noise at different levels into numerical simulations. The performance of the phase-retrieval methods under such conditions is evaluated by the root mean square error. The results demonstrate that an increase in the detector FWHM or noise level degrades the effect of phase retrieval, especially for objects in small size.
We propose an experimental technique for two dimensional Jones matrix imaging of transparent and anisotropic sample
using polarization interferometer. Employing this technique, the Jones matrix components are measured for polarizer and
quarter wave plate and results are compared with theoretical results of the samples.
A relation between vectorial source structure and coherence-polarization of the fluctuating field is established. This
relation connects the source structure to the degree of coherence by Fourier relation, and this is extension of the van
Cittert-Zernike theorem to the vectorial regime. Experimental verification of the proposed theorem is presented by
making use of space averages as replacement of ensemble averages for Gaussian stochastic field. Both experimental and analytical results are obtained for different polarized sources, and good agreements between two justify use of space average as replacement of ensemble average in the spatially fluctuating field.
A uniformly polarized optical vortex (OV) entering a birefringent crystal is known to unfold into complex polarization structures due to the separation of ordinary and extraordinary rays. The interplay between the topological structures in scalar and vector optics has been studied at the output of finite-length crystals. But the polarization transformation near the unfolding point where the beam initially enters the crystal has not been observed so far. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the spatial polarization structure very near the unfolding point of a uniformly polarized OV beam propagating in a birefringent crystal by constructing a birefringent interferometer. The unfolding point is reconstructed by folding back the two separated beams into a single beam using another identical birefringent crystal, resulting in a birefringent interferometer of Mach-Zehnder type. Small rotation of the second crystal produces output beams with varying separation near the unfolding point. The spatial polarization structure of the output beam is investigated by measuring the Stokes parameters. Such understanding of the connection between defects of scalar optics and vector optics through birefringence will help to shape the spatial polarization states of laser beams for various spectroscopic and microscopic applications.
In this paper, we present an interferometric technique for full field polarization mapping using Fourier fringe
analysis. Uniqueness of the technique lies in its high stability against surrounding vibration and capability of single shot
measurement. Accuracy of the technique is verified by mapping of beam with known state of polarization and
subsequently the technique is used to map polarization for various kinds of sample fields.
We propose a simple scheme for accurate state of polarization (SOP) mapping with an interferometric polarimeter using
Fourier transform method of fringe analysis. In single shot polarimeters that use Fourier transform method of fringe
analysis, a spatial carrier frequency is introduced in the fringes of recorded interferogram either by introducing the
relative tilt between the sample beam under test and a reference beam, as demonstrated by Ohtsuka and Oka or by
passing the sample beam through birefringent optical components such as Wollaston prisms as demonstrated by Oka and
Kaneko. In this technique, the amount of spatial carrier frequency that enabled to filter different terms in the Fourier
spectrum of the recorded interferogram had to be calibrated with the use of light with a known SOP. Even in this case,
the spatial carrier frequency introduced in the recorded interferogram is influenced by the relative tilt of the beam used
for calibration. To eliminate the linear phase introduced by spatial carrier frequency, usually the spectrum around the
carrier frequency location in the Fourier transform is shifted and brought to the centre. During this process an error of a
fraction of a pixel in the shifting of the spectrum after filtering to remove the linear phase introduced by spatial carrier
frequency will drastically change the measured SOP of light. For accurate SOP mapping, it is important that we
eliminate the artifacts and errors due to the spatial carrier frequency in the single shot polarimeter that are otherwise very
promising. In the present work, we propose a Mach-Zehnder interferometric polarimeter that uses a common path
Sagnac interferometer to generate reference beams with orthogonal state of polarization. By taking advantage of the
inherent stability of the proposed common path Sagnac interferometer against surrounding vibrations and air turbulences,
a simple calibration scheme using a light of known state of polarization is used to map the state of polarization with
better accuracy.
In this paper, we propose and demonstrate Stokes holography for recording and reconstructing a object using
polarization fringes. Reconstruction is carried out by scattering the polarization fringes through ground glass, and
replacing the ensemble averages by space averages of the randomly scattered Gaussian field. Object encoded into
polarization fringes are reconstructed into their corresponding elements of generalized Stokes parameters. Experimental
and numerical results of a point object reconstruction are presented.
We propose a simple implementation of off-axis coherence holography with a commercial projector combined with a
Sagnac radial shearing interferometer. The projector functions as a device for display and incoherent illumination of a
coherence hologram, which permits reconstruction of the hologram with a generic spatially-incoherent quasimonochromatic
thermal light source. The Sagnac radial shearing interferometer, with its inherent stability of a common-path
interferometer and controllable magnification introduced by variable shear, functions as a device for correlating
optical fields to detect the 3-D coherence function that represents the object recorded in the coherence hologram. A set of
phase-shifted Fourier transform holograms was displayed sequentially with the projector. The coherence function was
detected by applying the phase-shift technique to the Sagnac radial shearing interferometer, and the object was
reconstructed as the 3-D correlation map of the fields diffracted from the hologram. The technique can be applied for
dispersion-free spatial coherence tomography and profilometry.
Presence of vortices/phase singularities has been demonstrated in instantaneous generalized Stokes parameters (IGSP) of
the field generated by illuminating a random phase screen with a polarization structured beam. Polarization structuring is
achieved by focusing the vector beam with tilt in one of the orthogonal polarization components with respect to other.
Spatially structured polarized beam is scattered by non-birefringent random phase screen placed at the focal plane of
focusing lens. Field distribution of orthogonal polarization components are evaluated at the focal plane of second lens,
and subsequently IGSPs are evaluated. Evaluations of the IGSPs are performed by varying one observation point r2 with
respect to a fixed reference point r1. Distribution of phase singularities is displayed in the phase map of IGSP. These
singularities disappear in the spatially averaged generalized stokes parameters.
This paper presents the performance of centroid determining algorithms for the ideal Gaussian stripe and Gaussian spot
with added external noise. In the Gaussian spot case, for the binary images, centroid calculation was performed using
weighted mean method. Morphological operations were used to filter out possible shape distortion, holes formation and
scattering effects caused by the external noise. In case of grayscale images the method of calculating the centroid
through Gaussian fitting curves was used and its accuracy visualized. In the Gaussian stripe case, a stripe was analyzed
with different noises levels and with sub pixels shifting.
There have been numerous studies on effectiveness of different sanitizers for microbial inactivation. However, results obtained from different studies indicate that microorganism cannot be easily removed from fresh cut vegetables because of puncture and cut surfaces with varying surface topographies. In this study, three step disinfection approach was evaluated for inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 on shredded lettuce leaves. Sequential application of thyme oil, ozonated water, and aqueous chlorine dioxide was evaluated in which thyme oil was applied first followed by ozonated water and aqueous chlorine dioxide. Shredded lettuce leaves inoculated with cocktail culture of E. coli O157:H7 (C7927, EDL 933 and 204 P), were washed with ozonated water (15 mg/l for 10min), aqueous chlorine dioxide (10 mg/l,for 10min) and thyme oil suspension (0.1%, v/v for 5min). Washing of lettuce leaves with ozonated water, chlorine dioxide and thyme oil suspension resulted in 0.44, 1.20, and 1.46 log reduction (log10 cfu/g), respectively. However, the sequential treatment achieved approximately 3.13 log reductions (log10 cfu/g). These results demonstrate the efficacy of sequential treatments in decontaminating shredded lettuce leaves containing E. coli O157:H7.
Rapid detection, identification and enumeration of pathogenic microorganisms is highly important to the food industry to address the food safety concerns. Biosensors are devices that promise to achieve these objectives, these analytical devices can accurately and selectively estimate the levels of foodborne pathogens. The most widely applied biosensors are based on the optical properties like absorption, fluorescence, reflection, refraction, dispersion etc. This review is done to provide an overview of optic based biosensor and their application in the area of food safety. Working principles of Surface plasmon resonance , resonant mirror and fiber optic based biosensor are described in the article. Resonant mirror based biosensor has been used for the estimation of S. aureus, it was proven selective for the strain being tested (Cowan-1). Using colloidal-gold conjugates in sandwich assay format increased the sensitivity of the assay. An integrated fiber optic based biosensor is used for detection of Salmonella typhimurium reducing the detection time to 30 min. Fiber optic based biosensors offer advantage of compactness, flexibility, resistance to electrical noise and small probe size.
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