Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is used to quantify cerebral blood volume (CBV) as a marker of angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels). Rats are exposed to chronic hypoxia for 3 weeks at half atmospheric pressure to stimulate angiogenesis, and second-differential NIR spectroscopy is used to quantify total cerebral hemoglobin before and after angiogenesis. The cerebral hemoglobin (from broadband NIR spectroscopy), and the large vessel hemoglobin and hematocrit (from blood samples), are used to derive values for the calculation of CBV. The total hemoglobin in brain is 46.6±1.9 µmol/l (mean±SD, n=5) preacclimation and increases by 72% postacclimation. CBV is initially 3.26±0.41% v/v and increases by 31% with acclimation. Each individual animal shows a measureable increase in CBV. This study indicates that NIR broadband spectroscopy can be used for repeated measurements of CBV and can be applied as a noninvasive method to study angiogenesis.
Near-infrared spectroscopic imaging (NIRSI) is useful to assess cardiac tissue oxygenation in arrested and beating hearts, and it shows potential as an intraoperative gauge of the effectiveness of bypass grafting. The purpose of this study was to determine whether NIRSI can reliably differentiate among a range of cardiac oxygenation states, using ischemia and hypoxia models independently. An ischemia-reperfusion model was applied to isolated, beating, blood-perfused porcine hearts, in which the left anterior descending (LAD) artery was cannulated. LAD flow was decreased stepwise to approximately 50, 20, and 0% of normal flow and was completely restored between ischemic episodes. Upon completion of the ischemia-reperfusion protocol, the hearts were further subjected to periods of increasingly severe global hypoxia. Regional oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin (myoglobin) levels were derived from spectroscopic images (650 to 1050 nm) acquired at each step. Oxygenation maps vividly highlighted the area at risk for all degrees of ischemia. Oxygenation values differed significantly for different LAD flow rates, regardless of whether intermediate reperfusion was applied, and oxygenation values during progressive hypoxia correlated well with blood oxygen saturation. These results suggest that NIRSI is well suited, not only to identify ischemic or hypoxic regions of cardiac tissue, but also to assess the severity of deoxygenation.
Infrared spectroscopy is well established as an analytical technique in various applications. We have undertaken a series of studies to establish the suitability of mid infrared spectroscopy in various clinical analytical applications, focusing on various urine, serum and whole blood assays. The initial work demonstrated that six common serum analyses are possible, namely glucose, urea, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, and albumin, with accuracy comparable to standard clinical methods (Hitachi 717), and more recently HDL and LDL cholesterol have been quantified separately. Herein, we summarize our progress in transferring this technology to the clinical laboratory, focusing on the new methods and hardware that have enabled this transition, assessing the accuracy of the mid IR based analytical methods using these innovations, and reporting an exploratory study assessing the transferability of methods between spectrometers.
Quantitative analysis of blood oxygen saturation using near-IR spectroscopy is made difficult by uncertainties in both the absolute value and the wavelength dependence of the optical path length. We introduce a novel means of assessing the wavelength dependence of path length, exploiting the relative intensities of several absorptions exhibited by an exogenous contrast agent (neodymium). Combined with a previously described method that exploits endogenous water absorptions, the described technique estimates the absolute path length at several wavelengths throughout the visible/near-IR range of interest. Isolated rat hearts (n=11) are perfused separately with Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB) and a KHB solution to which neodymium had been added, and visible/near-IR spectra are acquired using an optical probe made up of emission and collection fibers in concentric rings of diameters 1 and 3 mm, respectively. Relative optical path lengths at 520, 580, 679, 740, 800, 870, and 975 nm are 0.41±0.13, 0.49±0.21, 0.90±0.09, 0.94±0.01, 1.00, 0.84±0.01, and 0.78±0.08, respectively. The absolute path length at 975 nm is estimated to be 3.8±0.6 mm, based on the intensity of the water absorptions and the known tissue water concentration. These results are strictly valid only for the experimental geometry applied here.
One hallmark of cell death resulting from prolonged ischemia is cell membrane disruption. We apply optical spectroscopy to gauge membrane disruption in isolated rat hearts by monitoring (1) the washout of myoglobin (Mb) and (2) the accumulation of an exogenous contrast agent in permeabilized cells. The contrast agent, a neodymium (Nd) chelate, has several absorptions in the visible and near-IR, and when present in the perfusate, it cannot penetrate cellular membranes. When membrane integrity is disrupted, however, it is expected to accumulate within the intracellular space; moreover, cellular Mb is expected to wash out. To test this hypothesis, rat hearts (n = 12) are perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB), followed by perfusion with KHB in which a 5 mM Nd-DTPA solution is present. Membrane damage is then induced by infusion of digitonin into the Nd-KHB perfusate to provide a digitonin concentration of 2.5, 5, or 10 µg/mL. After 30 min of infusion, Mb levels fall to 46±14% of baseline levels and Nd-DTPA rises to 161±19% of predigitonin levels. No apparent dependence of total membrane disruption on digitonin concentration over the concentration range studied is found, although higher concentrations do lead to more rapid membrane disruption.
A new approach is presented to distinguish cancerous from normal brain tissue via linear discriminant analysis of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. FTIR microspectroscopy was used to map various thin-section tumor samples with different malignancy grades (grades II-VI) and non-tumor samples obtained from various patients by surgical removal. Spectral analysis revealed features characteristic of tumors with increasing malignancy. A genetic region selection algorithm combined with linear discriminant analysis was used to derive classifiers distinguishing among spectra of control tissue, astrocytoma grade II, astrocytoma grade III and glioblastoma grade IV. Employing the World Health Organization histopathological diagnostic scheme as the gold standard, the spectra were classified with a success rate of approximately 85 percent. These results demonstrate the potential of the combination of FTIR spectroscopy and pattern recognition routines in providing a more objective method for brain tumour grading and diagnosis.
KEYWORDS: Hypoxia, Magnetic resonance imaging, Absorption, Tissue optics, Near infrared spectroscopy, Brain, Tissues, Scattering, Neuroimaging, In vivo imaging
Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy can potentially probe several parameters related to the onset of stroke and the ensuing tissue damage. One obvious marker of ischemia is cerebral oxygenation, which can be lowered sharply in stroke-affected tissue. Also commonly assessed, though less straightforward to recover, is the redox state of the cytochrome aa3 copper center. Finally, parameters that are in principle available but seldom recovered from in vivo near-IR spectra are changes in water concentration and scattering properties of the tissue. We have evaluated the potential for near-IR spectroscopy to detect relevant changes in cerebral oxygenation, blood volume, water content, and scattering properties in an infant rat stroke model that is well characterized by magnetic resonance imaging methods. The specific aim was to acquire near-IR spectra simultaneously with MR images and to correlate stroke-associated changes detected via these two modalities prior to, during and after a hypoxia-ischemia episode within this stroke model. Presented here are results from the design and testing of a near-IR illumination/detection system that is compatible with an MR imaging system, and the recovery of trends in the near-IR spectra that complement the hypoxic-ischemic changes observed in the MR images. Unexpectedly large intensity changes observed for the in vivo near-IR water absorptions are ascribed to hypoxia-induced variations in effective optical pathlength, suggesting that the water absorptions may prove generally useful as a means to track such changes.
IR spectroscopy shows the promise of developing into a clinically relevant methodology for both screening and quantitative applications. The principles are straightforward - the IR spectrum of appropriate biological fluids or tissues may be interpreted to reveal diagnostic information either directly through inspection, or indirectly through the use of appropriate classification or quantitation algorithms. Implementing these methods in practice is not as straightforward. This report summarizes our experiences to date in developing methods for the quantitation of several serum analytes from the IR spectra of dried serum films, and for the IR-based detection/grading of abnormalities in exfoliated cervical cell specimens.
Infrared spectra of cyclosporin A (CsA) and three analogues CsC, CsD, and CsH have been measured (1) in a variety of organic solvents, and (2) in acetonitrile in the presence of lithium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium ions. The amide I (CequalsO stretching) absorption pattern shows a systematic trend with increasing solvent polarity. The spectral changes indicate that polar solvents disrupt two of the four intramolecular hydrogen bonds, leaving the first two hydrogen bonds of the (beta) -sheet structure intact. Interaction of CsA, CsC, or CsD with the monovalent cations Li+ and Na+ in acetonitrile yields spectra that are virtually identical to one another. The spectra suggest that several carbonyl groups bind simultaneously to the metal ion. In contrast the spectra suggest strong binding by Ca2+ and Mg2+ to one or two specific CequalsO groups, as evidenced by very low frequency CequalsO stretching bands observed at ca. 1600 cm-1.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.