The littering of steel waste increases annually, and it causes environmental pollution and resource wastage. Rapid classification of steel is a critical step in the process of recycling to conserve resources. The method of principal components analysis (PCA) combined with support vector machine (SVM) was developed to establish a model for rapidly classifying 14 kinds of special steel samples, whose spectra were acquired via a portable fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (FO-LIBS) system. Fifty-one preselected characteristic lines of trace elements were chosen as input variables because the samples of special steel differed in terms of the concentration of trace elements. Results showed that the recognition accuracy of the PCA-SVM model was gradually improved by the increase in principal components (PCs) and reached 100% when 13 PCs were extracted as input; this accuracy value was significantly higher than the 95% accuracy of the SVM model. This finding suggests that FO-LIBS combined with the PCA-SVM algorithm can achieve rapid classification of steel materials and provide a new approach for online detection in the industrial field.
We theoretically and numerically investigate all-optical Mach–Zehnder interferometer switching based on the phase-shift multiplication effect of an all-optical analog on the electromagnetically induced transparency effect. The free-carrier plasma dispersion effect modulation method is applied to improve the tuning rate with a response time of picoseconds. All observed schemes are analyzed rigorously through finite-difference time-domain simulations and coupled-mode formalism. Compared with no phase-shift multiplication effect, the average pump power of all-optical switching required to yield the π-phase shift difference decreases by 55.1%, and the size of the modulation region is reduced by 50.1% when the average pump power reaches 60.8 mW. This work provides a new direction for low-power consumption and miniaturization of microstructure integration light-controlled switching devices in optical communication and quantum information processing.
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