NASA’s Dragonfly mission will sample surface materials from multiple sites on Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, in exploration of prebiotic chemistry. We report on the performance of our short-pulsed UV laser transmitter, developed for the Dragonfly’s on-board Mass Spectrometer (DraMS). Our Engineering Test Unit (ETU) has completed flight qualification and demonstrated its operational science requirements, such that the final spaceflight unit build can begin. The Titan Hydrocarbon Analysis Nanosecond Optical Source (THANOS) ETU laser produces 266 nm laser pulses at programmable energy levels to perform high resolution Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry (LDMS) measurements. The laser operates in bursts of one to 50 pulses, each at ⪅ 2 ns pulse width with a pulse energy of 0 - 200 uJ, at a 100 Hz repetition rate. This paper details the qualification process of the THANOS laser as well as the rigorous characterization performed to ensure consistent performance of the system during laboratory testing, while integrated onto the DraMS instrument and most critically, while operating on the distant surface of Titan.
NASA’s Dragonfly mission is a rotorcraft lander which will explore several geologic locations on Saturn’s moon, Titan and investigate evidence of surface-level prebiotic chemistry as well as search for chemical signatures of water-based and/or hydrocarbon-based life. To perform molecular composition investigations in-situ, the payload includes the Dragonfly Mass Spectrometer (DraMS), being developed at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). DraMS will utilize laser desorption mass spectrometry (LDMS) to interrogate surface samples and measure the organic composition. Enabling this science capability is the Throttled Hydrocarbon Analysis by Nanosecond Optical Source (THANOS) laser being developed at NASA-GSFC. The THANOS laser is comprised of a solid state, passively Q-Switched Nd:YAG oscillator which is frequency converted to 266 nm and utilizes a RTP high voltage electro-optic for pulse energy control. The laser outputs <2.0 ns pulses with a maximum energy of approximately 200 uJ which can be emitted in 1 - 50 shot bursts at 100 Hz while performing LDMS science operations. The laser has the capability to throttle its UV pulse energy output from full attenuation to maximum energy to provide varying levels of fluence on samples in the DraMS instrument. We report on the THANOS’ laser technology development and space qualification effort including vibration, thermal vacuum cycling, radiation as well as optical damage testing due to Titan’s atmospheric composition, performed at NASA-GSFC from 2019 through 2022.
The Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) instrument was designed, built, and tested in-house at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center and launched to the International Space Station (ISS) on December 5, 2018. GEDI is a multibeam waveform LiDAR (light detection and ranging) designed to measure the Earth’s global tree height and canopy density using 8 laser beam ground tracks separated by roughly 600 meters. Given the ground coverage required and the 2 year mission duration, a unique optical design solution was developed. GEDI generates 8 ground sampling tracks from 3 transmitter systems viewed by a single receiver telescope, all while maximizing system optical efficiency and transmitter to receiver boresight alignment margin. The GEDI optical design, key optical components, and system level integration and testing are presented here. GEDI began 2 years of science operations in March 2019 and so far, it is meeting all of its key optical performance requirements and is returning outstanding science.
NASA’s Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) instrument was launched Dec. 5, 2018, and installed on the International Space Station 419 km from Earth. The GEDI is a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) instrument; measuring the time of flight of transmitted laser beams to the Earth and back to determine altitude for geospatial mapping of forest canopy heights. The need for very dense cross track sampling for slope measurements of canopy height is accomplished by using three individual laser transmitter systems, where each beam is split into two beams by a birefringent crystal. Furthermore, one transmitter is equipped with a diffractive optical element splitting the two beams into four, for a total of 8 beams. The beams are reflected off of the features and imaged by an 800 mm diameter Receiver Telescope Assembly, composed of a Ritchey-Chrétien telescope, a refractive aft optics assembly and focal plane array which collects and focuses the light from the 8 probe beams into the 8 science fibers, each with a field of view on the Earth subtending 300 μrad. The dense cross-track sampling mandated a custom designed dual-fiber interface. The science fibers had to be aligned to the nominal, projected laser spots. The alignment was highly dependent on optimization and co-positioning of the fibers pair-wise due to mechanical constraints. This paper presents the end-to-end alignment and metrology of the full optical system from transmitter elements through receiver telescope, aft-optics, focal plane and receiver fibers performed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
Paul Stysley, D. Coyle, Furqan Chiragh, Erich Frese, Michael Hersh, Kevin Smith, Gordon Blalock, Peter Morey, Juan Lander, Richard Kay, Demetrios Poulios, Greg Clarke, Kristen Washington, Cindy Kirchner, Pete Mule
The Global Ecosystems Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) Lidar Mission will employ three lasers systems internally developed, built, and tested by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Lasers and Electro-Optics Branch. Once installed on the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) on the International Space Station (ISS), the lasers, each coupled with a Beam Dithering Unit (BDU) will produce three sets of staggered footprints on the Earth's surface to accurately measure global biomass. Each of the lasers is a heritage Nd:Yag solid state design required to put out Q-switched pulses at a rate of 242 Hz with a minimum 10 mJ per pulse at a 1064 nm wavelength. During the project, an engineering test unit (ETU) was also built and tested to pave the way for the laser systems to be used in space. We report on the technical and programmatic requirements that drove the design and development of the lasers. Also presented is an update of the performance of the engineering test unit qualification and life-testing along with the status of the space flight lasers.
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