Focal length of a lens is measured in a Lau setup with binary gratings. An integer order of Lau fringes appears in some conditions where a proper relation is satisfied between the involved separation distances of the setup elements, gratings periods, wavelength, and focal length of the test lens. Focal length of the lens is given by fitting the relevant theoretical curve with some unknown constants, including the focal length, to the gained experimental data. Precision of this measurement is of order of 1 mm for a lens with focal length of about 30 cm.
Holography is a 3D imaging method. In digital holography, like classical holography, speckle noise presents in reconstruction process and reduces the image quality. Thus, speckle noise reduction has strong effect on the image quality. Because of random distribution of speckle characteristics, it is too hard to eliminate them completely. Up to now some methods have been proposed for speckle noise reduction. In this work a method has been presented which is based on statistical property of speckle noise. By averaging multiple reconstructed images with different speckle noise patterns it has been reduced. These reconstructed images have been acquired by changing the sampling size in the hologram plane.
In digital holography interference fringe pattern is formed on a computer-aided CCD camera target and recorded by the
computer. The object wave is reconstructed electronically by using this numeric hologram. In an off-axis holography the
zero order and two first orders are formed in separate positions. However the zero order decreases the quality of any of
the two formed images. In this process a zero- order component appears. This component decreases quality of the
reconstructed image. In this work a method is proposed with which we can eliminate this component effectively. This
technique is based on recording two holograms for two angular positions of the CCD camera. The performed
experiments verify the effectiveness of the procedure.
A new type of amplitude-division two-beam interferometer using a prism is proposed. The prism performs the beamsplitter
and one arm of the interferometer. Any plane parallel plate is not employed in the interferometer, and any of its
components surfaces doesn't need to anti-reflecting or semi-transparent coating. It doesn't produce spurious fringes when
is well-adjusted. In the case of using a monochromatic point source, quality of the fringes obtained by this interferometer
is comparable with the one obtained by the Michelson interferometer.
Displaying of images on monitors actually samples them. When a sinusoidal image is displayed on a monitor, a frequency that is much smaller than the frequency of the original image might be seen, which appears as a moiré fringe. Characteristics of this fringe depend on the geometry of the monitor's pixel lattice and the frequency of the displayed image. By changing the image frequency, one can access a moiré fringe of infinite period. In this situation, there is a simple relation between the image period and the monitor's pixel period. The estimated error in determining the number of the pixels of a monitor is a small fraction of 1 pixel.
We report the experimental data of typical liquid crystals (6CHBT and w1680) in the nematic phase doped with and
without Sudan dyes. We investigated the effect of an ac-applied voltage on the nonlinear behavior of dye doped liquid
crystal (DDLC). The z-scan technique is used to measure the amplitude and the sign of the nonlinear refractive indices
DDLC. The amplitude of negative nonlinear refractive indices was
(~10-5cm2/W). The nonlinear absorption coefficient β of DDLC was measured by using open aperture z- scan technique. Also the optical limiting (OL) response of DDLC was
obtained. The novel effects on the far-field diffraction patterns of a Gaussian beam were depended on the external
applied field. The measurements were performed using a CW He:Ne laser and CW Nd:Yag laser tuned at 632.8 nm and
532 nm, respectively. Also Gaussian beam propagated through a thin cell (sample thickness =11.8 μm).
When a signal is sampled at a rate less than twice its maximum frequency aliasing is occurred, which causing lower
frequencies to appear in the sampled signal. In displaying an image on a monitor we also performing a kind of sampling.
Displaying a sinusoidal image, with a frequency that is approximately an integer multiple of pixel frequency of the
monitor, generates a frequency that is very smaller than the frequency of presented image that appears as a moire fringe.
Characteristics of this fringe depend on the pixel size of the monitor and the frequency of the displayed image. By
changing the image frequency one can access a moire fringe of infinite period. In this case there is a simple relation
between the image period and the pixel period of the monitor. Thus by knowing the period of the presented image, the
period of the pixels can be obtained using this relation. The error in determining the number of the pixels of a monitor is
estimated to be less than one pixel.
In this paper we present optical phase-conjugation based on the degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) arrangement in
photorefractive crystal. The 532nm beam from a low-power Nd:Yag laser was split to form two counter-propagating
pump beams and one probe beam in the DFWM geometry. Experiments were carried out by varying the parameters
(angle of separation between the forward-pump and the probe beam, writing beam intensities) that influence the phase-conjugate
beam reflectivity. High reflectivity optical phase-conjugation is hereby reported for low-power lasers. The
dependence of phase conjugate reflectivity on signal to pump ratio (m) and forward to backward pump ratio (q) have
been investigated experimentally
Optical bistability and switching are of great interest in the rapidly and developing field of photonics. Devices that
display this behavior could potentially play a major role in the development of optical communication systems and
computing. In this article we present experimental results concerning the optical bistability in ferroelectric of
photorefractive BaTiO3 crystal. Two laser beams were used to interact with the photorefractive crystal which resulted in
the bistability of the intensity of transmitted wave. This was achieved without the application of any optical resonator.
High contrast optical bistability is found experimentally in the pump-ratio dependence of the output intensity.
Due to finite width of a spectral line, the visibility of the more fringes, formed by a grating and the image of another similar grating, produced by self-imaging technique, reduces by the increase of the image order. This effect has been exploited to specify the line shape, by taking Fourier transform from the visibility curve of the more fringes. The technique also renders to specify the non symmetric spectral line shapes, which are very difficult to determine by interferometric techniques. When a dispersive material, liquid or solid, is held between the gratings the visibility curve changes. It is shown that by comparing the Fourier transforms of the visibility curves obtained with and without sample, the dispersion function of the latter can be specified.
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