Depth perception is an important component of many augmented reality applications. It is, however, subject to multiple error sources. In this study, we investigated depth judgments with a stereoscopic video see-through head-mounted display for the purpose of designing depth cueing for systems that operate in an individual’s action space. In the experiment, we studied the use of binocular disparity and relative size to improve relative depth judgments of augmented objects above the ground plane. The relative size cue was created by adding auxiliary augmentations to the scene according to constraints described in the section on the underlying theory. The results showed that binocular disparity and relative size improved depth judgments over the distance range. This indicates that for accurate depth judgments, additional depth cues should be used to facilitate stereoscopic perception within an individual’s action space.
This study presents a geometric and subjective analysis of typical mobile stereoscopic 3-D images. The geometry of the stereoscopic pipeline from the scene to the eyes of the viewer is a highly relevant issue in stereoscopic media. One important factor is camera separation, because it can be used to control the perceived depth of stereoscopic images. The geometric analysis included consideration of disparity and roundness factor within typical mobile stereoscopic imaging scenes. These geometric properties of stereoscopic 3-D images were compared to subjective evaluations by varying camera separation in different scenes. The participants in this study evaluated the strength and naturalness of depth sensation and the overall viewing experience from still images with the single-stimulus method. The results showed that participants were able to perceive the change of depth range even though the images were shown in random order without a reference depth scale. The highest naturalness of depth sensation and viewing experience were achieved with 2 cm to 6 cm camera separation in every content. With these preferred camera separations, the disparity range was less than ±1 deg and cardboard effect (quantified with roundness factor) did not negatively affect the naturalness of depth sensation.
KEYWORDS: Cameras, Visualization, Image quality, 3D modeling, Visual process modeling, 3D visualizations, Molybdenum, Stereoscopy, Cell phones, 3D image processing
This paper presents a geometric and subjective analysis of stereoscopic versions of close range I3A clusters (Subject-
Camera distances below 5 m). The geometry of the stereoscopic pipeline from the scene to the viewer's eyes is a very
relevant issue in stereoscopic media. One important factor is the camera separation, because it can be used to control the
perceived depth of stereoscopic images. The computational camera separations were compared to subjectively preferred
camera separations.
Participants evaluated the strength and naturalness of depth sensation and overall viewing experience from the still
images with single-stimulus method. Results showed that participants were able to perceive the change of depth range
even though the images were shown in random order without a reference depth scale.
A mild depth sensation was preferred over strong depth sensations. The computational camera separation differed from
the subjectively preferred camera separation when the depth range of the scene was narrow. This result indicates that
scenes with narrow depth should not be imaged with a long camera separation just to fill the depth budget of the display.
We present a method to evaluate stereo camera depth accuracy in human centered applications. It enables the comparison
between stereo camera depth resolution and human depth resolution. Our method uses a multilevel test target which can
be easily assembled and used in various studies. Binocular disparity enables humans to perceive relative depths
accurately, making a multilevel test target applicable for evaluating the stereo camera depth accuracy when the accuracy
requirements come from stereoscopic vision.
The method for measuring stereo camera depth accuracy was validated with a stereo camera built of two SLRs (singlelens
reflex). The depth resolution of the SLRs was better than normal stereo acuity at all measured distances ranging
from 0.7 m to 5.8 m. The method was used to evaluate the accuracy of a lower quality stereo camera. Two parameters,
focal length and baseline, were varied. Focal length had a larger effect on stereo camera's depth accuracy than baseline.
The tests showed that normal stereo acuity was achieved only using a tele lens.
However, a user's depth resolution in a video see-through system differs from direct naked eye viewing. The same test
target was used to evaluate this by mixing the levels of the test target randomly and asking users to sort the levels
according to their depth. The comparison between stereo camera depth resolution and perceived depth resolution was
done by calculating maximum erroneous classification of levels.
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